Math Formulas Summary

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in accordance with the csec additional mathematics syllabus list all equations and names of all formulas
emphasis on all on Algebra and Functions, Coordinate Geometry, Vectors and Trigonometry,
Introductory calculus, and basic mathematical applications .

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The CSEC Additional Mathematics syllabus covers a wide range of topics in algebra, functions,
coordinate geometry, vectors, trigonometry, introductory calculus, and basic mathematical applications.
Here are the key equations and formulas for each of these areas:

1. Algebra and Functions:

b2 −4ac
Quadratic Formula: x = −b± 2a
​

Arithmetic Progression (AP): an = a + (n − 1)d ​

Geometric Progression (GP): an = ar n−1 ​

n n
Binomial Theorem: (x + y)n = ∑k=0 (k )xn−k y k ​

m
Laws of Exponents: am × an = am+n , aan = am−n , (am )n = amn ​

Logarithmic Properties: logb (xy) = logb (x) + logb (y), logb ( yx ) = logb (x) − logb (y)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2. Coordinate Geometry:

Distance Formula: d = (x2 − x1 )2 ​ ​ + (y2 − y1 )2 ​ ​ ​

y +y
Midpoint Formula: ( x1 +2x2 , 1 2 2 )
​ ​
​ ​

​ ​

y2 −y1
Gradient Formula: m = ​ ​

x2 −x1 ​ ​
​

Equation of a Straight Line: y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) ​ ​

3. Vectors:

Magnitude of a Vector: ∣v ∣ = v12 + v22 ​ ​

Scalar Multiplication: k v = (kv1 , kv2 ) ​ ​

Addition of Vectors: v + w = (v1 + w1 , v2 ​ ​ ​ + w2 ) ​

Dot Product: v ⋅ w = v1 w1 + v2 w2
​ ​ ​ ​

4. Trigonometry:

opposite adjacent sin(θ)

Sine, Cosine, Tangent Definitions: sin(θ) = hypotenuse , cos(θ) = ​

hypotenuse
,​ tan(θ) = cos(θ)
​

Pythagorean Identity: sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1

sin(A) sin(B) sin(C)
Sine Rule: a = b = c
​ ​

Cosine Rule: a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos(A)

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 sin(A)
Tangent Rule: cos(A) ​
= tan(A)

5. Introductory Calculus:

Differentiation:
d
Power Rule: dx (xn ) = nxn−1
​

d d d
Sum Rule: dx (f (x) + g(x)) = dx
​ (f (x)) + dx (g(x)) ​ ​

Integration:
xn+1
Power Rule: ∫ xn dx +C = n+1
​

Constant Multiple Rule: ∫ kf (x) dx = k ∫ f (x) dx

6. Basic Mathematical Applications:

Area and Perimeter Formulas for various shapes (rectangle, triangle, circle, etc.).
Simple and Compound Interest Formulas.
Profit and Loss Formulas.
Permutation and Combination Formulas.
Probability Formulas.

These are some of the fundamental equations and formulas covered in the CSEC Additional
Mathematics syllabus, though the specific syllabus might vary slightly depending on the exam board.

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Certainly! Let's expand further on the equations and formulas for each area:

7. Algebra and Functions:

Sum of the Roots: α + β = − ba ​

Product of the Roots: αβ = ac ​

a
Sum of an Infinite Geometric Series: S = 1−r (if ∣r∣ < 1) ​

2 2
Difference of Squares: a − b = (a + b)(a − b)
2
b 2
Completing the Square: (x + 2a ) = b 4a
−4ac
2 ​ ​

8. Coordinate Geometry:

Equation of a Circle: (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2

Equation of a Parabola: y = ax2 + bx + c
(x−h)2 (y−k)2
Equation of an Ellipse: a 2 + b2 =
​ ​
1
(x−h)2 (y−k)2
Equation of a Hyperbola: a2 − b2 ​ ​
=1

