GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 (QUARTER 4)

MOLE FRACTION - is the number of moles of

that component divided by the total number of
moles of solute and solvent.

X = Moles of Component/Total moles of solution

X - mole fraction

Mole Fraction (X) [formula]

Xsolute = Moles of solute / Total moles of

solution

Xsolvent = Moles of solvent / Total moles of

solution

Where:

Xsolution + Xsolvent = 1

KEY POINTS:

Solution - A homogeneous mixture

Solvent - is the major component of the solution.
Solute - minor component and active ingredient.
Saturated solution - holds the maximum amount
of solute that is theoretically possible for a given
temperature.

MOLALITY - The volume of a solution

changes with temperature as it expands or
contracts altering the molarity of a solution.
- So it is sometimes more useful to
describe solutions in terms of
how many moles of solute are
dissolved in a specific mass of
solvent,
- This is called molality - the ratio
of the number of moles of solute
dissolved in one kilogram
solvent.
- The concentration of the
resulting solution can be
expressed in terms of moles of
solute per volume (molarity) or
moles of solute per mass
(molality).
MOLARITY - the number of moles of solute
(the material dissolved) per liter of solution.

Ex: adding salt (NaCl) in some volume of water

(H20).

Calculation :
Two Information are needed:
- The moles of solute present in
the solution.
- The volume of solution (in liters)
containing the solute.
 FORMULAS:

Vc Mc = Vd Md

V1 M1 = V2 M2

C1 M1 = C1 M2
SOLUTION CONCENTRATION
Vc = Vd Md / C2
Concentration - a ratio comparing the
amount of solute to the amount of Vd = Vc Mc / Md
solution.
Mc = Vd Md / Vc
Many ways of expressing concentration:
Md = Vc Mc / Vd
Molarity (M)
Stock Solution Concentrated:
Concentrated vs. Diluted
n = m / MW
- the word “concentrated” and
“diluted” are opposites. M = mol. solution / L. solution
- Ex: dark tea is more
concentrated than light tea.
- Ex: Light tea is more dilute than
Dark tea.

Colligative Properties - are properties

of solutions that are affected by the
number of particles but not the identity
of the solution.

Dilute (verb) - to add solvent to a

solution.
- decreases solution
concentration.
- Vc Mc = Vd Md

● Vc = Volume Concentrated
● Mc = Molarity Concentrated
● Vd = Volume Diluted
● Md = Molarity Diluted
DILUTION SAMPLE PROBLEMS: