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Ebook Concepts of Genetics Global Edition William S Klug Online PDF All Chapter
Ebook Concepts of Genetics Global Edition William S Klug Online PDF All Chapter
Ebook Concepts of Genetics Global Edition William S Klug Online PDF All Chapter
William S. Klug
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Mustard, so commonly used with cold ham or other meat and in
salad dressing, is sometimes of benefit in stimulating the appetite,
but when used in large quantities, or continuously, it may irritate the
stomach. This irritant quality may be used to advantage, when it is
deemed necessary, as a counter-irritant on the skin, as in the well-
known mustard plaster. A teaspoonful of mustard to a pint of
lukewarm water is an effectual emetic in cases in which it is
necessary or advisable to empty the stomach.
Capers, the flower buds of a bush grown in the East, are put up in
vinegar and used in sauces for mutton.
Cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves are useful in flavoring foods; they
take the flat taste from hot water and impart a pleasant spiciness.
Many can take milk when flavored, and the slight amount necessary
is in no way injurious.
Preserved ginger is of value for flavoring cereal foods and gruels
for invalids.
Vinegar, used in excess, reduces the alkalinity of the blood and
aids in the destruction of red blood corpuscles. It may thus produce
anemia when used in excess.
The acetic acid contained in cider vinegar aids the softening of the
muscle fiber of meat and thus facilitates its digestion. Because of its
preservative qualities it is used in pickling vegetables and various
kinds of fish.
Vinegars made from grapes or other fruits are wholesome.
Flavored vinegars, as tarragon, from the herb of the same name, are
useful as appetizers.
Vinegars artificially made from commercial acids are sometimes
injurious.
Tomato Catsup, Worcestershire, and Tabasco sauces are not
harmful if used moderately and with due regard to enhancing not
destroying the flavor of the food with which they are used.
PRESERVATION OF FOODS
This subject is of ever-growing importance. The study of the
preservation of foods has added much to the store of human
knowledge. By this means it is possible for those living in districts
remote from the supply, those who cannot afford to buy them fresh,
and those who have no cellars in which to store them, to have
vegetables and fruits at all seasons of the year.
Nutritious foods can be prepared in such small bulk and of such
excellent keeping quality that explorers, whether to the arctics or the
tropics, can be kept in first-class physical condition, enabled to
withstand fatigue, and be removed to long distances from the base
of supplies without great hardship.
The decomposition of food is occasioned by bacterial action. Air is
necessary to the growth of bacteria. If the air is excluded the
ordinary bacteria are prevented from exerting their deleterious
action.
Heat, as in canning, prevents the formation of bacterial products.
Cold, in refrigeration, by inhibiting bacterial activity is also an
excellent preservative.
Other methods in use are smoking, salting, drying, sterilizing,
various antiseptics, and the exclusion of the air, as in coating eggs or
meat for transportation to other countries.
Eggs are preserved for a long period by excluding the air, which
otherwise penetrates the shell. A solution of water glass (silicate of
sodium), dry oats or salt are used for this purpose.
All food intended for preservation should be kept in a clean, cool,
dry, dark place.
Drying, cooking, and sealing from the air will preserve some meats
and fruits, while others require such preservatives as sugar, vinegar,
and salt. The preservative in cider vinegar is acetic acid, in wine
vinegar tartaric acid.
All preservatives which are actual foods, such as sugar, salt, and
vinegar, are to be recommended, but the use of antiseptic
preservatives, such as salicylic acid, formaldehyd, boracic acid,
alum, sulphur, and benzoate of soda, all of which have been used by
many canning merchants, is fraught with danger. By the efforts of the
United States Department of Agriculture the use of such
preservatives has been largely done away with by the most reliable
packers and canners. However, unscrupulous dealers may use this
means of disguising fruits and vegetables not in good condition.
There can be no doubt, that, whenever possible, the best method
is for the housewife to preserve her own food by drying, canning,
preserving, and pickling, with fruits and vegetables which she knows
are fresh. This, however, is not always practicable.
Since economy in food lies in obtaining the greatest amount of
nutriment for the least money, the preparation of simple foods in the
home, with care that no more is furnished for consumption than the
system requires, is the truest economy.
More brands of prepared food are not so much needed as purity of
elements in their natural state.
In the effort to emphasize the importance of pure food in amount
and quality, pure air and pure water must not be overlooked. Much
infection is carried by these two elements.