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COMMUNITY VIEWS ON POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
Collage of Criminal Justice
University of Cebu
Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

by

INTONG WENSLY B
MANLANGIT, YNA MARIE P.
DOUMA, KAREN JOY

May2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i
Table of Contents ii

Chapter

I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale of the Study 1

Theoretical Background 3

THE PROBLEM 20

Statement of the Problem 20

Significance of the Study 20

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23

Research Design 23

Research Environment 24

Research Informants 28

Research Instruments 29

Research Procedures 29

Data Gathering 30

Data Analysis 31
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Ethical Considerations 32

Trustworthiness 34

DEFINITION OF TERMS 37

REFERENCES 38

CURRICULUM VITAE 40
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale

The public perception of the police reflects the relationship between

law enforcement and the communities they serve. The public expects the

police to treat all individuals equally and without bias, regardless of their

background, gender, race or ethnicity. The public view of police impartiality

and prejudice can have a negative impact, resulting in a loss of trust among

marginalized or minority communities. Maintaining a positive image

necessitates ongoing efforts within the police force to foster trust,

transparency, fairness, professionalism, and community engagement.

Public perceptions of law enforcement can be negatively influenced

by a confluence of factors. These factors include documented instances of

police brutality, allegations of discriminatory practices, concerns about

corruption within police departments, and a perceived lack of responsiveness

to the needs of specific communities. Furthermore, media portrayals of these

issues, alongside the rise of social movements advocating for police reform,

can amplify public anxieties and contribute to a climate of distrust.

Additionally, negative or traumatic personal encounters with law

enforcement can solidify these negative perceptions for individuals and

communities.
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In the Philippine context, the public image of the police holds

significant importance due to its pervasive influence on societal perceptions,

trust, and cooperation with law enforcement agencies. The Philippine

National Police (PNP) is a multifaceted construct shaped by a complex

interplay of factors. These factors include perception of trust in the PNP, the

prevalence of corruption within the force, government policies dictating

police practices, media portrayals of police actions, and the effectiveness of

community relations efforts undertaken by the PNP. To cultivate public trust

and confidence in law enforcement, a multi-pronged approach is necessary.

This approach should prioritize the eradication of corruption within the PNP,

the establishment of transparent and robust accountability mechanisms, and

the fostering of positive and sustained interactions between the police force

and the communities they serve (Republic Act 8551, also known as the

Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998), the

Philippine National Police (PNP) employs a comprehensive strategy to

cultivate public trust. This strategy is anchored in the Police Manual on

Police Transformation, which furnishes a detailed roadmap for reforms

encompassing organizational restructuring, capacity building, community

engagement, and performance evaluation. Furthermore, the PNP's Moral

Recovery Program directly targets corruption through a combination of

training, educational initiatives, and counseling measures designed to instill

ethical values and foster moral integrity within its personnel. The
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government's anti-drug campaign, marked by allegations of extrajudicial

killings, has ignited a firestorm of controversy. Public opinion is divided,

with some viewing these actions as a necessary evil in combating drug

crime, while others condemn them as egregious human rights violations. The

participation of police in these killings has further eroded public trust and

damaged the police public image.

We the researchers are criminology students and with faculty adviser

who is a licensed criminologist, are interested to conduct the study so that

we can deeply inquire into the primary purpose of law enforcement that

prevents crime and they help to safeguard. To cultivate a positive perception

of the police among the public, this research seeks to identify key factors

shaping community views. That is why the views of the community are

critical in order to know if doing police operations could still protect and if it

really has done well for the community of Minglanilla, Cebu.

The purpose of this this study is to expose the truth about the personal

views and perspective of the residents of the Minglanilla, Cebu about the

current image of the Philippine National Police (PNP). By understanding

these perceptions, we can gain valuable insights into areas for improvement

and identify strategies to strengthen police-community relations in

Minglanilla.
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Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on Social Learning Theory of Albert S.

Bandura (1977) with other two supporting theories: Broken Windows

Theory by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling (1982) and Procedural

Justice Theory by Tom(1992).

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory suggests that individuals

tend to imitate behaviors they observe in their surroundings, especially if

those behaviors are rewarded or reinforced. This theory highlights the

cognitive processes involved in deciding whether to imitate behavior and

explains complex behaviors through environmental influences. However, it

tends to overlook the impact of biological factors, such as genetics and

hormones, on behavior. This oversimplification can limit understanding by

framing behavior as solely influenced by either nature or nurture, rather than

recognizing the intricate interplay between biology and environment.

