ALL ABOUT TRIGONOMETRY

Authored by Jolex Au Yeung

Section I – Basic Trigonometry

A. Trigonometric Ratios
opp.
1. sin𝜃 =
hyp.
adj.
2. cos𝜃 =
hyp.
opp.
3. tan𝜃 =
adj.
B. Reciprocal Identities
1
1. = csc𝜃
sin𝜃
1
2. = sec𝜃
cos𝜃
1
3. = cot𝜃
tan𝜃
C. Quotient Identites
From A and B, we have the following identites.
sin𝜃
1. tan𝜃 =
cos𝜃
cos𝜃
2. cot𝜃 =
sin𝜃

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D. Pythagorean Identites
From the graph, we have
1. sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 … (a)
From (a),
sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 1
+ =
cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
2. tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
Also, from (a),
sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 1
+ =
sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
3. 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃
E. Co-function Identities
In DSE Compulsory syllabus, we have learnt how to use degrees to
represent the size of angles. However, instead, we usually use
radians in calculus, linear algebra and physics. Here is the formula to
convert degrees into radians:
𝑥° 90° 𝜋
𝑥°(deg) = 𝜋 = 𝜃(rad) , e.g. 90°(deg) = 𝜋=
180° 180° 2rad
𝜋 𝜋
1. sin ( − 𝜃) = cos𝜃 4. cot ( − 𝜃) = tan𝜃
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
2. cos ( − 𝜃) = sin𝜃 5. sec ( − 𝜃) = csc𝜃
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
3. tan ( − 𝜃) = cot𝜃 6. csc ( − 𝜃) = sec𝜃
2 2

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F. Sum and Difference Identities
1. sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽 ) = sin𝛼cos𝛽 ± cos𝛼sin𝛽 … (1)
2. cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽 ) = cos𝛼cos𝛽 ∓ sin𝛼sin𝛽 … (2)
tan𝛼 ± tan𝛽
3. tan(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) = … (3)
1 ∓ tan𝛼tan𝛽
From (1), (2), (3) and (a), we can obtain the double angle identities;
4. sin 2𝜃 = 2sin𝜃cos𝜃
5. cos 2𝜃 = cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
= 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
2tan𝜃
6. tan 2𝜃 =
1 − tan2 𝜃
and the half angle identities.

𝜃 1 − cos𝜃
7. sin = ±√
2 2

𝜃 1 + cos𝜃
8. cos = ±√
2 2

𝜃 sin𝜃
9. tan =
2 1 + cos𝜃
1 − cos𝜃
=
sin𝜃

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G. Other Important Theorms
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Sine Theorm: = =
sin𝐴 sin𝐵 sin𝐶
Cosine Theorm: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏cos𝐶
1
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝑏sin𝐶
2
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
= √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 ), where 𝑠 =
2
Section II – Trigonometric Functions
A. Graphs

Trigonometric Graphs Domains, Ranges and Periods

Functions
𝑦 = sin𝑥 Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: [−1,1]
Period: 2𝜋

𝑦 = cos𝑥 Domain: (−∞, ∞)

Range: [−1,1]
Period: 2𝜋

𝑦 = tan𝑥 Domain:
𝜋
{𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ + 𝑛𝜋}, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
Range: (−∞, ∞)
Period: 𝜋

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B. Inverse Functions
The inverse of 𝑓 is denoted as 𝑓 −1 .
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), then 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) in their domain.

𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥 )) = 𝑥, and 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥 )) = 𝑥.

Examples of inverse functions: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = √𝑦

∴ When 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥

𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 = sin1 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑦
∴ When 𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = sin−1 𝑥 = arcsin 𝑥
Similar to other trigonometric functions.
C. Conversion between Inverse Trigonometric Functions and
Algebraic Functions

Functions sin() cos() tan()

sin−1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
cos −1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2
cot −1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥
sec −1 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1 1 √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥 𝑥
csc −1 𝑥 1 √𝑥 2 − 1 1
𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1

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Acknowledgements:
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@yasang from YouTube
@ckcmaths from Instagram
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@jolexayhn from Instagram

@rex.cko from Instagram
Publisher:
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Cho Kat Cheung Maths Team +C

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