Cell

Q1. State the importance of vacuole in the plant cell.

A.1. The vacuole is a membrane-bound space in the cytoplasm of a plant cell. It contains sap, water,

excretory products and other materials not useful for the cell. Vacuoles occupy 90% of the cell

volume during osmosis. They maintain the turgor pressure against the cell wall thereby maintaining

the shape of the cell and cell fluid balance.

Q2. What is a satellite chromosome?

A.2. The chromosomes that have an additional or secondary constriction at the distal part of the

arm formed by a chromatin thread are known as satellite chromosomes. These appear as an

outgrowth or a small fragment. These are also known as marker chromosomes. The chromosomes

13, 14, 15, 16, 21, and 22 are satellite chromosomes.

Q3. State the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell. Mention differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell.

A.3. The characteristics of a prokaryotic cell are as follows:

 A prokaryotic cell is surrounded by a cell membrane.

 Mitochondria, chloroplast and nucleus are not present.
 The DNA is circular and not associated with basic proteins.
 The cytoplasm is filled with dense granules most of which are ribosomes.
 The thylakoids are scattered in the chloroplast, and not placed in the form of stacks.

Q4. What are plasmids? What role do they play in bacteria?

A.4. A plasmid is an autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal, circular, double-stranded DNA

found in the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell. These usually remain separate from the chromosome.

Role- Plasmids act as vectors to transfer important genes and in recombination experiments. It also

helps in bacterial conjugation. For eg., pBR322

Q5. Describe the cell theory in brief.

A.5. The cell theory is based on the following postulates:

 The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

 All living organisms are made up of cells.
 All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Q6. Differentiate between RER and SER.

Q7. What are the functions of a plant cell. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of plant and animal cells.

A.7.The major functions of the plant cell are:

1. They are the building blocks of plants.

2. Cell walls provide shape to the cell and protect the inner cell organelles.

3. Stores food in the form of energy.

4. Helps in the process of photosynthesis, transpiration and other biological [process.

5. Help in the transport of water and nutrients from the roots and leaves to different parts of

the plants.

Biomolecules

Q1. Classify the following into one of the appropriate bonds:

Ester bond, peptide bond, glycosidic bond, hydrogen bond

A.1. a) Polysaccharide – glycosidic bond

b) Protein-peptide bond

c) Fat – ester bond

d) Water – hydrogen bond

Q2. How are cofactors different from prosthetic groups?

A.2. Prosthetic groups are organic compounds whereas cofactors can be organic or inorganic
(metal ions). Prosthetics are distinguished from cofactors as they are tightly bound to the

apoenzyme.

Q3. What are biomolecules?

A.3.Biomolecules are the essential organic molecules, primarily involved in the maintenance and

metabolic processes of living organisms.

Q4. Chitin, cellulose, glycogen, polysaccharides and starch are present in which of the following
options:

a. Cotton fiber
b. Exoskeleton of cockroach
c. Liver
d. Peeled potato

Cotton fibre – Cellulose

The exoskeleton of Cockroach – Chitin

Liver – Glycogen

Peeled Potato – Starch

Q5. Justify with the help of an example, why nucleic acids display secondary structures.

A.5. The secondary structure of a nucleic acid molecule is in context of base-pairing interactions in a
single molecule or a group of interacting molecules. The secondary structure of RNA and DNA
vary.For example, the secondary structure of DNA consists of two complementary strands of

polydeoxyribonucleotide, that are coiled spirally on a common axis forming a helix. This double-

stranded helical structure of the DNA is supported by the phosphodiester bonds, ionic interactions,

and hydrogen bonds.

Q6. Differentiate between nucleosides and nucleotides. Give 2 examples of each with their
structures.

Q7. What are the main functions of carbohydrates.