In his Social Learning Theory, Albert Bandura builds upon classical

and operant conditioning theories from behaviorism, introducing two key

concepts: Firstly, he emphasizes the presence of mediating processes

between stimuli and responses. Secondly, he highlights observational

learning as a crucial mechanism through which behavior is acquired from

the environment. Often described as a bridge between traditional learning

theories and cognitive approaches, Social Learning Theory focuses on the

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role of mental processes in learning. Bandura posits that humans actively

process information and consider the consequences of their behavior.

Observational learning, according to Bandura, relies on cognitive processes,

which mediate the acquisition of new responses. (Bandura, 1977)

The formation of residents' police image extends beyond direct

interactions. Observations of police behavior in community settings also

play a significant role. Positive and respectful interactions between police

and residents contribute to a more favorable image, while negative or

aggressive behavior can foster distrust and fear.

In their seminal “Broken Windows” article in Atlantic Monthly, J. Q.

Wilson and G. L. Kelling (1982) suggested that police could more

effectively fight crime by targeting minor offenses. They hypothesized that

untended disorder increases fear of crime in a community, starting a chain of

events that eventually leads to heightened levels of crime. By targeting

disorder, police can thus circumvent this cycle of neighborhood decline

(Skogan, 1990).

In the Broken Windows Theory, Wilson and Kelling (1982) proposed

a model of neighborhood development wherein areas deteriorate into high-

crime zones due to various forms of disorder. They highlighted social and

physical incivilities such as loitering, public drinking, and neglect of

infrastructure, which instill fear among residents and workers. This fear
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prompts stable families to relocate and remaining inhabitants to withdraw,

leading to decreased informal social control and heightened anonymity.

Consequently, the lack of control and rising disorder attract more potential

offenders, fostering an environment conducive to serious criminal activity.

Wilson and Kelling (1982) asserted that the failure of collaboration between

law enforcement and citizens exacerbates urban decay and social disorder,

ultimately facilitating the emergence of serious crime.

The Broken Windows Theory, as proposed by Wilson and Kelling

(1982), posits a link between visible signs of disorder and a rise in crime and

fear within a community. This theory aligns with Social Learning Theory by

emphasizing how residents' observations of such disorder and the police

response to it can shape their perceptions of police effectiveness and

ultimately, their overall image of the police.

In The Procedural Justice Theory, as conceptualized by Tyler (1990)

that Legal authorities gain when they receive deference and cooperation

from the public. Considerable evidence suggests that the key factor shaping

public behavior is the fairness of the processes legal authorities use when

dealing with members of the public. This reaction occurs both during

personal experiences with legal authorities and when community residents

are making general evaluations of the law and of legal authorities. The

strength and breadth of this influence suggests the value of an approach to

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regulation based upon sensitivity to public concerns about fairness in the

exercise of legal authority. Such an approach leads to a number of

suggestions about valuable police practices, as well as helping explain why

improvements in the objective performance of the police and courts have not

led to higher levels of public trust and confidence in those institution. (Tyler,

1990)

The theory of procedural justice by Tyler and his colleagues directs

attention to the effects of the fairness of procedures used by legal authorities

and seeks to answer such important questions as why people obey the law,

why people cooperate with legal authorities, and why people have trust and

confidence in legal authorities (Tyler, 1990, 2003; Tyler & Huo, 2002).

According to the theory, people's evaluations of and reactions to legal

authorities are shaped by their judgments about the fairness of the

procedures used by legal authorities. Particularly, people are more likely to

accept the constraints imposed by the law and legal authorities if they

believe legal authorities use fair procedures in their decision-making and

treatment of members of the public. In addition, the effects of judgments

concerning procedural justice are often found to be stronger than judgments

about outcome fairness and outcome favorableness (Lind & Tyler, 1988;

Tyler, 2003).
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Procedural Justice Theory, as advanced by scholars like Tom Tyler,

posits a strong link between the perceived fairness of legal procedures and

public evaluations of legal authorities (Tyler, 1990). The theory suggests

that individuals are more likely to comply with legal regulations and

cooperate with authorities when they believe decision-making processes and

treatment by those in power are conducted fairly. This emphasis on

procedural fairness goes beyond the outcome of an interaction, highlighting

the importance of just processes in fostering trust and legitimacy in shaping

good image among the law enforcers.

