ActSheet Research

REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS
Republic of the Philippines

PAMANTASANG NORMAL NG PILIPINAS VISAYAS
Philippine Normal University Visayas
ANG PAMBANSANG SENTRO SA EDUKASYONG PANGGURO
The National Center for Teacher Education
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
ACTIVITY SHEET FOR LESSON 1
Name Izyl Joi B. Benedicto Specialization BECED II-1Score __________
A. Define the following Key Terms
Research Scientific Process Applied Research

Descriptive Research Quantitative Research Experimental Methods
Correlation Research Qualitative Research Survey Method
Intervention Research Pure Research Historical Method
1. Research: The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, or subjects to establish
facts and reach new conclusions. Research can encompass a variety of methods and approaches
aimed at generating knowledge, solving problems, or testing hypotheses.
2. Scientific Process: The systematic approach to inquiry characterized by empirical evidence, rigorous
methodology, logical reasoning, and peer review. It involves formulating hypotheses, conducting
experiments or observations, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on evidence.
3. Applied Research: Research aimed at addressing specific practical problems or issues, with the
intention of producing solutions or innovations that can be directly applied in real-world contexts.
Applied research often involves collaborating with stakeholders such as industry partners or
policymakers.
4. Descriptive Research: Research designed to describe or characterize a phenomenon, group, or

situation without manipulating variables or attempting to establish causation. Descriptive research
often involves surveys, observations, or case studies to provide a detailed understanding of a subject.
5. Quantitative Research: Research that collects and analyzes numerical data to quantify relationships,
patterns, or trends. It often employs statistical methods to generalize findings and test hypotheses,
and it typically involves structured data collection instruments such as surveys or experiments.
6. Experimental Methods: Research methods that involve manipulating one or more variables to
observe the effect on another variable, while controlling for extraneous factors. Experimental
methods are used to establish cause-and-effect relationships and are characterized by random
assignment of participants to different conditions.
7. Correlation Research: Research that examines the relationship between two or more variables to
determine if and how they co-vary. Correlation research does not imply causation but identifies
associations or patterns of relationship between variables.
8. Qualitative Research: Research that focuses on exploring and understanding complex phenomena
through non-numerical data such as words, images, or observations. Qualitative research methods
include interviews, focus groups, ethnography, and content analysis, aiming to uncover deeper
insights and meanings.
9. Survey Method: A research method that involves collecting data from a sample of individuals
through structured questionnaires or interviews. Surveys are used to gather information about
attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a population.
10. Intervention Research: Research that involves implementing an intervention or treatment to
observe its effects on individuals, groups, or communities. Intervention research often aims to assess
the effectiveness of programs or strategies in achieving desired outcomes.
11. Pure Research: Research conducted to expand knowledge or understanding of a particular

phenomenon without any immediate practical application or goal. Pure research is driven by curiosity
and the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, often leading to fundamental discoveries or theoretical
advancements.
12. Historical Method: A research approach that involves studying past events, actions, or phenomena
to understand their significance, causes, and consequences. Historical research relies on archival
sources, documents, artifacts, and other historical evidence to reconstruct and interpret the past.
B. Discussion Questions
1. What is the role of research in development? Explain and illustrate.

