The Contemporary World Significant differences still exist among

national market along many relevant

Why should we study The dimensions:
Contemporary World?
 Consumer taste and preferences
Learning contemporary world allows us to
 Distribution channels
fully understand what is happening in the
 Culturally embedded value systems
world. Studying it gives us a glimpse of hope
 Business systems
in what we can do for the world. In this way,
 Legal regulations
we can appreciate our history while we work
in the present for our future.
2. Globalization of Production
 “ Globalization is like air;
we don’t see it but it’s everywhere” - The sourcing of goods and services,
from locations around the globe to
Globalization take advantage of national differences
in the cost and quality of factors of
Many scholars gave and tried to formulate
production (labor, energy, land and
its definitions; this resulted in some
capital).
supporting statements but sometimes
contradicting views about the concept.
OUTSOURCING - It is a business
- ”the expansion and intensification of practice of hiring a party outside a
social relations and consciousness company to perform services or
across world-time and across world- manufacture goods for them.
space." - Manfred Steger It aims to reduce cost and focus on
core competencies.
- “refers to the increased
interconnectedness and Drivers of Globalization
interdependence of people and
There are 4 major factors driving the move
countries.” - World Health
toward greater globalization.
Organization

1. Technological Drivers
- the process of world shrinkage, of
2. Market Drivers
distances getting shorter, things
3. Cost Drivers
moving closer. It pertains to the
4. Political Drivers
increasing case with which somebody
5. Competitive Drivers
on one side of the world can interact,
to mutual benefit with somebody on B. Drivers of globalization/waves of
the other side of the world. - Thomas globalization
Larsson
Technological Drivers
2 Major Facets of Globalization
- The developments in the
1. Globalization of Markets
transportation and communications
- The merging of historically technology accelerated the pace of
distinct and separate markets globalization.
into one huge global marketplace - Internet, Containerization, Social
- The tastes and preferences of Media, Smart phones, Mobile Pay
consumers in different nations are Apps
beginning to converge on some
global norm, thereby helping to
create a global market.
Market Drivers
- As domestic markets become more
and more saturated, the opportunities
for growth are limited and global
expanding is a way most
organizations choose to overcome this
situation.
Cost Drivers
- Sourcing efficiency and costs vary
from country to country and global
firms can take advantage of this fact.
(Ferrer, 2004).
Political Drivers
- Liberalized trading rules and
deregulated markets lead to lowered
tariffs and allowed foreign direct
investments in almost all over the
world.
Competitive Drivers
- With the global market, global inter-
firm competition increases and
organizations are forced to “play”
international.
The International System
Introduction
For strategic leaders of the 21st century
primarily concerned with the issues of
foreign policy and national security, the
international system with which they will be
dealing is likely to reflect only partially the
traditional international system. While the
nation-state, first codified by the Treaty of
Westphalia in 1648, remains the dominant
political body in international politics, its
ability to influence events and people is
being challenged by an assortment of non-
state actors, failed or failing states, and
ungoverned regions.
Origin of the International System
o PEACE OF WESTPHLIA (1648)
o The artists- Ended the Thirty Years
War in Europe.
o Established the principle of State
o Sovereignty, which means that each
state was recognized as having
supreme
authority within its own borders.
o It shaped the way states interact with
each other.
The International System
refers to the structure of relationships
that exist at the international level. These
include the roles and interaction of both
state and non-state actors, along with
international organizations (IOs),
multinational corporations (MNCs), and
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).1
States make foreign and national security
policy within and against this external
environment. Opportunities for both conflict
and cooperation arise in the context of this
framework. The international community
has tried for years to maintain order and
prevent conflict using international
institutions like the United Nations (UN) and
international legal regimes like the Geneva
Conventions.
frames the forces and trends in the
global environment; it also frames the
workspace of national security policymakers
and makers of strategy. As they work
through the formulation process, with an
understanding for the interests and
objectives of any actors in a given situation,
those involved in the business of making
policy and strategy must be able to account
for the associated state and non-state actors
present in the international system. In
addition, it has become particularly
important that they be able to assess the
competing values associated with the global
actors, both state and non-state, especially
in relation to the fight against terrorism.
also affords the strategist and
policymaker numerous opportunities for
advantage. If a nation-state can come to the
assistance of another nation-state or region
in time of need (e.g., natural disaster or
failing economy), the opportunity exists to
demonstrate concern and ultimately gain
some level of influence with the entity in
need. The same may be true when
cooperating with other states as they
transition toward democratic forms of
government or market economies, or when
signing on to an international regime like an
arms control treaty. In all such cases, these
are opportunities to gain acceptance and