This chapter provides the related studies of our research entitled

―Community Views on Police Public Image

The present study involved a meta-analysis that tested Tyler's process-

based model, which predicts that citizen perceptions of police procedural

justice impact beliefs about police legitimacy. Beliefs about police

legitimacy, in turn, predict cooperation with law enforcement. The analysis

produced results in support of all three causal chains of Tyler's theory,

although the causal direction of these relationships could not be tested due to

an absence of prospective data. Citizen perceptions of police procedural

justice would appear to have both a direct impact and indirect effect on

citizen cooperation, the latter by way of police legitimacy beliefs. Improving

citizen perceptions of police fairness is an important measure of police

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effectiveness in and of itself, but it also appears to play a role in the police's

ability to control crime. While contemporary police strategies have placed

greater emphasis at proactive attempts to prevent crime, police agencies are

still heavily reliant on the public to report crimes that have already occurred,

a finding made clear in the results of this meta-analysis. (Bolger & Walters,

2019)

Meares (2015) takes on directly the importance of procedural justice

in the context of broken windows policing. She questions the trade-off that is

so often justified by decision makers: short-term, modest crime reductions at

the expense of undermining the fairness of law enforcement in the eyes of

community residents. Meares proposes a framework for discussing this

trade-off in the context of how the criminal justice system educates its

citizens. Viewing broken windows policing as a curriculum, she asks:

‘‘What is this kind of policing teaching people about how government views

them as citizens?’’ Here, an overt curriculum—one rooted in democracy and

fairness—needs to offset a hidden or covert curriculum that discourages

individuals from ‘‘attributing legitimacy to laws, legal systems, and

regimes.’’ This is no easy task but, as Meares argues, it begins with

evaluating broken windows policing as much for its crime reduction

potential as for its potential to uphold fairness and legitimacy.

Legitimacy is the belief that legal authorities have the moral right to
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administer and enforce the law and that people are obligated to obey the law.

These beliefs have also been found to correlate directly with willingness to

comply with the law and cooperate with the authorities (Reisig & Lloyd,

2009; Tyler & Fagan, 2008; White, Mulvey, & Dario, 2016). The two-stage

process-based theory of self-regulation holds that procedural justice, in this

case, perceptions of police procedural justice, leads to thoughts of police

legitimacy, which then promotes compliance with the law and cooperation

with legal authorities.

A major strength in this study is that it is the first to examine the

importance of procedural justice policing to people in Nigeria. It is also the

first to examine the relationship between procedural justice policing and

police legitimacy among young people in Africa.

Although limitations exist, these do not detract from its relevance to

the procedural justice literature. This study has added new knowledge to a

very scarce procedural justice literature in Africa. It has shown that in

Nigeria, procedural justice may be beneficial when police relate with young

people. By doing so, police will be able to shape adolescents’ perceptions of

police legitimacy. If it is possible to infer judgement between this current

investigation and that of Ghana or South Africa, one may begin to assume

that there may be an occurrence of a subtle generational shift in public

expectations of the police in Nigeria. The expectations of youth in Nigeria

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skews towards procedurally just and fair treatment being important; this is a

significant shift from the instrumental expectations of police effectiveness in

the Ghanaian and South African adult samples. (Akinlabi, 2015)

Furthermore, this study is legally anchored on Republic Act

8551, otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and

Reorganization Act of 1998 and its corresponding Declaration and Policy

state that:

Section 2. Declaration of Policy and Principles. It is hereby declared

the policy of the State to establish a highly efficient and competent police

force which is national in scope and civilian in character administered and

controlled by a national police commission. The Philippine National Police

(PNP) shall be a community and service-oriented agency responsible for the

maintenance of peace and order and public safety. The PNP shall be so

organized to ensure accountability and uprightness in police exercise of

discretion as well as to achieve efficiency and effectiveness of its members

and units in the performance of their functions.

In addition, the concept of reformation is stated in Section 4-5 of

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE MANUAL (PNPM):

The Preamble of the 1987 constitution ordains and promulgates that

the sovereign Filipino people imploring the aid of Almighty God in order to

build a just and humane society and establish a government that shall
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embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and

develop our patrimony and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessing

of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth,

justice, freedom, love, equality and peace. Therefore, it shall be the policy of

the government to:

Strengthen the moral resources of the Filipino people rooted in the

Filipino culture, values and ideals that are Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Maka-

Bayan and Maka-Kalikasan.