Research is essential for development because it provides the information and
evidence required to address complex social, economic, and environmental concerns.
For example, in agriculture, research contributes to the development of high-yielding
crop varieties, efficient farming techniques, and sustainable practices, all of which
benefit food security and rural lives. Similarly, in healthcare, research leads to the
development of novel therapies, vaccinations, and diagnostic tools, which improve
public health and lower death rates. Furthermore, research influences policy choices
by giving data-driven insights into topics such as education, infrastructure
development, and environmental protection.
2.How can research be used in improving the quality of life of the people?
Research can greatly improve people's quality of life by tackling major variables such as
health, education, economic opportunity, and social well-being. Medical research, for
example, results in the discovery of life-saving medications, medical technologies, and
therapies that reduce pain and increase life expectancy.
3. How would you differentiate the general types of research from each other?
General sorts of study can be classified according to their objective, technique, and
approach. Applied research focuses on solving practical issues and developing
solutions for immediate application, whereas pure research seeks to enhance
knowledge for its own sake, with no immediate practical application. Quantitative
research collects and analyzes numerical data to test theories and quantify
correlations, whereas qualitative research investigates complex processes using non-
numerical data to acquire deeper insights and knowledge. Experimental research
manipulates variables to establish cause-and-effect correlations, whereas descriptive
research describes or characterizes events without changing variables. Correlational
research, intervention research, historical research, and survey research are all
distinct sorts with their own goals and techniques.
4. What are the different steps in the research process?

Identifying the Research Problem: Defining the research question or problem
statement that guides the study.
Reviewing the Literature: Conducting a comprehensive review of existing research and
literature relevant to the topic.
Formulating Hypotheses or Research Questions: Developing testable hypotheses or
research questions based on the literature review.
Designing the Study: Planning the research design, including the selection of
participants, data collection methods, and procedures.
Collecting Data: Gathering empirical evidence through observations, surveys,
experiments, or other data collection methods.
Analyzing Data: Processing and analyzing the collected data using appropriate
statistical or qualitative analysis techniques.
Interpreting Results: Drawing conclusions based on the analysis and interpreting
findings in relation to the research question or hypotheses.
Communicating Findings: Presenting research findings through written reports,
presentations, or publications to share knowledge and contribute to the research
community.
C. Exercises
Listed below are research questions. What type of research can best answer each?
1. What do students think are the least popular courses in the senior high school
curriculum and why? Advanced mathematics or technical vocational courses may be
perceived as less popular since they involve a significant amount of work and may not
correspond to students' career goals. Furthermore, classes that are not well-taught or
lack interesting teaching approaches may be judged less popular by pupils.
2. What is sexual harassment to high school boys and girls?
Sexual harassment is defined as any inappropriate or unwanted sexual activity that
causes someone to feel uncomfortable, intimidated, or threatened. This might involve
improper remarks, gestures, physical contact, or approaches. Sexual harassment
against high school students might come from peers, teachers, or other adults in
positions of power. It can have profound emotional and psychological consequences,
including feelings of humiliation, worry, and sadness. It is critical for schools to
provide clear rules and support mechanisms to address and prevent sexual
harassment.
3. What are the problems that the elderly confined in a nursing home experience and how
do they cope with their problems? Elderly residents of nursing facilities may face a
variety of difficulties, including emotions of dependency, loneliness, and physical
health problems. Additionally, they could find it difficult to adjust to the loss of their
freedom and familiar environment. Older people may turn to social activities,
friendships with other seniors, pursuing interests or hobbies, and asking for help from
family or staff to deal with these issues. Counseling or therapy may also be helpful for
some people in order to treat psychological or emotional problems.
4. Can gender sensitivity training improve men’s views about the family and their
behavior at home in relation to their spouses and children? Gender sensitivity training
may help males understand gender roles, stereotypes, and power dynamics within
their families. Training that promotes empathy, respect, and equality can lead to more
equitable and supportive interactions between spouses and children. Men may
become more active in caring and household tasks, resulting in healthier family
dynamics and overall well-being for all members.
5. Does sex of a guidance counselor affect the counselees’ response to counseling? The
gender of a guidance counselor may affect counselees' comfort levels and perceptions
during therapy sessions. Some people may feel better at ease discussing particular
things with a counselor of the same sex, but others may not see the counselor's
gender as relevant. Finally, the effectiveness of counseling is determined by the
counselor's empathy, professionalism, and ability to develop rapport with the
counselee, rather than their gender.
6. Does exposure to commercial advertisement contribute to the buying pattern of college
students? Commercial advertisements can impact college students' purchasing
decisions by altering their preferences, perceptions, and attitudes toward products or
brands. Emotional appeals, celebrity endorsements, and social influence are all
common persuasive strategies used in advertisements to induce consumer behavior.
Individual considerations such as personal beliefs, monetary limits, and peer
influences all have an impact on purchasing decisions.
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
Name Izyl Joi B. Benedicto Specialization BECED II-1 Score __________