9. Vectors:

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 Vector Projection: \text{proj}_\vec{v} \vec{w} = \frac{{\vec{v} \cdot \vec{w}}}{{|\vec{v}|}} \cdot
\frac{{\vec{v}}}{{|\vec{v}|}}
Cross Product: v × w = ∣v ∣∣w ∣ sin(θ)n, where n is the unit normal to the plane containing v
and w

10. Trigonometry:

Double Angle Formulas: sin(2θ) = 2 sin(θ) cos(θ), cos(2θ) = cos2 (θ) − sin2 (θ)
2 1−cos(θ) 1+cos(θ)
Half Angle Formulas: sin ( θ2 ) = 2 , cos2 ( θ2 ) =
​

2
​ ​ ​

Addition Formulas: sin(A + B) = sin(A) cos(B) + cos(A) sin(B), cos(A + B) = cos(A) cos(B) −
sin(A) sin(B)
11. Introductory Calculus:
dy dy
Chain Rule: dx = du ⋅ du
​

dx
​ ​

Integration by Substitution: ∫ f (g(x))g ′ (x) dx = F (g(x)) + C

Integration by Parts: ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du

12. Basic Mathematical Applications:

Motion Equations: v = u + at, s = ut + 12 at2 , v 2 = u2 + 2as

​

Area and Volume of Solids (cuboid, cylinder, cone, sphere, etc.).

Work, Energy, and Power Formulas.
Conversion between different units (length, area, volume, etc.).

These additional equations and formulas further enrich the understanding and application of
mathematics across various topics covered in the CSEC Additional Mathematics syllabus.

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Of course, let's delve deeper into each topic:

13. Algebra and Functions:

Sum and Product of Cubes: a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 ), a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 )

Factorization Techniques: Difference of Squares, Perfect Square Trinomials, Grouping, etc.
Laws of Logarithms: logb (xy) ​
= logb (x) + logb (y), logb ( yx ) = logb (x) − logb (y), logb (xn ) =
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

n logb (x)
​

Exponential Growth and Decay: A = A0 ekt , where A is the final amount, A0 is the initial amount, k is
​ ​

the growth/decay rate, and t is time.

14. Coordinate Geometry:

Distance between Point and Line: d = ∣Ax1 +ABy 1 +C∣

2 +B 2
​ ​

​
​

Equation of a Tangent: y − y1 = m(x − x1 ), where m is the gradient of the curve at (x1 , y1 )

​ ​ ​ ​

Area of a Triangle: 12 × base × height

​

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 15. Vectors:

Scalar Triple Product: v ⋅ (w × u)

Vector Triple Product: v × (w × u)
Application of Vectors in Physics: Force, Velocity, Acceleration, etc.

16. Trigonometry:
sin(θ) 1 1 1
Trigonometric Identities: tan(θ)
= cos(θ)
, ​ cot(θ) = tan(θ)
​, sec(θ) = cos(θ)
​, csc(θ) = sin(θ)
​

Radian Measure: arc length = rθ

Area of a Sector: 12 r 2 θ
​

17. Introductory Calculus:

Limits: limx→c f (x) = L

​

Continuity and Differentiability: A function is continuous at x = c if limx→c f (x) = f (c)

​

b
Area under a Curve: ∫a ​
f (x) dx
b
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: ∫a ​ f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a), where F (x) is the antiderivative of
f (x)
18. Basic Mathematical Applications:

Rate Problems: Distance, Speed, and Time relationships.

Geometry and Trigonometry in Real-Life Situations: Navigation, Surveying, Engineering, etc.
Financial Mathematics: Amortization, Mortgage Calculations, Annuities, etc.

These additional concepts and formulas further enhance the understanding and application of
mathematics across various disciplines and real-life scenarios, which are often encountered in the CSEC
Additional Mathematics syllabus.

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Absolutely, let's continue with further details and applications:

19. Algebra and Functions:

Factor and Remainder Theorem: If a polynomial f (x) is divided by (x − a), the remainder is f (a).
Rationalizing Denominators: Removing radicals from the denominator by multiplying numerator
and denominator by a conjugate.
Absolute Value Equations: ∣x∣ = a has solutions x = a and x = −a.
Function Transformations: Shifting, stretching, and reflecting functions.