Pursue a vision of a Filipino nation that is Good-centered, people

empowered, prosperous national community living in Unity, Justice,

Freedom, Love and Peace and governed by a visionary government that is

democratic, responsive and effective with a community of civil and military

servants who are professional, competent, disciplined and trustworthy.

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THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to delve into the views of the community on police

public image in Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the positive views of the informants on the police public

image?

2. What are the negative views of the informants on the police

public image?

3. How do the informants describe the impact of the police public

image on the PNP relation to the community?

Significance of the Study

The researcher is convinced that the results would help the following

persons or agencies both national and local government agencies in terms of

formulation of proper guidelines and policies regarding implementation of

police community programs in the barangay setting. This study is significant

to the following entities:

Community. The data being gathered in this study will serve as

awareness to the community and law enforcement agencies especially as to

how community view in police public image and relationship of the

barangay residents given that these programs are readily available at every

barangay hall
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DILG. The study can help develop better metrics for monitoring and

evaluating the effectiveness of police community relation programs in

LGUs. This allows the DILG to track progress and identify areas

where additional support is needed.

Local Government Units (LGU). This study will aid the local

government sector in rendering assistance for the improvement of the

implementation of police community relation programs.

Philippine National Police (PNP). The findings of the study is to

give a solid foundation for the enhancement and innovate methods for police

community relations programs and crime-prevention initiatives.

Internal Affairs Service (IAS). This study will help the institution to

monitor and to investigate regarding on the performance of police service in

Cebu and to adjudicate proper judgment on PNP Personnel who violated

administrative cases.

Commission on Human Rights. The constitutional office will benefit

the study because it will help them know if there is violation of human rights

aspects in the conduct of police service in Cebu.

National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM). The study will assist

them in monitoring and investigating police anomalies and irregularities in

the conduct of police services in Cebu.

Researchers. This study will add to the body of information on how

preventative and control initiatives are implemented and problems that arise
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from them are resolved.

Future Researchers. This study will provide the researcher with a

wealth of information about the advantages of using informants as a basis

for information related in community and police public image and crime

prevention measures.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study applies a qualitative research method of research using

phenomenological approach with the use of interview guide questions and

android phone for voice recorder in examining the views of the residents of

community of the Municipality of Minglanilla on the community views on

police image. Phenomenological studies is particularly well suited in

addressing the specific knowledge and the informants personal experiences.

Phenomenology is the study of human experience and of the ways

things present themselves to us in and through such experience

( Sokolowski 2000,2 ). This method was seek to understand the life world

or human experience as it is lived, in order to address their personal

experiences in a certain circumstances. To have a better understanding on

what individual experiences in that certain phenomenon

As to Boeije (2009), phenomenology is sometimes considered a

philosophical perspective as well as an approach to qualitative methodology.

It has a long history in several social research disciplines including

psychology, sociology and social work. Phenomenology is a school of

thought that emphasizes a focus on people's subjective experiences and

interpretations of the world. That is, the phenomenologist wants to

understand how the world appears to others. Phenomenological methods are

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particularly effective at bringing to the fore the experiences and perceptions

of individuals from their own perspectives, and therefore at challenging

structural or normative assumptions. Adding an interpretive dimension to

phenomenological research, enabling it to be used as the basis for practical

theory, allows it to inform, support or challenge policy and action.

Research Environment

The locale if this study is in the Municipality of Minglanilla, is a coastal

Municipality in the island province of Cebu. The Municipality has a land

area of 65.60 square kilometers or 25.33 square miles which constitutes

1.33% of Cebus total area. It's population as determined by the 2020 cencus

was 151,002. This represented 4.54% of the total population of Cebu

province, or 1.80% of the overall population of Central Visayas Region.

Based on these figures, the population density is computed at 2,302

inhabitants per square kilometer or 5,961 inhabitants per square mile. The

Municipality of Minglanilla comprises of 19 barangays, namely: Cadulawan,

Calajo-an, Camp 7, Camp 8, Cuanos, Guindaruhan, Linao, Manduang,

Pakigne, Poblacion Ward II, Poblacion Ward III, Poblacion IV, Tubod,

Tulay, Tunghaan, Tungkil, Tungkop, Vito.

The research environment of the study will be conducted over the

area under the jurisdiction of Cebu Province, Central Visayas in Region VII

with its selected barangay’s where this research selects informants from the
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said locale of the study.