Research Problem Problem Identification
Researchable Problem Problem Definition
Non-researchable Problem Justification
Ethics Review of Literature
1. Research Problem: The specific issue or question that a researcher aims to investigate
through systematic inquiry. It defines the focus and scope of the research study and guides
the formulation of research objectives and hypotheses.
2. Problem Identification: The initial phase of research where a researcher identifies and
defines a problem or topic of interest that warrants investigation. This involves recognizing
gaps, inconsistencies, or unresolved issues within existing knowledge or practice.
3. Researchable Problem: A problem or question that is suitable for investigation through

empirical research methods. Researchable problems are typically clear, specific, and can be
addressed through systematic data collection and analysis.
4. Problem Definition: The process of clearly defining and articulating the research problem,
including its background, significance, and scope. Problem definition helps researchers clarify
their objectives, establish criteria for success, and develop a coherent research plan.
5. Non-researchable Problem: A problem or issue that is not amenable to investigation

through traditional research methods. Non-researchable problems may lack clear definitions,
empirical evidence, or feasible research approaches.
6. Justification: The rationale or reasons provided to support the importance and relevance of
a research study. Justification explains why the research problem is worth investigating and
why it is significant for addressing theoretical, practical, or societal concerns.
7. Ethics: The principles, norms, and guidelines that govern responsible conduct in research.
Ethics in research involves ensuring the protection of participants' rights, minimizing
potential harm, maintaining integrity and honesty in research practices, and upholding
standards of professionalism and accountability.
8. Review of Literature: A critical analysis and synthesis of existing research, scholarly articles,
books, and other relevant sources related to the research topic. The review of literature
provides context for the research problem, identifies gaps or inconsistencies in current
knowledge, and informs the development of research hypotheses or questions.
1. What do you mean by research?

Research is a systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting, or
revising facts, theories, or applications of knowledge. It entails obtaining
information, evaluating data, and making conclusions to answer questions, solve
problems, or investigate occurrences.
2. How can you distinguish a researchable from non-researchable problem?
A researchable problem is one that may be examined empirically, such as by
observation or experimentation, in order to gain new knowledge or insight. It is
specific, straightforward, and open to systematic research. A non-researchable
problem, on the other hand, may be devoid of empirical evidence, clear
definitions, or viable research methods.
3. What are the characteristics of a good research problem?
A good research problem has specificity, relevance, clarity, feasibility, significance,
and novelty. A good research problem should ask a relevant and answerable
question, add to current knowledge, and have practical or theoretical
ramifications.
4. How do you define a research problem?
A research problem is a statement or query that indicates an area of interest or
concern that requires further inquiry. It establishes the focus and scope of the
research investigation and directs the development of research objectives and
hypotheses.
5. What are the possible sources of research problems?
Research problems can arise from observations of real-world occurrences, gaps or
inconsistencies in existing literature, practical problems or challenges experienced
in professional practice, theoretical disputes or controversies, and personal
interests or curiosities.
6. What is the purpose of reviewing related literature?
The goal of studying related literature is to provide context, background, and a
theoretical foundation for the research topic. It enables researchers to detect gaps
or contradictions in current knowledge, comprehend theoretical viewpoints, and
inform the development of research questions or hypotheses.
7. How can related literature help in problem identification and definition?
Related literature aids in problem identification and definition by providing
information about current knowledge, trends, controversies, and gaps in the
subject. It assists researchers in determining the significance, extent, and
relevance of the research challenge and informs the establishment of research
objectives and hypotheses.
8. When should review of related literature start and why?
A review of related literature should begin early in the research process to ensure
that the research challenge is well-informed and based on existing knowledge.
Starting early allows researchers to uncover gaps or contradictions in the
literature, fine-tune their research questions, and provide a sound theoretical
framework for their study.
9. How should literature review be done?
A literature review should be carried out methodically, utilizing a structured
approach to find, analyze, and synthesize relevant sources of information. It
include searching for literature in databases and libraries, critically assessing and
synthesizing the results, and organizing the data into a coherent narrative that
supports the study topic and aims.
C. Exercises
1. Comment on the research problems listed below in terms of their relevance, clarity
and feasibility.
“The Effects of Attendance in Health Education Classes on the Health Care Management
Management Practices of Young Mothers”
“Perceptions of College Students on the Granting of Emergency Powers to the President

