Chapter III: Methodology

Introduction Statement:
Fish, a vital source of protein and essential nutrients, plays a significant role in
global food security. However, ensuring the safety and quality of fish products is
crucial to protect consumers from health risks and maintain consumer trust.
Formaldehyde, a chemical compound with the formula CH₂O, has been used as a
preservative in the fish industry for decades. Its antimicrobial properties help
extend the shelf life of fish, preventing spoilage and maintaining freshness. Despite
its benefits, improper use of formaldehyde can lead to adverse effects on human
health and raise ethical concerns.
Formaldehyde serves a dual purpose in the fish industry. On one hand, it
inhibits bacterial growth, reducing the risk of contamination during transportation
and storage. On the other hand, excessive formaldehyde levels can be harmful
when ingested by consumers. The delicate balance between preservation and safety
underscores the need for accurate and efficient methods to detect formaldehyde in
fish.
Detecting formaldehyde in fish samples presents several challenges. Fish tissues
are complex matrices containing proteins, lipids, and other organic compounds.
Traditional methods, such as colorimetric assays and chromatography, often
require extensive sample preparation and specialized equipment. Moreover, these
methods may lack sensitivity, especially when detecting low formaldehyde
concentrations.
In recent years, researchers have explored innovative approaches to overcome
these challenges. Non-invasive sensors based on fluorescence, electrochemical
principles, and molecular imprinting have emerged as promising tools for rapid
and sensitive formaldehyde detection. These sensors can be integrated into quality
control processes along the fish supply chain, enabling real-time monitoring and
ensuring compliance with safety standards.
Research Method Techniques

Electrochemical Sensing Using Polydopamine-Modified Stainless Steel Electrode:

- Researchers in India developed an electrochemical sensing method for
detecting formaldehyde in fish samples. They electrodeposited polydopamine
(pDA) on a stainless steel substrate and optimized experimental conditions such as
scan rate, pH, and concentration. The pDA-modified electrode was sensitive
enough to detect formaldehyde at a potential of 0.8 V in an acidic aqueous
solution. The linear dynamic range for formaldehyde detection was between 0.43
and 1.60 μm under optimal conditions. The detection and quantitation limits were
found to be 0.14 and 0.43 μm, respectively. This method effectively detected
formaldehyde in fish samples.

Non-Invasive Sensor:
- A low-cost sensor made of metal oxide nanoparticles and reduced graphene
oxide composite has been developed. This sensor can detect formalin adulteration
in fish at room temperature in a non-invasive manner. It offers long-term stability
and has a low detection limit³.

Bound and Free Formaldehyde Concentration in Commercially Important Fishes:

- A preliminary study in the Philippines assessed the concentration of free and
bound formaldehyde in commercially important fish species. The researchers also
investigated the effect of cooking on formaldehyde levels. This study provides
valuable insights into the formaldehyde content in fish consumed in the
Philippines⁴.

Preservation Practices and Consumer Awareness:

- The Department of Health (DOH) in the Philippines has been vigilant about
investigating the alleged use of formalin (formaldehyde) in fish and meat products.
Consumers are advised to soak fish in cold water or saline solution to reduce
formaldehyde content. However, complete removal of formaldehyde is
challenging.