influence through and with other actors in
the international system.
Significance of The International
System
 It frames the forces and trends in the
global environment; it also frames the
workspace of national security
policymakers and makers of strategy.
 To be able to assess the competing
values associated with the global
actors, both state and non-state.
 Being able to call upon other nation-
states and international or multi -
national organizations for support.
 Be able to identify the international
legal tenets and regimes that bear on
the situation.
 Be able to understand the threats to
order in the international system
represented by both conventional and
transnational entities.
Attributes of Today’s Global System
 There are countries or states that are
independent and govern themselves.
 These countries interact with each
other through diplomacy.
 There are international organizations
like the UN that facilitate these
interactions.
 Beyond facilitating meetings between
states, international organizations
take on lives of their own.
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
The world systems theory, developed by
sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, is an
approach to world history and social change
that suggests there is a world economic
system in which some countries benefit
while others are exploited.
3 Levels of hierarchy
 Core countries are wealthy,
militarily strong, and hold
significant social power and
colonial power.
 Peripheral countries are poor, have
exploitable resources, and do not
possess great social stability or
government.
 Semi-peripheral countries have
some of the characteristics of core
and peripheral countries.
 Core Countries
- High income
- Industrialized
- Control global markets
- have skilled labor force
- need labor and natural resources
from periphery and semiperiphery
nations
 Semiperiphery Nations
- Middle income
- Industrializing
- Mostly capitalist
- Share characteristics of core and
periphery countries
- Moving toward becoming core nations
 Periphery Nations
- Low income
- Less skilled labor force
- Export labor and natural resources
- Need investment from other countries
The Actors of International System
State VS Nation
 State
- A 'state is a defined political entity
with recognized borders, a
government, and sovereignty."
- states possess defined territories,
populations, governments, and
sovereignty. They are key players in
international affairs.
- EXAMPLES: United States, China,
Russia, France
 Nation
 - refers to a group of people sharing
common cultural, historical, or social
characteristics.
- nations often share a common
language, history, culture, or identity.
Let's look at some examples of nations
without their own states."
- EXAMPLES: Kurdish Nation,
Palestinian Nation, Tibetan Nation
Actors of International System
 STATE
- states are the primary actors in the
international system. They possess
defined territories, populations,
governments, and the ability to enter
into relations with other states. States
have sovereignty and make decisions
that affect their citizens and their
relationships with other nations.
 INTERGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATION (IGOs)
- These are formal institutions
composed of member states, created
to facilitate cooperation and
coordination on various issues of
international concern. Examples
include the United Nations (UN),
European Union (EU), and World
Health Organization (WHO). IGOs
provide a platform for diplomacy,
negotiation, and addressing global
challenges.
 NON GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATION (NGOs)
- are private, non-profit entities that
operate independently of government
control. They work on a variety of
issues, such as human rights,
environmental conservation, public
health, and humanitarian aid. NGOs
often advocate for policy changes and
provide direct assistance to those in
need.
 MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION
- are large businesses that operate in
multiple countries. They play a
significant role in the global economy,
influencing trade, investment, and
technology transfer. MNCs can impact
international relations through their
economic activities and engagement
with governments.
How the International System Operates?
- The international system operates
through a complex web of interactions
and relationships among sovereign
states and various international
actors. It is characterized by a set of
principles, norms, and institutions
that guide state behavior and
interactions on the global stage.
- They interact either directly or
indirectly with other states or with
international organizations like the
United Nations or the European
Union.
- Have economic, political, and cultural
relationships with other states that
contribute to the overall dynamics of
the international system.
- Form alliances in order to protect
their interest and create an even
balance of power in global politics.
The Difference between Internalization
and Globalization
- Internalization – process of increasing
the enterprise of a certain local
company in the international market.
- Globalization – process of integration
of local markets into one global
market.
Global Governance and The United
Nations
Global Governance - it refers to the
collective efforts to IDENTIFY,
UNDERSTAND and ADDRESS
worldwide problems that go beyond
the problem-solving capacities of
states (Weiss, 2010)
United Nations
- Established after World War II
- April 25, 1945. 50 nations met in San
Francisco, California.
- Drafts were adopted on June 25,1945.
- 193 members as of 2023
Roles and Function
- MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL PEACE
AND SECURITY
- DEVELOP FRIENDLY RELATIONS
AMONG NATIONS
- ACHIVE INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
- BE A CENTER FOR HARMONIZING
ACTIONS OF NATIONS
Basic Principles Underlying The U.N
- Respect for the sovereignty and
territorial integrity of member states.
- Non-interference in the internal affairs
of member states.
- Equal tights and self-determination of
people.
- Friendly relations among nations.
- Cooperation in solving international
problems.
Principal Organs of The U.N
- General Assembly
 Policy making and
representative organ.
 Decisions are done by simple
majority.
 All members state have seats in
the G.A
- Security Council
 It is considered to be the most
powerful.
 Takes the lead in determining
the existence of a threat.
 Consist of 15 member states.
10 G.A elected and 5
permanents.
- Economic and Social Council
 The principal body for
coordination, policy review,
policy dialogue and
recommendations on social
environmental issues.
 Consists of 54 members elected
for three-year term.
- International Court Justice
 Settles accordance with
international law.
- U.N Secretariat
 Carries out the day-to-day
work of the U.N.
 Supports the other U.N bodies
administratively.
Political Dimension of Globalization
Other Dimensions of Political
Globalization
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
- This pertains to the increasing
integration of national economies
around the world, particularly
through trade and financial flows.
Economic globalization involves trade
in goods and services, capital flows
and trade in assets (e.g., currency,
stocks), the transfer of technology and
ideas, and international flows of labor
or migration.
TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
- This refers to the accelerated speed
and integration of technology,
information, and communication
systems on a global scale.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
- This is the process through which the
values, ideas, and experiences of a
specific culture are transmitted and
disseminated across the world.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL
GLOBALIZATION
- This involves addressing the impact of
globalization on the environment and
natural resources. Globalization has
facilitated the transfer of technology
and knowledge, which has led to
advancements in renewable energy,
sustainable agriculture, and
environmental conservation. On the
other hand, globalization has also
 contributed to environmental
degradation and resource depletion.
Hence, international cooperation,
treaties, and agreements are needed
to address such issues collectively.
SOCIAL GLOBALIZATION
- This dimension of globalization
pertains to the impact of globalization
on the life and work of people, on
their families, and their societies. It
encompasses various aspects of social
life, including culture,
communication, migration, social
inequality, and human rights.
MILITARY GLOBALIZATION
- This is the increasing
interconnectedness and
interdependence of countries' defense
capabilities. Through globalization,
countries are able to collaborate on
defense issues, share intelligence, and
participate in joint military exercises.
This allows for greater cooperation
and coordination in addressing
common security challenges such as
terrorism, transnational crime, and
regional conflicts.
What is Political Globalization?
- "Political globalization is the
intensification and expansion of
political interrelations around the
globe.” - Manfred B. Steger
- “The expansion of a global political
system, and its institutions, in which
inter-regional transactions are
managed". - William R. Thompson
- “An increasing trend toward
multilateralism, to an emerging
'transnational state apparatus,' and
toward the emergence of national and
international nongovernmental
organizations that act as watchdogs
over governments and have increased
their activities and influence". -
Valentine M. Moghadam
ADVANTAGES OF POLITICAL
GLOBALIZATION
 Establishment of International Norms
 Ease of Movement
 Ease of Trade
 Establishment of Blocs of Influence
 Solve Global Problems like Climate
Change
DISADVANTAGES OF POLITICAL
GLOBALIZATION
 Loss of Sovereignty
 Complex Bureaucracy
 Difficulty in Adaptation
 Loss of Flexibility
 Domestic Opposition
 Ineffectiveness in Addressing Unique
Issues
 Decreased Political Accountability
Global Divide: North and South Divide
THE OCCURRENCE OF WORLD
WIDE
The north and south divide is a socio-
economic and political categorization of
countries. During the Cold War, the global
divide was made official with the East (Soviet
Union, China) and West Power (United
States, Allied Countries).
THE THREE WORLDS THEORY
FIRST WORLD
Composed of industrialized and
democratic countries, which most members
were assumed to be allied with United States
against Soviet Union.
SECOND WORLD
Former communist countries that
aren’t quite in poverty but aren’t prosperous
either.
THIRD WORLD
Non-aligned world and as the global
realm of poverty and under-development.
 Definition of Global North and - Canada
Global South - South Korea
- Hongkong
The terms THE NORTH and THE SOUTH, - Macau
when used in a global context, are - Singapore
alternative designations for “developed” and - Australia
“developing” countries. - New Zealand
The North-South divide is broadly
considered a socio-economic and political  POOR SOUTH
dived. - Philippines
- Malaysia
THE GLOBAL NORTH refers to the First - Somalia
World Countries or Developed Countries. - Haiti
- Lebanon
THE GLOBAL SOUTH refers to the Third - India
World Countries or the Developing Countries
BRANDT LINE
CHARACTERISTICS /DIFFERENCES
OF THE GLOBAL NORTH AND THE  Imaginary Line
GLOBAL SOUTH  a concept that categorizes the world
into richer countries mainly in the
 North Northern Hemisphere and poorer
- Less Population countries mostly in the Southern
- High Wealth Hemisphere, highlighting global
- Industry economic disparities
- High Standard of Living  gap between the Global North and the
- High Industrial Development Global South in terms of development
and wealth
 South  way of showing the how the world was
- Low Wealth geographically split into relatively
- Agriculture richer and poorer nations.
- Large Population
- Low Standard of Living
- Low Industrial Development William Brandt