A.7.The main function of carbohydrates are:

1. Regulation of blood glucose.

2. Involved in fat metabolism and prevents ketosis.

3. Provide energy and food to the body and to the nervous system.

4. Functions as the basic component of food including fibre, starch, and sugars.

5. They are the primary source of energy. Therefore involved in the breakdown of starch into

glucose, and proteins to produce energy for metabolism.

Cell Cycle

Q1. Name the cell cycle phase that has longest duration. Explain the 3 cycles in that phase.

A.1. The interphase

Q2. Describe the different phases of Meiotic Prophase 1.

A.2. During the prophase – I, genetic recombination and variation in sexually reproducing entities

takes place due to the events of this stage.

Leptotene

 Chromosomes are long, thin and slender

 Chromatin network exposes and threads appear clear
 The diploid number of chromosomes

Zygotene

 Similar chromosomes turn intimately associated

 Synapse is exact hence pairing is not just between chromosomes, but corresponding
 individual units.
 Chromosomes appear thicker and shorter

Pachynema

 Synaptic chromosomes become intimately related

 Thick and short pair of chromosomes
 Cross over occurs, Chiasmata visible clearly

Diplotene

 Homologous chromosomes start detaching from each other.

 Chiasmata tends to shift away from chromosomes, termed as thermalization of chiasmata
 Chromosomes detach out, but it is an incomplete separation
 Nucleolus and nuclear membrane start to fade.

Diakinesis

 The bivalents are randomly distributed after further condensation

 The paired chromosomes separate completely
 Terminalisation of chiasmata is almost concluded
  The disappearance of the nucleolus and nuclear membrane

Q3. State the difference between the events of meiosis and mitosis.

Q4. Identify the phases of meiosis/mitosis.

The different stages of mitosis and meiosis are as follows:

Mitosis :

1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase

Meiosis :

1. Prophase I
2. Metaphase I
3. Anaphase I
4. Telophase I
5. Prophase II
6. Metaphase II
7. Anaphase II
 8. Telophase II

Q5. Explain synaptonemal complex of metaphase plate.

Q6. Write the phases of cell cycle against each of the events.

a. Disintegration of nuclear membrane- Prophase

b. Appearance of nucleolus- Telophase
c. Division of centromere- Anaphase
d. Replication of DNA- S phase of interphase

Q7. State the significance of chiasmata

1. Chiasmata connect homologous chromosomes until they reach anaphase I.

2. Crossing over at chiasmata results in variation in the offspring.

Plant Physiology Chapters

Q1. Name 3 botanists who contributed to field of plant taxonomy.

A.1. The three botanists are:

 Carolus Linnaeus
 G Bentham
 Joseph Dalton Hooker

Q2. Expand ICZN.

A.2. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

Q3. Who is known as the father of taxonomy? What are the 8 levels of taxonomy? What is
taxonomy?

A.3. Carl Linnaeus is called the Father of Taxonomy. According to the modern taxonomic classification
system the eight main levels of taxonomy are:

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Q4. What advantage does the 5-kingdom classification have over the 2-kingdom classification?

A.4. The advantages of five kingdom classification over two-kingdom classification are

as follows:

 It is based upon cell structure

 It is based upon the body structure
 Nutrition
 Way of living
 Phylogenetic relationship

Q5. Why are cyanobacteria used in agricultural field for crop improvement?
A.5. Cyanobacteria have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to the plants.
This improves the crop yield. That is why cyanobacteria are used in agricultural fields.

Q6. What similarity does a virus and a non-living object share?

A.6. A virus is considered living inside the host but non-living when outside the host.

This is because:

 Inert nature.
 Inability to reproduce.
 No cellular organization.
 It cannot grow and divide.

Q7. Difference between virus and viroid.

A.7. A virus contains DNA or RNA as the genetic material and a protein coat whereas

the viroids do not have a protein coat but RNA as genetic material.

Q8. State uses of heterotrophic bacteria and archaebacteria which are economically important.

A.8.

Heterotrophic Bacteria

 They maintain the fertility of the soil by nitrogen fixation , ammonification and
 nitrification. Eg., Rhizobium
 The milk products such as cheese, curd are obtained by bacteria.