in Times of Crisis”
“The Effects of Attendance in Health Education Classes on the Health Care Management Practices of
Young Mothers”
Relevance: The issue is topical because it discusses the potential impact of health education on the
healthcare habits of a certain demographic (young mothers).
Clarity: The study problem clearly states the association between attendance at health education
classes and healthcare management practices.
This research may be viable because it entails tracking class attendance and evaluating healthcare
practices. However, it may provide difficulties in attracting and retaining young mothers to
participate.
2. Read the materials/articles you have selected and prepare a note card or a short
summary of at least one of each kind. Your summary of research articles should
include the study objectives/hypotheses, methodology, major findings and
conclusions.
Title: "The Effects of Attendance in Health Education Classes on the Health Care
Management Practices of Young Mothers"
Objective/Hypothesis: The study aimed to examine the impact of attendance in

health education classes on the health care management practices of young
mothers. The hypothesis was that increased attendance in these classes would lead
to improvements in the health care management practices of young mothers.
Methodology: The researchers conducted a longitudinal study involving a sample of

200 young mothers aged 18-25 years. Participants were recruited from local
community centers and were required to attend a series of health education classes
focused on topics such as nutrition, preventive care, and child health. Attendance
records were kept for each participant, and data on health care management
practices (e.g., adherence to medication schedules, regular doctor visits, preventive
screenings) were collected through surveys administered at the beginning and end
of the study period. Statistical analyses, including regression analysis, were used to
assess the relationship between attendance in health education classes and health
care management practices while controlling for demographic variables.
Major Findings: The study found a significant positive correlation between

attendance in health education classes and improvements in health care
management practices among young mothers. Specifically, participants who
attended a higher number of classes were more likely to report positive changes in
behaviors such as scheduling regular doctor visits, adhering to medication regimens,
and seeking preventive care services. This relationship remained significant even
after accounting for demographic factors such as age, education level, and income.
Conclusions: The findings of the study suggest that attendance in health education
classes can have a positive impact on the health care management practices of
young mothers. Providing access to comprehensive health education programs may
help empower young mothers to take proactive steps towards managing their
health and the health of their families. Healthcare providers and policymakers are
encouraged to invest in initiatives that promote health education and support the
needs of young mothers in accessing relevant resources and information. Further
research is needed to explore the long-term effects of health education
interventions on health outcomes and to identify effective strategies for increasing
attendance and engagement in these programs.
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
Study the following Research Situation and answer the questions that follow.
Housing loans are granted to PAG-IBIG members at very low interest rates to help them build and own
their own homes. The loan is expected to be paid on a monthly basis within a certain period of time.
Despite the liberal repayment scheme, repayment rate has been consistently low. Records show a
delinquency rate of about 30%. Arrears average at Php 90,000.00 and many properties have been
foreclosed as documented by notices of foreclosure. PAG-IBIG members’ failure to pay their obligation
has been attributed to many factors, like lack of awareness among borrowers of the consequences of
non-payment, a negative attitude towards government loans, or shortage of cash because of other
financial needs and others. Two local studies on loan payment behaviors of credit cooperative members
showed that social and economic factors influence repayment. The studies, however, did not touch on
knowledge and attitudes towards loan repayment. Most of the studies reviewed deal with credit coop
loans and crop loans. Studies on housing loans are limited.
1. What can be the possible research question?

