FUE - Future University in Egypt

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC 222: History & Theories of Architecture (2)

Academic year/Level: 2nd / 3rd Semester
Fall 2020
Credit Hours: 2 Cr. Hrs.

Course Instructor: Assistant Professor Dr. Dina Khater

Course Assistants: TA Arch. Basma Mohamed
TA Arch. Nouran Ashraf
WEEK 5 Topics
THEORY OF DESIGN

ARCHITECURE
FORM, SPACE, & ORDER
Spatial Organization
 Principles of Architectural Design:
Primary Elements: ▪ Proportion
▪ Point ▪ Transformation
▪ Line ▪ Axis
▪ Line of Plane ▪ Hierarchy
▪ Plane ▪ Datum
▪ Volume ▪ Rhythm
▪ Symmetry
Architectural Design Elements: Form & Space:
▪ Line Elements of Form Defining Space Articulation of Form:
▪ Horizontal Plane ▪
▪ Shape Articulation of Form: Corner
▪ The base plane
▪ Mass ▪ Elevated planes ▪ Articulation of Form: Surface
▪ Space ▪ Depressed Planes
▪ Materials ▪ The Overhead Planes Spatial Organization:
▪ Color ▪ Roof Plane 1. Centralized Organization
▪ Texture ▪ Ceiling Plane 2. Linear Organization
▪ Vertical Plane 3. Radial Organization
▪ L-shaped Plane
Properties of Form: 4. Clustered Organization
▪ Parallel Plane
▪ Shape ▪ U-shaped Plane 5. Grid Organization
▪ Primary Shapes ▪ Plane Enclosure
▪ Primary Solids
Transformation of Form:
▪ Regular & Irregular Forms
▪ Properties of Form
▪ Transformation of Form & Nature
Architectural Design ▪ Dimensional Transformation
▪ Additive Transformation
The Process of Design ▪ Subtractive Transformation
▪ Modifiers Transformation
Spatial Organization

Organization of space in architecture

is fundamental to the creation of
composition.

Spaces in a building can

be organized into patterns so that
they relate to one another in a
specific way. .
.. Spatial relationships between
forms help define their interaction.
Spatial Organization
Organizational Architecture or Organizational
Design: the creation of roles, processes, and
formal reporting relationships in an
organization. It provides the framework
through which an organization aims to realize
its core qualities as specified in its vision
statement.
THE SPACE
Principally we have to know that Spaces must:
▪ Have specific functions or require specific forms
▪ Are flexible in use and can be freely manipulated
▪ Are singular and unique in their function or
significance to the building organization
▪ Have similar functions and can be grouped into a
functional cluster or repeated in a linear sequence
▪ Required exterior exposure for light, ventilation, view
or access to outdoor spaces
▪ Must be segregated for privacy
▪ Must be easily accessible
Spatial Organization

Architectural Spatial Organizational Schemes

‫المخططات التنظيمية المكانية المعمارية‬
Architectural Order:
There exists a natural diversity and complexity in architectural works and
requirements for buildings. Many architects and designers have focused on
the concept of order, and how concepts of order can produce a sense of
beauty, discipline, and meaning in buildings.

Organizational Schemes:
The five following spatial can be seen as compositional 'constructs‘
Schemes wherein diverse forms and spaces can be arranged into an inter-
related 'whole' via systematic and disciplined forethought. The vast
majority of buildings are composed of a number of rooms or spaces related
to one another by function, proximity, or a circulation path. It is important
to remember that organizational schemes are inherently 'value-neutral’;
organization schemes become more or less valuable depending on the
intentions of the design.
Spatial Organization

Centralized Organization:

A centralized organization is a stable, concentrated composition that

consists of a number of secondary spaces grouped around a larger central
space or object.
The central unifying space of the organization is typically uniform in shape
and large enough to gather a number of secondary spaces about its form.
Spatial Organization

Centralized Forms

The Rotonda: Villa Cappa, Italy, Andrea Palladio 1552-67

Spatial Organization

Centralized Forms

S. Maria Della Salute: Venice 1931-82 Tempietto S. Pietro: Montorio, Rome 1502
Baldessare Longhena Donato Bramante
Spatial Organization