Archaebacteria

 Biogas is produced by methanogens from animal dung.

Q9. What is diatomaceous earth? Why are diatoms referred to as pearls of the ocean?

A.9. The accumulation of large deposits of diatoms that forms a covering of silica extending over
several 100m for billions of years. Diatoms are the main producers in the ocean. They prepare food
for themselves as well as other life forms in the ocean. Their body is made up of siliceous shell
known as a frustule.

Q10. What is the role of fungi in our daily life?

A.10. The role of fungi in our daily life are as follows:

 Few fungi such as Agaricus campestris are highly rich in nutrients and are used
as food.
 The saprophytic fungi act upon dead and decaying matter and convert the
complex substances into simpler ones that are absorbed by the plants in the form
of nutrients.
 Some fungi possess the soil binding capacity and make the soil good for
cultivation. For eg., Mucor, Absidia, etc.
 They provide resistance against pests.
 Fungi are used in alcohol and yeast preparation due to their fermentation
property. For eg., Saccharomyces
Q11. Give an account of asexual reproduction by spores in algae.

Asexual reproduction in algae involves the formation of several kinds of spores.

 Zoospores- Motile, naked spores with two, four or many flagella. For eg.,

Chlamydomonas possess biflagellate zoospores, Ulothrix possess

quadriflagellate zoospores and Oedogonium possess multiflagellate zoospores.

 Aplanospores- These spores are non-motile. They may be formed either singly or

by the division of protoplast to form several aplanospores. These are formed

inside the sporangium during unfavourable conditions. Eg., Microspora.

 Tetraspores- Tetraspores are produced by diploid plants of some algae. These

are a special type of haploid aplanospores formed within tetrasporangium.

 Akinetes- These are thick-walled spore-like structures with abundant food

reserves. They can survive under unfavourable conditions.

 Exospores- These are separated from the mother cell by the formation of the

septum. They are formed near the end of the mother cell. Eg., Chamaesiphon

 Endospores- The mother protoplast divides and forms the endospores. They are

also known as conidia or gonidia. These are formed to survive under

unfavourable conditions. Eg., Dermocarpa

Q12. What are characteristic features of euglenoids?

A.9. The characteristic features of euglenoids are:

 They are unicellular protists, commonly found in freshwater.

 The cell membrane is rich in proteins and is known as a pellicle.
 Two flagella are present on the anterior end of the body.
 They possess a small light-sensitive eyespot.
 They are autotrophic because of the presence of photosynthetic pigment
 chlorophyll. However, in the absence of light, they behave as heterotrophs.
 They are known as the connecting-link between plants and animals because they
 possess features common to both plants and animals.

Q13. How many types of bacteria are there?

A.10. Bacteria are found in pairs, chains or clusters and also some species exits as single cells. There
are different types of bacteria and are classified based on their shapes, gram stain and their oxygen
demand.

Based on their shapes, bacterias are classified into 5 groups:

1. Rod-shaped bacteria also called the bacilli.

2. Spiral shaped bacteria also called the spirilla.

3. Comma shaped bacteria also called the vibrios.

4. Spherical shaped bacteria also called the cocci.

5. Corkscrew-shaped bacteria also called the spirochaetes.

Based on the composition of their cell wall, bacterias are classified into 2 groups:

1. Gram-positive bacteria.

2. Gram-negative bacteria.

Based on their mode of respiration or their oxygen demand, bacterias are classified into

2 groups:

1. Aerobic bacteria or Aerobe

2. Anaerobic bacteria or Anaerobe

Based on the mode of nutrition, bacteria are classified into 2 groups:

1. Autotrophic Bacteria

2. Heterotrophic Bacteria

Q14. What is the basis of classification of algae?

Q15. When and where reduction division takes place in the life cycle of a liverwort, moss, fern and
gymnosperm?

Q16. Name 3 groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of
them.