How do borrower knowledge, attitudes towards government loans, and socio-
economic factors influence the repayment behavior of PAG-IBIG housing loan
recipients, and what interventions can improve repayment rates?
2. What is the problem situation? Show evidences.
Problem: Low repayment rates of PAG-IBIG housing loans.
Evidence:
Delinquency rate of about 30%.
Average arrears of Php 90,000.00.
Many foreclosed properties documented by notices of foreclosure.
Factors attributed to low repayment rates include lack of borrower awareness of
consequences, negative attitudes towards government loans, and financial constraints
due to other needs.
3. What should be the situation? Improved repayment rates among PAG-IBIG housing
loan recipients, leading to reduced delinquency rates and foreclosures.
4. What are the possible reasons for the discrepancy between what is and what should
be?
 Lack of borrower awareness about repayment consequences.

 Negative perceptions towards government loans.
 Financial constraints due to competing needs.
 Insufficient support or interventions to assist borrowers in repayment.
5.What is already known about the problem? What are the findings of related studies?
Limited studies on housing loans repayment behaviors, with more focus on credit
cooperative and crop loans.
 Two local studies on credit cooperative members indicated that socio-economic factors
influence repayment but did not address knowledge and attitudes towards loan
repayment.
 Findings suggest a gap in understanding the specific dynamics affecting housing loan
repayment behavior among PAG-IBIG members.
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
WORKSHOP NO. 1
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
AND DEFINITION
Instructions: Identify and define your own research problem by answering the following items.
(You may use an additional sheet for your answers.)
1. My research problem is:

This research title describes a study that aims to understand the impact of social
media on the academic performance of early childhood students in public schools.
The research will likely involve collecting data on the academic performance of
students. The study may then analyze the relationship between social media use and
academic performance, and identify any patterns or trends that may reveal how
social media is influencing the academic success of early childhood students in
public schools. Social media has pros and cons on the academic performance of the
students.
2. The conditions which gave rise to my research question are (Present evidences from
service statistics or related literature that will confirm the existence, seriousness and
distribution of your problem)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. The ideal situation would have been: (standard, rule, expected, mandated, recommended)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between No. 2 and 3 are
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. The following interventions have been done to address the problem, and the outcomes
were: (If none, say so.) _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. The following interventions have been done to address the problem, and the outcomes
were: (If none, say so.) _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. The following facts/findings have been reported in related studies about the problem.
(Prepare a summary of findings of at least three recent related studies.)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
Name ________________________________ Specialization _____________ Score __________
Research Objectives Indicators

General Objectives Hypothesis
Immediate Objectives Null Hypothesis
Specific Objectives Alternative Hypothesis
Variables Directional Hypothesis
Dependent Variables Non-directional Hypothesis
Independent Variables
1. What are research objectives? What do they express?

2. Differentiate between immediate/general objectives and specific objectives.
3. What are variables? Give example of measurable variables.
4. How are immediate/general objectives stated?
5. What is a hypothesis? What are the different types of hypothesis. How does one type
differ from another?
C. Exercises
1. Read three research articles related to your problem in a recent journal, CD ROM, or internet:
one descriptive study, one correlation study and one intervention or experimental study.
Generate a copy of each article, copy the immediate/general and specific objectives of each
study and identify the variables by underlining in red the independent variables and in black or
blue the dependent variable/s.
2. For each of the research titles below, formulate an immediate/general objective, two specific
objectives and two hypotheses. Underline in red the independent variables and in blue or black
the dependent variable/s.
“Factors Associated with Students’ Attitudes toward the Granting of Emergency Powers to the
President in Times of Crisis”
“The Effects of Attendance in Health Education Classes on the Health Care Management
Practices of Young Mothers”
“Changes in the Portrayal of Men and Women in Commercial Advertisements in the Last Five
Years”
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
WORKSHOP NO. 2
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
AND HYPOTHESIS
Instructions: Restate your research problem and formulate your research objectives. If your
immediate/general objective is still broad, formulate also the specific objectives.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The immediate/general objective of my study is:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The specific objectives of my study are:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The major variables of my study are:

Dependent Variable: ____________________________________________________
Intervening Variable/s (if any): ____________________________________________
Independent Variables: __________________________________________________
5. The hypotheses of my study are:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz

Theory Theoretical Framework Dependent Variable
Concepts Conceptual Framework Independent Variable
Construct Operational Definition Antecedent Variable
1. What is a theoretical framework? A conceptual framework? How is the first

different from the latter?
2. Where can a researcher find theories on which to base his/her research?
3. What is a theory and what are its roles in research?
4. When is a theoretical framework needed in research? When is it not needed?
5. Cite an example of a theory that explains a behavior.
C. Exercises
1. State a theory that explains changes in attitudes and behavior.

2. Do you believe that the environment can affect one’s behavior? Explain how?
Find a theory that explains why or how environment can affect behavior.
3. Prepare a schematic diagram, outlining the possible connection between
economic factors and buying practices of young professionals.
4. Search for a research article that presents a theoretical framework and an
explanation of the possible relationship between an independent and a
dependent variable.
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
WORKSHOP NO. 3
FORMULATION OF A THEORETICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The immediate/general objective of my study is:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. (If study is relational) My study is anchored on the theory ______________________

of_______________________, which states that:_____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. In my study, __________________________________________________________
is assumed to be associated with or affected by ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. The assumed flow of the major variables of my study is shown in diagram below:
(Identify and label the variables):
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz

Variables Nominal Variable
Ordinal Variable Dependent Variable
Intervening Variable Independent Variable
Relationships/Association Antecedent Variable
1. What are variables?
2. What are the different types of variables and how do they differ from each other?
Give at least two examples of each type.
3. How can you measure a variable? Illustrate using the problem you have selected to
study.
C. Exercises
1. Select two relational studies in the list below and identify the variables in each of
the following research problems.
2. Illustrate in a diagram the possible connections between the variable of each study.
Indicate with an arrow the direction of assumed relationship between the variables.
3. Write an operational definition for each of the variables.

4. Indicate all the possible categories of responses for each variable.
5. Select a variable among those you have defined, the categories of which still need
operational definition. Then define the categories.
Problems:
“The Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Fathers’ Involvement in the School
Activities of Their Children”
“The Experiences with Sexual Harassment of Rank And File Employees In Selected Government
Offices”
“The Effect of Training in Total Quality Management on the Management Skills of Middle Level
Managers of Medium-Sized Establishment in Region VI.
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
WORKSHOP NO. 4
IDENTIFICATION AND OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION OF VARIABLES
Instructions: Revise and refine your research problem and your variables. Label them
accordingly to how they are used (whether independent, intervening, or independent),
and give an operational definition for each.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The objectives of my study are:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The major variables of my study are presented in the diagram below. The independent,
intervening (if necessary), and dependent variables are written in boxes appropriately
labeled below.
Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable
4. The operational definition of my independent, intervening (optional) and dependent

variables are:
Dependent Variable: ____________________________________________________
Intervening Variable/s (if any): ____________________________________________
Independent Variables: __________________________________________________
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
Research Design Control group Control group