Research Informants

The informant of this study is a resident of this area at least five years

and is composed of six (6) individuals which are community leaders, police

officers, community members, workers, barangay officials, and a student in

selected barangay in particular stated on those before mentioned in

environment within the Municipality of Minglanilla.

Research Instruments

The researcher utilized an interview guide, voice recorder,

questionnaire and Transmittal letter to collect data and information about

this study on the aspirations of the informants to improve the quality of their

services.

The researcher will arrange an interview with the informants, explain

the matters of confidentiality, prepare consent forms, will make sure to ask

open-ended questions to the informants.

Research Procedures
The procedure of the study was firstly initiated by asking permission

from the dean of the College of Criminal Justice, Atty. Dodelon Sabijon for

the approval to conduct this research in accordance with safety of the

researcher. The researcher will directly ask for further assistance from the

Barangay Officials to have a better outcome and to successfully furnished

this study.
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Qualitative research has been described as a naturalistic study

conducted through prolonged contact with field situations which typically

reflect the everyday life and the explicit and implicit rules that govern that

life (Miles, Huberman and Saldana, 2013).

Data Collection.

The researcher uses an inform consent prior to the conduct of the

interview and serve a guide question with the use of interview guide and

voice recorder. After approval the informants ask by the researcher with

some question to answer. The answer will be written on the blank portion of

the interview guide tabulated, analyzed and interpret. To obtain more data,

the researcher record will have a conversation to the participants.

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Data Analysis. Prior to conducting an interview with six (6)

individuals, composed of community leaders, police officers, community

members, workers, barangay officials, and a student, the researcher

employed an appointment letter to act as an interview guide while using a

voice recorder. Following approval, the informants are given a question to

respond by the researcher. The researcher record while conversing with the

informants to acquire more data.

The following steps will be used in analyzing: Transcription, the first

step is to transcribe the data from the tape into a paper. The purpose is to

clean and edit the manuscripts by eliminating typographical errors and

contradictions; checking and editing the next step is check and edit

transcripts, prepare data for further analysis; analysis and interpretation

categories were developed, coding and data reduction was completed, and

trends in the data were identified.

During this process, the researcher will take all collected data,

including field notes and interview transcripts, and begin to form a clear

understanding of the information. The researcher will then code the data,

conducting content analysis by looking for specific words from which

themes can be identified. Generalization the findings of individual

interviews are generalized and differences and similarities identified,

allowing for the development of typologies. Verification during this step the
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researchers embark on a process of checking the validity of interpretations

by going through the transcripts again. This allows the researcher to verify

or modify hypotheses.

Ethical Consideration

The identities of the participants are treated with confidentiality, and

prior permission is obtained from the participants before the interviews to be

conducted. The researchers also comply with the policy on research, namely

the informed consent form, before conducting the research on police public

image.

Beneficence. Police agencies should endeavor to operate in manners

conducive to the welfare and security of the communities under their

jurisdiction. This entails enacting policies and procedures designed to

enhance public safety, cultivate constructive rapport with community

members, and allocate resources and assistance to address community

concerns.

Non-maleficence. Police agencies are obligated to refrain from

inflicting harm upon individuals or communities as a result of their actions.

This necessitates the implementation of preemptive measures to deter the

excessive use of force, mitigating incidental harm during law enforcement

operations, and promptly addressing incidents of officer misconduct or

abuse.
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Justice. Police agencies must adhere to principles of fairness,

equality, and impartiality in their engagements with the public. This entails

guaranteeing that every individual receives dignified and respectful

treatment, irrespective of factors such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic

status, or any other considerations. Furthermore, police agencies should

actively strive to rectify systemic injustices and disparities present within

the criminal justice system.

Autonomy. Police agencies should honor the autonomy and rights of

individuals within the communities they serve. This encompasses respecting

individuals' rights to privacy, freedom of expression, and due process, while

also affording opportunities for community members to engage in decision-

making processes that impact them.

Trustworthiness of Research

Trustworthiness as Sandelowski (1993) mentioned is a matter of

persuasion whereby the scientist is viewed as having made those practices

visible and therefore auditable. Trustworthiness has been further divided into

credibility, which corresponds roughly with the positivist concept of internal

validity; dependability, which relates more to reliability; transferability,

which is a form of external validity; and confirmability, which is largely an

issue of presentation.

This subjective research aims to gather insights from individuals to

enhance our understanding of various phenomena. The issue of credibility

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and reliability arises from the necessity to convince researchers of the

authenticity and dependability of the data collection method and resulting

interpretations. To ensure the relevance and credibility of the questions,

extensive literature review was conducted prior to their formulation.

