CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr Yan Zhou

MAY 2022 EXAMINATIONS

Bachelor of Engineering Yr 2 (CIVE210)

Master of Engineering Yr 2 (CIVE210)

Hydraulics

Time Allowed: THREE HOURS

Instructions to candidates:
Answer ALL Questions

Data:
Additional equations and figures are provided in supplementary information at end of the
paper.

Page 1 of 9
CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr Yan Zhou

Question 1
(a) Water is conveyed at a rate of 0.06𝑚3 /𝑠 in a pipe which enlarges from 0.2m to a diameter of
0.3𝑚 sharply as shown in Figure 1. Two pipes have relative roughness of 0.02 and 0.01 for the
smaller and the larger pipe respectively. Two water manometers are fitted as shown in Figure 1
with the manometer 1 𝐿1 = 12𝑚 before the expansion and manometers 2 on the larger pipe 𝐿2 =
30𝑚 after the expansion. The manometers read ℎ1 = 80𝑐𝑚 and ℎ2 = 20𝑐𝑚. The kinematic
viscosity of the water is 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠. Determine the flow states and read friction factors from the
Moody Chart for both pipes.
[6/25]

Figure 1
(b) If both local and friction losses are considered between sections 1 and 2 with the local head loss
(𝑉2 −𝑉1 )2
expressed as 𝑘 2𝑔
, where 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 are the velocities in the smaller and larger pipes
respectively, determine the local loss coefficient 𝑘.
[12/25]

𝑉2 𝑃 𝑃
(c) Sketch the total energy (2𝑔 + 𝜌𝑔 + 𝑧) line and the hydraulic gradient (𝜌𝑔 + 𝑧) line from section 1
to 2 and briefly explain the causes of line variations.
[7/25]

Page 2 of 9
CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr Yan Zhou

Question 2
(a) Use the Hardy-Cross method to determine the flow rates and their directions in all the pipes of
the network as shown in Figure 2 with given inflow/outflow at each junction. Head loss due to
friction in all the pipes may be taken as (8𝑓𝐿𝑄 2 )/(π2 𝑔𝐷 5 ) where 𝑄 is the flow rate. The pipe
diameter 𝐷 , length 𝐿 and friction factor 𝑓 are given in the Table Q2. All other losses are
negligible.

[10/25]

Pipe Diameter Length Friction factor

D (m) L (m) f
AB 0.35 200 0.02
BC 0.5 200 0.05
CD 0.35 200 0.03
DE 0.4 200 0.02
EA 0.4 200 0.01

Table Q2

Figure 2(a)

(b) If one more pipe is added to connect E and C, briefly describe how to determine the flow
rate in pipe EC.

[5/25]

Page 3 of 9
CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr Yan Zhou

(c) Water is lifted from a reservoir at lower elevation (200m AOD) to a reservoir at higher
elevation (300m AOD) through a raising main with diameter of 0.6m and length of 780m
(80m before the pump and 700m after the pump) as shown in Figure 2(b). A pump
operated at 𝐻𝑝 = 280 − 65𝑄 2 is fitted above the lower reservoir, where 𝐻𝑝 is the pump
head and 𝑄 is the flow rate in the pipe.
i) If the friction factor in the pipe is a constant of 0.03 and other losses are negligible,
determine the flow rate in the pipe.
ii) To avoid cavitation at the suction side, what is the maximum height of the pump 𝑍𝑠 ?
The vapor pressure of water is -10m.

[10/25]

Figure 2(b)

Page 4 of 9
CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr Yan Zhou

Question 3
(a) A pipeline of 730𝑚 long and 0.5m in diameter has an outlet valve at one end. Water in the pipe is
flowing at 𝑉 = 1.2𝑚/𝑠 when the valve is suddenly closed. Given water bulk modulus 𝐾 =
2.25𝐺𝑃𝑎 , density 𝑟 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , pipe is made of steel with Young’s modules of 𝐸 =
210𝐺𝑃𝑎 and the thickness 𝑒 = 5𝑚𝑚, determine the pressure rise inside the pipeline and show
pressure surge variation over time for the location next to the valve in the Figure 3.

[10/25]

∆𝑃(𝐾𝑃𝑎)

t (s)

Figure 3.

(b) In question (a), if the flow is uniformly halted in 20s, describe the pressure response along the
pipe.

𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 [5/25]

(c) A rectangular river channel is 5.4m wide with manning’s roughness 𝑛 = 0.04𝑠/𝑚1/3 and a bed
slop 𝑆0 = 0.0026. The largest known flow in the river is 17.4𝑚3 /𝑠 when the normal depth is
2.2m. A model investigation is to be undertaken in a rectangular laboratory flume that is 0.45m
wide. To reproduce the river hydraulic performance in the flume, what similitude needs to be
considered? Outline how the model should be constructed to reproduce the largest flow in the
river by specifying the slope, roughness, water depth and flow rate in the flume.

[10/25]

Page 5 of 9
CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr Yan Zhou

Question 4

(a) A trapezoidal channel, as shown in Figure 4(a), with a bottom width of 𝐵 = 5𝑚 and side slopes
of 1 in 0.7 carries a flow of 15𝑚3 /𝑠. The channel’s slope and Manning’s n are 0.008 and 0.015
𝑠/𝑚1/3 respectively.

i) Determine the normal and critical depths.

ii) Classify the state of the given flow.

[10/25]

Figure 4(a)

(b) If the channel in (a) is followed by a steeper channel where the flow is supercritical (Figure 4
(b)), sketch the surface variation.

[5/25]

Figure 4(b)

(c) If the flow in the channel (a) ends in a reservoir with depth from the bottom of the channel being
2m as in Figure 4(c), sketch the surface variation.
[5/25]

Figure 4(c)
Page 6 of 9
CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr Yan Zhou

Supplementary Information

Moody diagram

Reynolds Number:
𝑽𝑫𝝆 𝑽𝑫
𝑹𝒆 = =
𝝁 𝝂
where Re is the Reynolds Number, V is the velocity, D is the pipe diameter, ρ is the fluid density, μ is
the dynamic viscosity and ν is the kinematic viscosity.

Manning’s equation:
𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏 𝒅 𝒐
where V is the mean velocity, n is Manning’s roughness factor, Rd is the hydraulic radius and S0 is the
bed slope.

Critical flow equation:

𝑸𝟐 𝑻
=𝟏
𝑨𝟑 𝒈
where 𝑸 is the flow rate, 𝑻 is the width at the flow surface, 𝑨 is the cross sectional area and 𝒈 =
𝟗. 𝟖𝒎/𝒔𝟐 is acceleration of gravity.

Page 7 of 9
CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr Yan Zhou

Pipe friction loss:

𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐 𝟖𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = =
𝟐𝒈𝑫 𝝅𝟐 𝒈𝑫𝟓

where 𝑅𝑒 is Reynolds number, 𝑔 = 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 is acceleration of gravity, 𝐿 and 𝐷 are length and
diameter of the pipe respectively.

Water hammer pressure surge:

∆𝒑 = 𝝆𝒄𝑽

𝑲
In rigid pipe, 𝒄 =√
𝝆

𝟏
In non-rigid pipe, 𝒄 =√ 𝟏 𝑫
𝝆( + )
𝑲 𝒆𝑬

where 𝜌 is fluid density in the pipe, 𝑉 is mean flow velocity and 𝑐 is speed of pressure wave, 𝐾
is the bulk modulus of fluid, 𝐸 is the Young’s modulus of pipe material and 𝑒 is thickness of pipe.

Pressure surge in slow closure

𝒅𝑽
∆𝒑 = −𝝆𝑳
𝒅𝒕
where 𝜌 is fluid density in the pipe, 𝑉 is mean flow velocity and 𝑡 is time.

Channel parameters

Trapezoidal channel Surface width

Area A Perimeter P Radius 𝑹𝒅
B

(𝒃 + 𝒛𝒉)𝒉
𝒃 + 𝟐𝒛𝒉 (𝒃 + 𝒛𝒉)𝒉 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒉√𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐
𝒃 + 𝟐𝒉√𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐

Page 8 of 9
CIVE210 School of Engineering Dr Yan Zhou

Gradually varied flow profiles

Page 9 of 9