MAY 2022 EXAMINATIONS

Bachelor of Engineering Yr 2 (CIVE210)

Master of Engineering Yr 2 (CIVE210)

Hydraulics

Solution
Q1 (a)

A1=0.25*3.14*0.2^2=0.0314m^2, V1=Q/A1=0.06/0.0314=1.91m/s

A2=0.25*3.14*0.3^2=0.0707m^2, V2=Q/A2=0.06/0.0707=0.85m/s
𝑉1 𝐷1 1.91∗0.2
𝑅𝑒1 = = = 3.82 ∗ 105 Turbulent
𝜐 10−6

𝑒1 = 0.02, 𝑓1 = 0.049
𝑉2 𝐷2 0.85∗0.3
𝑅𝑒2 = 𝜐
= 10−6
= 2.55 ∗ 105 Turbulent

𝑒2 = 0.01, 𝑓2 = 0.038

(b)
𝑝1 𝑝
𝜌𝑔
= 0.8𝑚 , 𝜌𝑔2 = 0.23𝑚

𝐿 𝑉1 2 12 1.912
ℎ𝑓1 = 𝑓1 𝐷1 = 0.049 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 2∗9.8 = 0.55𝑚
1 2𝑔

𝐿 𝑉2 2 30 0.852
ℎ𝑓2 = 𝑓2 𝐷2 = 0.038 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 2∗9.8 = 0.14𝑚
2 2𝑔

ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2 = 0.69𝑚

𝑝1 𝑉1 2 𝑝 𝑉2 2
𝜌𝑔
+ 2𝑔
= 𝜌𝑔2 + 2𝑔
+ ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝐿

1.912 0.852
0.8 + 2∗9.8 = 0.2 + 2∗9.8 + 0.69 + ℎ𝐿 , ℎ𝐿 =0.059m

(𝑉2 −𝑉1 )2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑘 2𝑔
= 0.059, 𝑘 = 1.03

(c) The total energy line in each pipe is linearly decreased due to the frictional head loss. At the joint
of two pipes, there is a sharp drop of the total energy due to local head loss.

In each pipe, the HGL is parallel to the TEL as velocity is unchanged. There is a sharp increase of HG
at the joint due to pressure increase after the expansion.
Q2
1.5

1.0
3

1.0

2.5

(a) Initial guess of the flow rates

(b) If E and C are connected, there are two loops of ABCE and CDE. Once initial flow rates in all the
pipes are assigned according to the continuity at all the nodes, correction needs to be carried out
separately for each loop. In the calculation of loop CDE, the correction for pipe CD is ∆𝑄𝐶𝐸𝐷 −
∆𝑄𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐸 .
8𝑓𝐿𝑄 2 8∗0.03∗780
(c) 𝐻𝐷 = (300 − 200) + 𝜋2 𝑔𝐷5 = 100 + 3.142 ∗9.8∗0.65 𝑄 2 = 100 + 24.9𝑄 2

𝐻𝑝 = 280 − 65𝑄 2

100 + 24.9𝑄 2 = 280 − 65𝑄 2 , 𝑄 = 1.4𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑄
𝑉 = 0.25∗3.14∗0.62 = 4.95𝑚/𝑠

8𝑓𝐿1 𝑄 2 8∗0.03∗80∗1.42
ℎ𝑓𝐴−𝑆 = = = 5𝑚
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷 5 3.14 2 ∗9.8∗0.65

𝑝 𝑉2
𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔𝑠 + 2𝑔 + ℎ𝑓𝐴−𝑆 + 𝑍𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

𝑝𝑠 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝜌𝑔
= 𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑍𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 − 2𝑔 − ℎ𝑓𝐴−𝑆 = -𝑍𝑠 -2𝑔 − ℎ𝑓𝐴−𝑆 = −10

4.952
𝑍𝑠 = 10 − − 5 = 3.75𝑚
2∗9.8
Q3

(a) Considering the elasticity of the pipe,

1 1 1
𝐾′ = = =
𝐷 1 0.5 1 4.76 × 10 −10 + 4.44 × 10−10
(𝐸𝑒 + 𝐾 ) 9 + 9
210 × 10 × 0.005 2.25 × 10
= 1.086 × 109
The speed of pressure wave

𝐾′ 1.086×109
𝑐 = √𝜌 = √ 1000
1042𝑚/𝑠

∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑐𝑢 = 1000 × 1042 × 1.2 = 1250𝐾𝑃𝑎

(b) If the flow is halted in 20s

2𝐿/𝑐 = 2 ∗ 730/1042 = 1.4𝑠 < 20𝑠

Can be treated as slow closure.
𝑑𝑉 0−1.4
∆𝑝 = −𝜌𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = −1000 × 730 × 20
= 51.1𝐾𝑃𝑎

The maximum pressure at the valve is 51.1KPa and the velocity of water in the pipe is also uniformly
reduced to zero in 20s.

(c) The open channel flow is controlled by gravity this Use Fr as similitude.

For the prototype,

𝐴𝑝 = 𝑑𝐵 = 5.4 × 2.2 = 11.88𝑚2

𝑉𝑝 = 17.4/11.88 = 1.465𝑚/𝑠
𝑉 1.465
𝐹𝑟 = = = 0.315
√𝑔𝑑 √9.8×2.2

𝑑𝑚 𝐵𝑚 0.45
𝜆𝐿 = 𝑑𝑝
= 𝐵𝑝
= 5.4
= 0.833
𝑑𝑚 = 0.833 ∗ 2.2 = 0.183𝑚
𝑉𝑚
𝐹𝑟𝑚 = = 𝐹𝑟𝑝 = 0.315
√𝑔𝑑𝑚

𝑉𝑚 = 0.315 ∗ √9.8 ∗ 0.183 = 0.422𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑚 0.422
𝜆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝
= 1.465 = 0.288

𝑄𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑑𝑚 𝐵𝑚 = 0.422 ∗ 0.183 ∗ 0.45 = 0.035𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑛𝑚
𝑛𝑝
= (𝜆𝑣 )−1 (𝜆𝐿 )2/3 = 0.288−1 ∗ 0.8332/3 = 3.074

𝑛𝑚 = 3.074 ∗ 0.04 = 0.123𝑠𝑚−1/3

Q4
𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
(a) Apply Manning’s formula 𝑽 = 𝑹𝒅 𝑺𝒐 for normal depth 𝒅𝒏
𝒏
𝐴 = (𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝑑𝑛 )𝑑𝑛

𝑷 = 𝟓 + 𝟐𝑑𝑛 √𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 = 5 + 2.44𝑑𝑛
𝐴 (𝟓+𝟎.𝟕𝑑𝑛 )𝑑𝑛
𝑅𝑑 = 𝑷 = 5+2.44𝑑𝑛

𝟏𝟓 1 (𝟓+𝟎.𝟕𝑑𝑛 )𝑑𝑛 2/3

(𝟓+𝟎.𝟕𝑑𝑛 )𝑑𝑛
= ( ) √0.008
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟓 5+2.44𝑑𝑛

𝟏𝟓 (𝟓+𝟎.𝟕𝑑𝑛 )𝑑𝑛 2/3

(𝟓+𝟎.𝟕𝑑𝑛 )𝑑𝑛
= 5.963 ( 5+2.44𝑑𝑛
)

Use trial and error method, 𝑑𝑛 = 0.67𝑚

Try 𝑑𝑛 LHS RHS

1.0 2.63 4.99
0.7 3.9 4.11
0.67 4.09 4.02
 𝑸𝟐 𝑨𝟑
Apply critical flow equation 𝒈
= 𝑇

𝑇 = 𝐵 + 2 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 𝑑𝑐
𝟏𝟓𝟐 [(𝟓+𝟎.𝟕𝑑𝑐 )𝑑𝑐 ]𝟑
= 22.96 =
𝟗.𝟖 5+1.4𝑑𝑐

Use trial and error method, 𝑑𝑐 = 0.95𝑚

Try 𝑑𝑐 LHS RHS

1.0 22.96 28.94
0.9 20.78
0.95 23.44
Since 𝑑𝑐 > 𝑑𝑛 , flow is supercritical

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(b)

(c)