Basic Circuit Law

EEE 1281 (ME)

Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i
flowing through the resistor. (Keeping the internal and external conditions of the element constant).
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• The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of electric current; it is
measured in ohms (Ω)

A short circuit is a circuit An open circuit is a circuit element

element with resistance with resistance approaching infinity
approaching zero
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
• A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.

• A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

• A loop is any closed path in a circuit. A Mesh is also a closed path without having any
common loop. (Mutually Exclusive loop is mesh)
• Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node and consequently
carry the same current. (Current is same in series element)
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them. (Voltage is same in parallel element)

No of nodes, branches, and mesh????

Series, Parallel element???
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
• KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

• The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node
Kirchhoff’s voltage law
• KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero
 Series Resistors and Voltage Division
Using KVL in the loop,

Where,

Where, Where, Req is the equivalent Resistor

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors

connected in series is the sum of the individual resistances.

Voltage division law,

The source voltage v is divided among the resistors in direct proportion to their
resistances; the larger the resistance, the larger the voltage drop.
 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
Where,

Where,

The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product of their
resistances divided by their sum.

Current division law,

The total current i is shared by the resistors in inverse proportion to their

Mathematical Problem (Equivalent Circuit Related)
Wye-Delta Transformations (Delta to Wye Conversion)
 Wye-Delta Transformations
Delta to Wye
(Delta to Wye Conversion) cont.

Each resistor in the Y network is

the product of the resistors in the
two adjacent ∆ branches, divided
by the sum of the three ∆
resistors.
Wye-Delta Transformations (Wye to Delta Conversion )
 Wye-Delta Transformations (Wye to Delta Conversion ) CONT.

Each resistor in the network ∆ is the sum

of all possible products of Y resistors taken
two at a time, divided by the opposite Y
resistor
Mathematical Problem (Equivalent Circuit Related)