Pre-experimental designs Pretest Randomization
True experimental designs Posttest Interventiom
Quasi-experimental designs Validity Treatment
Experimental group Reliability Observation
1. What is meant by reliability? What is validity? What is the difference between a
reliable instrument and a valid instrument?
2. What are the different experimental, non-experimental and quasi-experimental

designs? How do you distinguish one from another?
3. What are the common validity threats in research and how can their effects be minimized, if
not nullified?
4. What are quasi-experimental designs? What are the different kinds of quasi-experimental
designs?
C. Exercises
Study the following problems and identify what research design would be most appropriate
for each.
“The Impact of Mass Training of Teachers on Teaching for Global Readiness and Pedagogical
Competence in Humanities and the Social Sciences”
“Vocabulary For Specific Purposes in Selected Languages: A Baseline Instrument For Teaching
Materials in Senior High School Language Subjects ”
“The Effect of Gender Sensitivity Training on Men’s Involvement in the School Activities of
Their Children”
“Aspirations in Life and School Performance of Senior High School Students”
“The Effect of Food Supplementation on the Health Status of Pre-school Children”
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
WORKSHOP NO. 5
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE
RESEARCH DESIGN
Instructions: Restate your research problem, the research objectives and the hypotheses.
Describe the research design that you intend to use.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The general objective of my study is:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The hypotheses of my study are:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The research design that I will use is:

________________________________________________________________________
6. The reasons for my choice of this design are:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz

Sampling Random Sampling
Population Random Start
Sampling Frame Sampling Error
Sampling Interval Confidence Level
Sampling Unit Sample Size
1. What is sampling?
2. Differentiate between a sample and a population?
3. Why should a researcher study a sample rather than the total population?
4. Differentiate between probability sampling from non-probability sampling.
5. Differentiate the different probability sampling techniques and the non-probability
techniques.
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using random sampling?
C. Exercises
1. Determine the size of the sample to be taken from a population of 3,000 using Slovin’s
formula with a desired reliability of 0.95, a proportion estimate of 0.50, and a
maximum sampling error of 0.05. Show your computation.
2. If you wish to conduct an experiment on “The Effect of a Leadership Training on the
Leadership Skills of 200 Students in Four SUC’s, how would you draw and allocate your
samples to the experimental and the control groups. Only 40 can be accommodated in
the training. Your control group and experimental group must be equal in number.
3. What sampling technique will you use?
a. Determine the most appropriate sampling technique for your proposed study.
Describe your study area and population.
b. Calculate your sample size and explain how you plan to draw your sample.
c. Describe and illustrate the steps that you will follow in drawing your samples.
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
WORKSHOP NO. 6
SAMPLING
Instructions: Restate your research problem and objectives. Then, identify your
study population and the most appropriate sampling technique you intend to use.
Determine your sample size and explain how you will draw your sample. Write
your answers in the space provided. You may use another sheet of paper if
necessary.
1. My research problem is.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. The objectives of my study are:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. My target population consists of :

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The sampling technique that I will use is

_____________________________________________________________________
because______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Using the following formula ____________________________________________

to compute for the sample size, my sample size is __________________________
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
Interview Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

Questionnaire Content Analysis
Self-Administered Questionnaire Key Informant
Qualitative Data Key Informant Interview
Quantitative Data Service Statistics
Primary Data Survey
Secondary Data Observation
1. What does the term “data” mean?

2. What are the different types of data? Describe each type.
3. What are the different techniques in collecting quantitative data? What about the
techniques in collecting qualitative data?
4. What are the advantages of an interview over a questionnaire? What about the
disadvantages of each?
5. Describe in-depth interview and focus group discussion. When and how are they
used?
6. What are the steps involved in focus group discussion? What are the characteristics
of a good FGD moderator?
7. What are the steps in preparing an FGD Guide?
8. When and how is observation used in data collection?
9. When and how is content analysis used in research?
C. Exercises
Instructions: Select one research topic from the list below and answer Items 1, 2 and 3
that follow:
a. “Environmental Attitude of Teacher Education Students: Basis for Values Reorientation

