Julia B.

Alforte

BS Psychology 3B

Psychological Assessment

I. 16 Personality Factors (16PF) of Raymond Cattell

It was developed over several decades of empirical research by Raymond B. Cattell, along with
collaborators Maurice Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber. Beginning in the 1940s and 1950s, he
employed statistical techniques, including common factor analysis applied to the English-
language trait lexicon, to uncover the major underlying dimensions within the normal
personality. He started with 35 factors but narrowed it down to 16 after lots of research and
testing. The test has been updated over time to make it better, with the latest version being the
16PF-5.

Each of the factors is measured using a series of questions or statements that ask about
different behaviors, preferences, and attitudes. These questions cover a wide range of topics to
get a comprehensive view of someone's personality. The exact number of questions can vary
depending on the version of the test being used, but typically there are around 180 to 200
multiple-choice items in total, which typically take 35-50 minutes to complete. It provides
insights into an individual’s personality structure, it also provides clinicians with a normal-range
measurement of anxiety, adjustment, emotional stability, and behavioral problems, making it a
valuable tool for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy planning. Additionally, it has applications in
areas such as career and occupational selection.

Here are the 16 primary scales along with their descriptors:

- Warmth (A): Reserved, Impersonal, Distant

- Reasoning (B): Concrete, Lower Mental Capacity
- Emotional Stability ©: Reactive, Affected by Feelings
- Dominance (E): Deferential, Cooperative, Avoids Conflict
- Liveliness (F): Serious, Restrained, Careful
- Rule-Consciousness (G): Expedient, Nonconforming
- Social Boldness (H): Shy, Timid, Threat-Sensitive
- Sensitivity (I): Tough, Objective, Unsentimental
 - Vigilance (L): Trusting, Unsuspecting, Accepting
- Abstractedness (M): Practical, Grounded, Down-To-Earth
- Privateness (N): Forthright, Genuine, Artless
- Apprehension (O): Self-Assured, Unworried, Complacent
- Openness to Change (Q1): Traditional, Attached to Familiar
- Self-Reliance (Q2): Group-Oriented, Affiliative
- Perfectionism (Q3): Tolerates Disorder, Unexacting, Flexible
- Tension (Q4): Relaxed, Placid, Patient

Basic Personality Inventory (BPI) of Douglas Jackson

The Basic Personality Inventory (BPI), developed by Douglas Jackson in 1996, is a 12-scale, 240-
item self-report measure designed to assess the general domain of psychopathology. Because of
Dr. Douglas expertise in personality theory and assessment, he designed the BPI to measure a
wide range of traits, including emotional stability, social competence, and self-esteem. When
BPI was released, it quickly gained popularity among psychologists and researchers for its
practicality and reliability.

The Basic Personality Inventory (BPI) is a psychological assessment tool designed to measure
various personality traits and characteristics. It 12-scale, 240 true/false items suitable for adults
and adolescents. It requires a grade 5 reading level and takes approximately 30–40 minutes to
complete. It consists of a series of questions or statements that respondents answer based on
their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This aims to identify sources of maladjustment and
personal strengths. It also aims to assess a wide range of personality dimensions, including
emotional stability, social functioning, and thinking disorders.

The BPI includes the following 20-item scales:

- Hypochondriasis. Measures excessive concern about physical health and preoccupation

with bodily symptoms.
- Depression. Assesses feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure.
- Denial. Reflects a tendency to avoid acknowledging problems or negative emotions.
- Interpersonal problems. Evaluates difficulties in social interactions, communication, and
relationships.
- Alienation. Assesses feelings of estrangement, detachment, and isolation from others.
- Persecutory ideas. Measures paranoid thoughts or beliefs related to being persecuted or
harmed.
- Anxiety. Reflects excessive worry, nervousness, and apprehension.
- Thinking disorder. Assesses disorganized thinking, confusion, and cognitive difficulties.
- Impulse expression. Evaluates impulsive behavior, acting without considering
consequences.
- Social introversion. Reflects a preference for solitude and discomfort in social situations.
- Self-depreciation. Measures feelings of inadequacy, self-criticism, and low self-esteem.
- Deviation. Assesses unconventional or eccentric thoughts and behaviors.