Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Advance MME SEM-3
Advance MME SEM-3
com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
CHAPTER -1
INTEGRATION
1. ∫(√𝑥 + √𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒙𝟐 + (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒄]
𝟑 𝟑
2. ∫(√𝑥 + √𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒙𝟐 + (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒄]
𝟑 𝟑
1
3. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥+1+√𝑥−1
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : (𝒙 + 𝟏) − (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒄]
𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
4. ∫(𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 ). 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝒂−𝟏 𝒂𝒙
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : + + 𝒄]
𝒂 + 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂
4𝑒 5𝑥 −9𝑒 4𝑥 −3
5. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : + + 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐱 − 𝟏| + 𝐜]
𝟑 𝟐
1−𝑥
8. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝐱 + 𝟏| − 𝐱 + 𝐜]
1
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑥4
9. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : + + − 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐱 + 𝟏| + 𝐜]
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
Method of Substitution
2𝑥+9
10. ∫ 𝑥 2+9𝑥+10 . 𝑑𝑥
𝟓| + 𝐜]
𝑥5 𝟏
12. ∫ 1+𝑥 6 . 𝑑𝑥 [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝟏 +
𝟔
𝐱 𝟔 | + 𝐜]
𝑥 √𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟑
13. ∫ √2𝑥 2+3 . 𝑑𝑥 [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : + 𝒄]
𝟐
1
14. ∫ √𝑥+𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝟏 +
√𝐱| + 𝐜]
√2+log 𝑥
15. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝟐
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : (𝟐 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙)𝟑/𝟐 + 𝐜]
𝟑
𝑒 −1/𝑥
16. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒆−𝟏/𝒙 + 𝐜]
2
17. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟐
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒆𝒙 + 𝐜]
𝟐
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
18. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
2
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
21. ∫ 𝑥 . √𝑥 + 2. 𝑑𝑥
𝟓 𝟑
(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟐 { − } + 𝐜]
𝟓 𝟑
(3𝑥−1)
22. ∫ √2𝑥+3 . 𝑑𝑥
Integration by Parts
23. ∫ 𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒆𝒙 . (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝐜]
24. ∫ 2𝑥. 𝑒 5𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒙. 𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝟐𝒆𝟓𝒙
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : − + 𝐜]
𝟓 𝟐𝟓
25. ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒙. (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝐜]
26. ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟐𝒙. (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝐜]
3
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
27. ∫(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 . 𝑑𝑥
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒙. (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝐜]
29. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 . (1 + 𝑥) log(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) . 𝑑𝑥
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒙. 𝒆𝒙 . (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙. 𝒆𝒙 ) − 𝟏 + 𝐜]
𝑥+3
31. ∫ 𝑥.(𝑥+2) . 𝑑𝑥
𝟑 𝟏
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒙| − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒙 + 𝟐| + 𝐜]
𝟐 𝟐
1−𝑥
32. ∫ 𝑥(1−2𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒙| − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙| + 𝐜]
𝟐
𝑥2
33. ∫ (𝑥−1).(𝑥−2) . 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐 𝟏+𝒙
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | + 𝐜]
𝟐 𝟏−𝒙
4
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
2𝑥
35. ∫ (𝑥 2 +1).(𝑥 2+3) . 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | 𝟐 | + 𝐜]
𝟐 𝒙 +𝟑
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
36. ∫ (𝑥−1)2.(𝑥+2) . 𝑑𝑥
𝟏𝟏 𝟒 𝟕
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : . 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒙 − 𝟏| − + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝐱 + 𝟐| + 𝐜]
𝟗 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟗
4𝑥 2 +5𝑥+3
37. ∫ (𝑥−1)2.(𝑥+3) . 𝑑𝑥
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : . 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒙 + 𝟑| + . 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝐱 − 𝟏| − + 𝐜]
𝟐 𝟐 𝐱−𝟏
1
38. ∫ 𝑥(6(log 𝑥)2+7𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+2) . 𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟏
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | + 𝐜]
𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐
Definite Integrals
2
39. ∫3 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ). 𝑑𝑥
𝟒
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : ]
𝟑
1
40. ∫−1(7𝑥 + 2). 𝑑𝑥
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟒]
𝑒−1 1
41. ∫0 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟏]
3
42. ∫1 (𝑥 + 2)2 . 𝑑𝑥
𝟗𝟖
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : ]
𝟑
5
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
1
43. ∫−1(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟎]
3 1
44. ∫1 . 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2
𝟓
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : ]
𝟑
2
45. ∫1 𝑒 3𝑥−1 . 𝑑𝑥
𝒆𝟐 𝟑
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : (𝒆 − 𝟏)]
𝟑
1
46. ∫0 2𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝟑
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : ]
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
1 𝑥3
47. ∫0 . 𝑑𝑥
√1+𝑥 4
𝟏
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : (√𝟐 − 𝟏)]
𝟐
1 2
48. ∫0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝒆−𝟏
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : ]
𝟐𝒆
1 𝑥
49. ∫0 . 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +1
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : √𝟐 − 𝟏]
LIBNIEZ FORMULA
6
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑑 𝑡 𝑑 𝑡 1/3 𝑑 𝑡 1
d. ∫√𝑡 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 e. ∫𝑡 1/6 x 6 dx f. ∫−𝑡 dx
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 x4 + 1
𝟐 𝟐 𝒕−𝟏/𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
[Ans ; a) 𝒕𝟐 , b)−𝒆−𝒕 ,c) 2𝒆−𝒕 , d) Int (1- ) ,e) 𝒕𝟒/𝟑 - 𝒕𝟏/𝟔 ,f) ]
𝟒 𝟑 𝟔 √𝒕𝟒 +𝟏
3. f(x)= ex in [-1, 1] [Ans e-1/e] 4.f(x) = 1/x2 in [1, 10] [Ans 9/10]
5. f(x)= x3 in [-1, 1] [Ans 1/2] 6. f(x) = 1/x in [-1, 10] [Ans does
not exist]
7. Compute the area bounded by the graph of f (x) = 1/x3, the axis, and the
lines x = -2 and x = -1. [Ans 3/8]
1
8. Compute the area of A bounded by the graph of f(x) = (ex + e-x), the x-
2
axis, and the lines x = -1 and x = 1. [Ans e-1/e]
9. Find the area between the two parabolas defined by the equations y + 1 =
(x − 1)2 and 3x = y 2 . [Ans :6]
1
10. Compute the area of bounded by the graph of f(x) = (ex - e-x), the x-axis,
2
and the lines x = -1 and x = 1. [Ans e-1/e]
11. Find the area of the region bounded by y =2x-𝑥 2 and the x-axis using
integration? (4/3 sq units)
3𝑥 2
12. Find the area of the region included between the parabola y = and
4
the line 3x-2y+12=0?