20. Coordinate Geometry:

Polar Coordinates: Representing points in the plane using distance and angle from a fixed point.
Parametric Equations: Representing curves using two separate equations for x and y .
Conic Sections: Circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola as the intersections of a plane with a cone.

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 21. Vectors:

Vector Projection: Finding the component of one vector in the direction of another vector.
Vector Applications: Force, velocity, acceleration, work, displacement, etc.
Vector Geometry: Finding angles, distances, and areas using vector methods.

22. Trigonometry:

Trigonometric Equations: Solving equations involving trigonometric functions.

Trigonometric Graphs: Understanding and sketching graphs of trigonometric functions.
Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers: Representing complex numbers using trigonometric
functions.

23. Introductory Calculus:

Optimization Problems: Maximizing or minimizing a function to find maximum or minimum values.

Related Rates: Solving problems involving rates of change using derivatives.
Antiderivatives: Finding the general antiderivative of a function.

24. Basic Mathematical Applications:

Graphical Interpretation: Interpreting graphs and charts to extract information.

Data Analysis: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, etc.
Probability Distributions: Binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions.

These advanced concepts and applications build upon the foundation provided by earlier topics and are
often included in the CSEC Additional Mathematics syllabus to provide a comprehensive understanding
of mathematics and its real-world applications.

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put all together leaving out those without formulas

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Certainly, here's a comprehensive summary, focusing on topics with formulas:

1. Algebra and Functions:

b2 −4ac
Quadratic Formula: x = −b± 2a
​

Arithmetic Progression (AP): an = a + (n − 1)d ​

Geometric Progression (GP): an = ar n−1 ​

n n
Binomial Theorem: (x + y)n = ∑k=0 (k )xn−k y k ​

m
Laws of Exponents: a m
×a = n
= am−n , (am )n = amn am+n , aan ​

Logarithmic Properties: logb (xy) = logb (x) + logb (y), logb ( yx ) = logb (x) − logb (y)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2. Coordinate Geometry:

Distance Formula: d = (x2 − x1 )2 ​ ​ + (y2 − y1 )2​ ​ ​

x1 +x2 y1 +y2
Midpoint Formula: ( 2 , 2 )
​ ​
​ ​

​ ​

y2 −y1
Gradient Formula: m = ​ ​

x2 −x1
​

​ ​

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 Equation of a Straight Line: y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) ​ ​

3. Vectors:

Magnitude of a Vector: ∣v ∣ = v12 + v22 ​ ​

Scalar Multiplication: k v = (kv1 , kv2 ) ​ ​

Addition of Vectors: v + w = (v1 + w1 , v2 ​ ​ ​ + w2 ) ​

Dot Product: v ⋅ w = v1 w1 + v2 w2
​ ​ ​ ​

4. Trigonometry:

opposite adjacent sin(θ)

Sine, Cosine, Tangent Definitions: sin(θ)
= hypotenuse , cos(θ) = ​

hypotenuse ,
​ tan(θ) = cos(θ)
​

2 2
Pythagorean Identity: sin (θ) + cos (θ) = 1
sin(A) sin(B) sin(C)
Sine Rule: a = b = c
​ ​

Cosine Rule: a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos(A)

sin(A)
Tangent Rule: cos(A) = tan(A)
​

5. Introductory Calculus:

Differentiation:
d
Power Rule: dx (xn ) = nxn−1
​

d d d
Sum Rule: dx (f (x) + g(x)) =
​

dx
(f (x))
​ + dx
(g(x))
​

Integration:
xn+1
Power Rule: ∫ xn dx +C = n+1
​

Constant Multiple Rule: ∫ kf (x) dx = k ∫ f (x) dx

6. Basic Mathematical Applications:

Area and Perimeter Formulas for various shapes.

Simple and Compound Interest Formulas.
Profit and Loss Formulas.
Permutation and Combination Formulas.
Probability Formulas.

This compilation includes the most pertinent formulas and equations across various topics commonly
covered in the CSEC Additional Mathematics syllabus.

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