Q17. Write a note on economic importance of algae and gymnosperms.

Q18. Explain the following terms with examples: protonema, antheridium, archegonium,
sporophyll, isogamy.

Q19. How do photosynthetic bacteria like cyanobacteria conduct photosynthesis in the absence of
chloroplast?

Q20. Where is enzyme NADP reductase located? What does the breakdown of proton gradient
cause the release of?

Q21. Define accessory pigments and their significance in photosynthesis.

Q22. In a C3 plant light dependent cyclic process is occurring that requires oxygen. Instead of
producing, it consumes energy.

a. Name the process.

b. Is it necessary for survival?
c. Write the end product of this process.
d. Where does it take place?

Q23. RUBISCO is an enzyme that acts both as a carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do you think
RUBISCO carries out more carboxylation in C4 plants?
Q24. Look at leaves of same plant on shady side and compare it with the leaves on the sunny side.
Which has dark green leaves? Why?

Q25. Give comparison between C3 and C4 plants.

Q26. What are plant growth regulators?

Q27. What are 2 physiological light dependent processes?

Q28. Name the PGR that could be used to:

a. Increase yield of sugarcane

b. Promote lateral shoot growth
c. Cause sprouting of potato tuber
d. Inhibit seed germination
e. Promotes bolting in cabbage
f. Induce flowering in mango

Q29. Write 2 functions of phytohormone, gibberellin.

Q30. List the factors affecting plant growth.

Q31. Define:

a. Differentiation
b. Cell maturation
c. Cell enlargement

Q32. Explain the following with examples from various plant tissues:

a. Differentiation
b. Dedifferentiation
c. Redifferentiation

Q33. List out different types of tissues in plants.

Q34. Differentiate between monocot and dicot.

Body circulation and fluids

Q1. What is the vascular system transporting materials between digestive tract and liver?

Q2. Name the coronary artery disease caused as a result of narrowing of lumen of artery.

Q3. What is ECG?

Q4. Which is the site for production of RBC? Name part of heart that initiates and maintains the
rhythmic activity?

Q5. What is a heart of a crocodile, how is it different from that of reptiles?

Q6. Functional role of lymphatic system.

Q7. What are 2 types of circulatory system?

Q8. Explain the events of the cardiac cycle. Describe double circulation.

Q9. Name 3 plasma proteins and state their function.

Q10. Why is O blood group a universal donor?

Excretory Products

Q1. Name the site where the selective reabsorption of filtrate from Glomerulus occurs.

Q2. Expand the following excretory functions:

a. ANF
b. ADH
c. GFR
d. DCT

Q3. Describe the role of Renin Angiotensin in the management of kidney function.

Q4. Explain why in the Loop of Henle, the glomerular filtrate gets concentrated in the descending
limbs and diluted in the ascending limbs.

Q5. Draw labelled diagram of longitudinal section of kidney

Locomotion

Q1. Name the cell referring to sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcomere, sarcolemma. Also
list the parts of cells that refer to these names.

Q2. Mark parts of actin filament in diagram.

Q3. Diagrammatically represent 3 stages of muscle contraction which explains binding filament
theory.

Q4. Distinguish between false ribs and floating ribs.

Chemical Coordination

Q1. List the endocrine gland that is absent in males and females?

Q2. Define the formation of erythropoietin. Name the hormone that triggers it.

Q3. A urine sample contained increased content of glucose and ketone bodies. Answer the
following:

a. Name the hormone and gland associated with the condition.

b. On which cells do these hormones act?
c. Name the condition.

Q4. Why is hypothalamus supermaster gland?

Q5. What special structures in the bone marrow produces cell fragmentation involved in blood
clotting?

Q6. Which hormone produced by JGA cells of kidney?

Q7. WHO recommends that iodine intake should be supplemented in pregnant women due to
their increased requirements as it could lead to hypothyroidism. Outline the effects of
hypothyroidism.

Neural control

Q1. Draw diagram showing axon terminal and synapse