Furthermore, the researcher conducted hands-on observation after the

interviews to validate the conclusions. The interviews were conducted by

three researchers, recorded, and notes were taken. The outcome of this study

will contribute to achieving broader goals, providing information or

evidence to support its validity and aid activities where quality research is

essential.

Credibility. The initial and paramount criterion in establishing

trustworthiness is credibility. This aspect holds such significance because it

requires researchers to connect their study's findings with real-world

phenomena, validating the truthfulness of their research outcomes.

Maintaining credibility in the public perception of the police involves

ensuring consistent enforcement of laws and policies, alongside uniform

communication and conduct by officers. Upholding professionalism in

engagements with the community, which includes respectful behavior and

adherence to ethical norms, plays a crucial role in shaping a favorable image

of law enforcement. It's imperative to guarantee that law enforcement

practices are fair and unbiased, devoid of discrimination, as this is pivotal

for sustaining credibility in the public.

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Transferability. The researcher enhances transferability by offering a

comprehensive and detailed narrative of their experiences during data

collection, including explicit references to the cultural and social contexts

involved. This entails discussing the locations and setups of interviews and

other relevant aspects of data collection, thereby contributing to a more

comprehensive comprehension of the research setting. Consequently, this

approach suggests that the findings of the study could be relevant and

applicable to different contexts, circumstances, time periods, and

populations (Guba, 1981).

Actively involving diverse segments of the community in police

activities, such as through initiatives like community policing programs and

advisory boards, fosters a sense of inclusivity and enhances the

transferability of effective police practices. Engaging in strategic public

relations campaigns that highlight positive interactions, community

partnerships, and successful outcomes serves to disseminate a favorable

image of law enforcement to varied audiences.

Dependability. Dependability is equally crucial for ensuring

trustworthiness, as it confirms the research findings' consistency and

reproducibility. The researcher's goal is to ensure that the findings align with

the original data collected, ensuring that if other researchers were to examine

the data, they would reach similar conclusions, interpretations, and findings.

This is essential to prevent any oversights in the research study and to

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uphold the researcher's commitment to transparency and accuracy.

Confirmability. Guba (1981) suggested that confirmability represents

the final criterion of trustworthiness that researchers must address in their

study. This aspect pertains to the assurance that the research findings derive

from the participants' narratives and statements rather than from any

potential biases on the part of the researcher.

Disseminating precise and transparent information concerning police

activities, policies, and procedures facilitates public comprehension and

verification of law enforcement actions. Active engagement with the

community and the solicitation of feedback on police practices serve as

mechanisms for confirming the effectiveness and appropriateness of law

enforcement actions, particularly from stakeholders directly impacted by

such measures.

Reflexivity. Embarking on qualitative research as a novice, my

limited experience in this domain raises the possibility that the quality of

analysis may be affected by my background. The study, focusing on the

lived experiences of GAD focal persons, demands a keen recognition of

potential personal biases, especially given that I am a woman myself. This

connection introduces a layer of complexity that necessitates a vigilant

reflexivity throughout the research process.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are operationally defined for a better

understanding of the study:

Positive views of the informants on the police public image in

Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines. This refers to the favorable perceptions of

the informants to the police indicates community trust and gratitude as the

contribution to public safety, promoting collaboration and enhancing

community well-being.

Negative views of the informants on the police public image in

Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines. This comprises the issues, problems, and

lapses identified by informants regarding the execution of police duties,

potentially impacting officers' eligibility for lawful performance and the

provision of effective police services.

The impact of the police public image on the Philippine National

Police relation to the Community. This refers to how the community's

perception of the Philippine National Police (PNP) influences their trust,

cooperation, and interactions with law enforcement authorities.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Wensly B. Intong

Date of Birth : October 6, 2001
Place of Birth : Cebu City, Cebu
Contact Number : 09919624694
Email Address : wensly666@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College : (University of Cebu

Main) (Sanciangko
St, Cebu City, 6000
Cebu)
(May 2023-2024)

Secondary Education : (University of Cebu Pri )

(Alacantara St. Cebu City
6000 Cebu) ( August 2021)

Secondary Education : (Zapatera National Highschool)

(Sikatuna St, Cebu City
6000 Cebu) (April 2019)

Elementary : (Zapatera
Elementary School)
(Sikatuna St, Cebu
City, 6000 Cebu
(May 2015