Activities”
b. “Teachers’ Perception on Disaster Preparedness of Public Elementary Schools”
c. “Social Media: Its Influence on the Environmental Awareness and Practices of the
Junior High School Students ”
d. “Women in the Dried Fish Industry: Their Work Realities and Prospects ”
LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
1. Formulate a general objective and two specific objectives for the research topic you
have chosen.
General Objective:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Specific Objectives:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Identify the specific data you need to collect to answer the objectives of the study,
indicate the source/s of your data and the data collection technique that you will
adopt.
Data Requirements Data Source/s Data collection Technique
3. If you need qualitative data as supplement to your quantitative data, what specific
qualitative data do you need? What technique/s do you propose to use to collect the
qualitative data?
Data Data Collection Technique

LUNGSOD NG CADIZ
City of Cadiz
WORKSHOP NO. 7
DATA COLLECTION
Instructions:
1) Restate the objectives of your proposed research problem and list the specific data that
you need to collect and identify the possible sources of these data.
Objectives Data Requirements Sources
2) Identify the data collection technique/s that you will use in your study and explain your
choice. Describe the procedures that you will follow in collecting your data.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_

ActSheet Research

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

ActSheet Research

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ActSheet Research

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS

Republic of the Philippines

ACTIVITY SHEET FOR LESSON 1

Name Izyl Joi B. Benedicto Specialization BECED II-1Score __________

A. Define the following Key Terms

Research Scientific Process Applied Research

4. Descriptive Research: Research designed to describe or characterize a phenomenon, group, or

11. Pure Research: Research conducted to expand knowledge or understanding of a particular

1. What is the role of research in development? Explain and illustrate.

4. What are the different steps in the research process?

ACTIVITY SHEET FOR LESSON 2

Name Izyl Joi B. Benedicto Specialization BECED II-1 Score __________

A. Define the following Key Terms

3. Researchable Problem: A problem or question that is suitable for investigation through

5. Non-researchable Problem: A problem or issue that is not amenable to investigation

1. What do you mean by research?

“Perceptions of College Students on the Granting of Emergency Powers to the President

Objective/Hypothesis: The study aimed to examine the impact of attendance in

Methodology: The researchers conducted a longitudinal study involving a sample of

Major Findings: The study found a significant positive correlation between

1. What can be the possible research question?

2. What is the problem situation? Show evidences.

Problem: Low repayment rates of PAG-IBIG housing loans.

 Lack of borrower awareness about repayment consequences.

1. My research problem is:

ACTIVITY SHEET FOR LESSON 3

Name ________________________________ Specialization _____________ Score __________

A. Define the following Key Terms

Research Objectives Indicators

1. What are research objectives? What do they express?

1. My research problem is:

2. The immediate/general objective of my study is:

3. The specific objectives of my study are:

4. The major variables of my study are:

5. The hypotheses of my study are:

ACTIVITY SHEET FOR LESSON 4

Name ________________________________ Specialization _____________ Score __________

A. Define the following Key Terms

1. What is a theoretical framework? A conceptual framework? How is the first

1. State a theory that explains changes in attitudes and behavior.

1. My research problem is:

2. The immediate/general objective of my study is:

3. The specific objectives of my study are:

4. (If study is relational) My study is anchored on the theory ______________________

ACTIVITY SHEET FOR LESSON 5

Name ________________________________ Specialization _____________ Score __________

A. Define the following Key Terms

3. Write an operational definition for each of the variables.

1. My research problem is:

2. The objectives of my study are:

Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable

4. The operational definition of my independent, intervening (optional) and dependent

ACTIVITY SHEET FOR LESSON 6

Name ________________________________ Specialization _____________ Score __________

A. Define the following Key Terms

Research Design Control group Control group

2. What are the different experimental, non-experimental and quasi-experimental

1. My research problem is:

Name __________________________ Specialization _ Score ____

Name __________________________ Specialization _ Score ____

Name __________________________ Specialization _ Score ____

Name __________________________ Specialization _ Score ____

Name __________________________ Specialization _ Score ____

Name __________________________ Specialization _ Score ____