FUNFACTS: - Proposed the Brandt Line in 1980

- German Chancellor
THE NORTH: - Born in Free City of Lubeck (German
- Boast around 1/4 of the worlds population Empire) on 18th of December 1913
- Controls 3/4 of the Income earned in the
world
- 90% of manufacturing industries came
from the north (DEVELOPED COUNTRIES)

THE SOUTH:
- Comprised 3/4 of the global population Global Citizenship
- Access 1/4 of the worlds income
(DEVELOPING COUNTRIES) Definition and evolution of Global
Citizenship
 RICH NORTH
- North America The idea of global citizenship goes back a
- Western Europe long way, but in its current iteration, it
- Japan played its most significant role in the
process that began with the creation of
the United Nations in 1945 and the
adoption of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights in 1948, continuing with
the adoption of the Sustainable
Development Goals and the Paris
Agreement in 2015.
Global Citizenship
 It is a way of living that recognizes our
world as an increasingly complex web
of connections and interdependencies.
One in which our choices and actions
may have repercussions for people
and communities locally, nationally or
internationally.
 It nurtures personal respect and
respect for others, wherever they live.
It encourages individuals to think
deeply and critically about what is
equitable and just, and what will
minimize harm to our planet.
Global Citizen
- Aware of the wider world and has a
sense of their own role as a world
citizen
- Respects and values diversity
- Has an outraged by social injustice
- Participates in the community at a
range of levels, from the local to the
global
- Is willing to act to make the world a
more equitable and sustainable place
- Takes responsibility for their actions
Key Principles and Values
Associated with Global Citizenship
1. Interconnectedness
 Promotes the idea that we must
work together, across borders
and cultures, to address global
challenges such as climate
change, poverty, and
inequality. It can be
understood in various
dimensions:
- Social Interconnectedness
- Environmental Interconnectedness
- Economic Interconnectedness
- Technological Interconnectedness
2. Inclusivity and Diversity
 Fosters a sense of belonging
and promotes social cohesion,
which is essential for building a
more interconnected and
harmonious world. This
principle is significant in
several ways:
- Promoting Understanding and
Respect
- Fostering Social Cohesion
- Encouraging Innovation and
Creativity
- Advancing Social Justice and Equality
3. Environmental Stewardship
 Promotes sustainable practices,
conservation of efforts, and the
mitigation of climate change.
This principle is significant in
several ways:
- Sustainable Living
- Conservation and Preservation
- Climate Action
4. Ethical Responsibility
 It values principles such as
respect, empathy, fairness, and
social justice. This principle is
significant in several ways:
- Human Rights and Social Justice
- Responsible Consumption and
Production
- Ethical Engagement with Global
issues
- Accountability and Transparency
Role of Global Citizenship in
addressing global challenges
- Global citizenship is important
because it helps us to understand and
interact with the world outside of our
boundaries to build a new society that
sees the entire globe as its own
community and family.
Advantages of Global Citizenship
 - Explores local and global connections,
views, values and assumptions.
- Explores issues of social justice locally
and globally. And builds
understanding of world events.
- Explores the complexity of global
issues and engaging with multiple
perspectives.

Disadvantages of Global Citizenship

- One is less likely to promote interests

of one’s own country.
- The more connected we become, the
more vulnerable we are to a major
crisis in another country spreading to
our country.