Centralized Organization

▪ A centralized organization consists of a number of secondary spaces grouped

around a dominant, central space that is generally regular in form and large
enough to gather a number of secondary spaces about its perimeter. The central
organizing space may be either an interior or exterior space.
▪ The secondary spaces may be equivalent to one another in function, form and
size, and create a geometrically regular or symmetrical composition.
▪ The secondary spaces may differ from one another in form or size in order to
respond to individual requirements of function, express their relative important,
or acknowledge their surroundings.
Spatial Organization

Centralized Organization

▪ A centralized organization consists of a number of secondary spaces grouped

around a dominant, central space that is generally regular in form and large
enough to gather a number of secondary spaces about its perimeter. The central
organizing space may be either an interior or exterior space.
▪ The secondary spaces may be equivalent to one another in function, form and
size, and create a geometrically regular or symmetrical composition.
▪ The secondary spaces may differ from one another in form or size in order to
respond to individual requirements of function, express their relative important,
or acknowledge their surroundings.
Spatial Organization

Linear Organization:

A linear organization consists essentially of a series of spaces or objects.

These spaces can be directly related to one another or linked through a
separate and distinct space.
Spaces that are functionally or symbolically important to the organization
can occur anywhere along the linear sequence and their importance
articulated by size and form.
Spatial Organization

Linear Forms

Burroughs adding machine company: Plymouth Michigan 1904 Albert Kahn

Spatial Organization

Linear Forms
Spatial Organization

Linear Organization

▪ A linear organization consists essentially of a series of spaces. These spaces can

either be directly related to one another or be linked through a separate and
distinct linear space.
▪ A linear organization usually consists of repetitive spaces which are alike in size,
form, and function.
▪ It may also consist of a single linear space that organizes along its length a series
of space that differ in size, form, or function. In both cases, each space along the
sequence has an exterior exposure.
Spatial Organization

Radial Organization:

A radial organization of space combines elements of both

centralized and linear organizations. It consists of a dominant
central space from which a number of linear organizations
extend in a radial manner.
Spatial Organization

Radial Forms
Spatial Organization

Radial Forms
Spatial Organization

Radial Forms
Spatial Organization

Radial Organization

▪ A radial organization consists of a central space from which a number of linear

organizations extend in a radial manner.
▪ Whereas a centralized organization is an introverted scheme that focuses inward
on it central space, a radial organization is an extroverted plan that reaches out to
its context.
▪ The central space of a radial organization is generally regular in form. The linear
arms, for which the central space is the hub, may differ from one another in order
to respond to individual requirements of function and context.
Spatial Organization

Clustered Organization:

A clustered organization uses proximity to relate its

spaces or objects to one another. Clusters can
accommodate within its composition spaces that are
dissimilar in size, form and function. Because the
pattern does not originate from a rigid, geometric
concept, the cluster is flexible and can accept growth
and change easily.
Spatial Organization

Clustered Forms
Spatial Organization

Clustered Forms
Spatial Organization

Clustered Organization

▪ A clustered organization relies on physical proximity to relate its spaces one

another. It often consists of repetition, cellular spaces that have similar functions
and share a common visual trait such as shape or orientation.
▪ A clustered organization can also accept within its composition spaces that are
dissimilar in size, form and function, but related to one another by proximity or an
ordering device such as symmetry or axis.
Spatial Organization

Grid Organization:

A grid consists of forms and spaces whose positions in

space and relationships with one another are
regulated by a geometrical and repetitive pattern. A
grid is usually created by creating by establishing a
regular pattern of points that define the intersection
of two parallel lines. Projected into the third
dimension, the grid can be transformed into a set of
repetitive, modular units of space.
Spatial Organization

Grid Forms
Spatial Organization

Grid Organization

▪ A grid organization consists of forms and spaces whose positions in space and
relationship with one another are regulated by a three-dimensional grid
pattern or field.
▪ The grid, create by two, usually perpendicular sets of parallel lines, establish a
regular pattern of points at their intersections. Projected into the third
dimension, the grid pattern is transformed into a set of repetitive, modular unit
of space, within which spaces can occur as isolated events or as repetitions of
the grid module.
▪ To accommodate the specific dimensional requirements of its spaces, a grid can
be made irregular in one or two directions, be interrupted to define a major
space or accommodate a natural feature of its site, or be dislocated and
rotated about a point in the basic pattern.