CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr ***

MAY 2023 EXAMINATIONS

Bachelor of Engineering Yr 2 (CIVE210)

Master of Engineering Yr 2 (CIVE210)

Hydraulics

Time Allowed: THREE HOURS

Instructions to candidates:
Answer ALL Questions

Data:
Additional equations and figures are provided in supplementary information at end of the
paper.

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CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr ***

Question 1
(a) Water is conveyed at a rate of 0.06𝑚3 /𝑠 in a pipe which contracts from 0.6m to a diameter of
0.3𝑚 sharply as shown in Figure 1. Two pipes have relative roughness of 0.01 and 0.03 for the
larger and the smaller pipe respectively. The pressure measured at section 1, 𝐿1 = 150𝑚 before
the contraction, is 2.94KPa. The kinematic viscosity of the water is 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠. Determine the
flow states for both pipes and read their friction factors from the Moody Chart.
[6/25]

Figure 1

(b) If both local and friction losses are considered between sections 1 and 2 with the local head loss
𝑉2 2
expressed as 0.5 , where 𝑉2 is the velocities in the smaller pipe, determine the pressure at
2𝑔
section 2, 𝐿2 = 20𝑚 after the contraction.
[10/25]

(c) Briefly describe the two-stage energy loss at the contraction.

[5/25]
(d) Propose a type of contraction without changing the pipe size to maximise the pressure at section
2 and explain the reason.
[4/25]

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CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr ***

Question 2
(a) Three reservoirs A, B and C with levels 350m, 400m and 150m above the datum respectively
are branched by pipelines with 0.5m diameter as shown in Figure 2. Determine the flow rate in
each pipe by considering friction losses only with the formula of ℎ𝑓 = 𝛼𝑄 2 where 𝛼 for each
pipe is listed in Table 1.
[15/25]
Table 1

Pipe α (𝑚−5 𝑠 2 )
AJ 56
BJ 68
CJ 55

Figure 2

(b) To lift water from reservoir C to A in the question (a), pipe BJ is blocked, and a pump operated
at 𝐻𝑝 = 280 − 65𝑄 2 is fitted, where 𝐻𝑝 is the pump head and 𝑄 is the flow rate in the pipe.

i) If only the friction loss is considered, determine the flow rate in the pipe.
[5/25]
ii) if the pump is fitted above the reservoir C, briefly describe how to tell if there is cavitation
at the suction side.
[5/25]

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CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr ***

Q3
(a) The pressure surge phenomenon can be applied to estimate the flow rate in a pipeline. If a
pressure surge of 3.5𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 accompanies the sudden closure of the valve in a 250mm water
main, find out the corresponding discharge. The bulk modulus of the fluid is K=2.154
𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 , wall thickness of the pipe is e=5mm and the Young’s modulus for the pipe
material E=215GPa.
[8/25]

(b) If the elasticity of the pipe is neglected, what percentage error of the discharge would arise? If
the pipe is 100m long, to apply this method for estimating the flow rate, what is the maximum
time allowed to halt the flow in the pipe?
[7/25]

(c) A rectangular river channel is 5.4m wide with manning’s roughness 𝑛 = 0.04𝑠/𝑚1/3 and a
bed slop 𝑆0 = 0.0026. The flow in the river is 17.4𝑚3 /𝑠 when the normal depth is 2.2m. A
model investigation is to be undertaken in a rectangular laboratory flume that is 0.54m wide.
To reproduce the river hydraulic performance in the flume, what similitude needs to be
considered? Outline how the model should be constructed to reproduce the largest flow in the
river by specifying the slope, roughness, water depth and flow rate in the flume.

[10/25]

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CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr ***

Question 4

(a) A trapezoidal channel, as shown in Figure 4(a), with a bottom width of 𝐵 = 3.5𝑚 and side
slopes of 1 in 1.5 carries a flow of 15𝑚3 /𝑠. The channel’s slope and Manning’s n are 0.008 and
0.015 𝑠/𝑚1/3 respectively.

i) Determine the normal and critical depths.

ii) Classify the type of the bottom and the state of the flow when the water depth is 2m.
[10/25]

Figure 4(a)

(b) Sketch the water profiles in two prismatic channels below and point out profile types of
gradually varied flows or hydraulic jumps.
[15/25]

i) Flow from a steep slope to a mild slope

ii) On a steep slope, flow goes through a sluice gate. The surface at the back of the gate is above
the critical depth and the surface at the opening of the gate is below the normal depth.

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Supplementary Information

Moody diagram

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Reynolds Number:
𝑽𝑫𝝆 𝑽𝑫
𝑹𝒆 = =
𝝁 𝝂
where Re is the Reynolds Number, V is the velocity, D is the pipe diameter, ρ is the fluid density, μ is
the dynamic viscosity and ν is the kinematic viscosity.

Manning’s equation:
𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏 𝒅 𝒐
where V is the mean velocity, n is Manning’s roughness factor, Rd is the hydraulic radius and S0 is the
bed slope.

Critical flow equation:

𝑸𝟐 𝑻
=𝟏
𝑨𝟑 𝒈
where 𝑸 is the flow rate, 𝑻 is the width at the flow surface, 𝑨 is the cross sectional area and 𝒈 =
𝟗. 𝟖𝒎/𝒔𝟐 is acceleration of gravity.

Pipe friction loss:

𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐 𝟖𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = =
𝟐𝒈𝑫 𝝅𝟐 𝒈𝑫𝟓
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CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr ***

where 𝑅𝑒 is Reynolds number, 𝑔 = 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 is acceleration of gravity, 𝐿 and 𝐷 are length and
diameter of the pipe respectively.

Water hammer pressure surge:

∆𝒑 = 𝝆𝒄𝑽

𝑲
In rigid pipe, 𝒄 =√
𝝆

𝟏
In non-rigid pipe, 𝒄 =√ 𝟏 𝑫
𝝆(𝑲+𝒆𝑬)

where 𝜌 is fluid density in the pipe, 𝑉 is mean flow velocity and 𝑐 is speed of pressure wave, 𝐾
is the bulk modulus of fluid, 𝐸 is the Young’s modulus of pipe material and 𝑒 is thickness of pipe.

Pressure surge in slow closure

𝒅𝑽
∆𝒑 = −𝝆𝑳
𝒅𝒕
where 𝜌 is fluid density in the pipe, 𝑉 is mean flow velocity and 𝑡 is time.

Channel parameters

Trapezoidal channel Surface width

Area A Perimeter P Radius 𝑹𝒅
B

(𝒃 + 𝒛𝒉)𝒉
𝒃 + 𝟐𝒛𝒉 (𝒃 + 𝒛𝒉)𝒉 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒉√𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐
𝒃 + 𝟐𝒉√𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐

Gradually varied flow profiles

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