(27 sq units)
7
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
13. Find the area of the region included between the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 where a > 0?
(16𝒂𝟐 /3 sq units)
14. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y=𝑥 2 + 2, y=x,
x=0, x=3? (21/2 sq units)
15. Find the area of the region {(x, y): 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ |𝑥|} ? (1/3 sq units)
16. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y=x and y=𝑥 3 ?
(1/2 sq units)
17. Find the area of the region bounded by the lines 2y= -x+8 and the x-
axis and the lines x = 2 and x = 4?
(5 sq units)
18. Find the area of the region bounded by the region x+2y=2, y-x=1,
2x+y=7? (6 sq units)
19. Using integration, find the area of the bounded region by the following
curves: y=1+|𝑥 + 1|, x= -3, x=3, y=0?
(16 sq units)
20. Using integration, find the area of the bounded region by the following
curves:
y=|𝑥 + 1|, x= -3, x=1, y=0? (4 sq units)
21. Using integration, find the area of the bounded common region of the
circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑥 2 = 6𝑦?
𝟒√𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝝅
[( + )sq units ]
𝟑 𝟑
8
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
24. Find the area bounded by the curve y=x|𝑥|, x-axis and the ordinate x= -
3 and x=3?
(18 sq units)
25. Use the method of integration find the area bounded by the curve |𝑥| +
|𝑦| =1
(2sq units)
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
9
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
4. The marginal cost function of a firm is MC = 3 + 2logx. Find the total cost
function when the cost of production 1 units is Rs. 21.
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝑪 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎]
5. If the marginal cost function is given by MC = 2(2x + 9)-1/2 and the fixed
cost is Rs. 4, find the average cost for 8 units of output.
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝑹𝒆. 𝟏]
10
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑥
𝑥
3. A firm’s marginal revenue function is 𝑀𝑅(𝑥) = 20𝑒 −10 (1 − ). Find the
10
11
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
2. The marginal cost (MC) and marginal revenue (MR) of a firm are given
as MC = 4 + 0.08x and MR = 12, where x denotes the level of output.
Compute the maximum profit of the firm given that the initial fixed cost
is Rs. 100.
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝑹𝒔. 𝟑𝟎𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎]
6. The XYZ Co. Ltd. has approximated the marginal revenue function for
one of its products by MR = 20x – 2x2. The marginal cost function is
approximated by MC = 81 – 16x + x2. Determine the profit maximizing
12
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
output and the total profit at the optimal output, assuming fixed cost as
zero.
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟗 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔, 𝑹𝒔. 𝟎]
The firm suffers a loss of Rs. 200 when no units are sold.
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒑 = 𝒄𝒆−𝒌𝒙 ]
13
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
3p
5. The price elasticity of demand of a commodity is 𝐸𝑝 = (p−1)(p+2) find
14
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝟑 𝑰
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝑪 = 𝑰 − √ + 𝟑]
𝟒 𝟑
2. Let the income distribution function be that of in question 1 , and let D(p
,r) =A𝑝−1.5 𝑟 2.08 . compute total demand.
𝒏𝑨𝑩
[Ans 𝒑−𝟏.𝟓 (𝒃𝟎.𝟓𝟖 − 𝒂𝟎.𝟓𝟖 )
𝟎.𝟓𝟖
3. Assume that the rate of extraction 𝑢(𝑡) from an oil well decreases
exponentially over time., with 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑢̅𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 , where 𝑎 is a positive
constant. Given the initial stock 𝑥(0) = 𝑥0 , find an expression 𝑥(𝑡) for
the remaining amount of oil at time 𝑡. Under what condition will the
well never be exhausted. [Ans x(t) = 𝒙𝟎 -𝒖 ̅ (𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 )/a , 𝒙𝟎 ≥ 𝒖
̅ /a ]
4. a) follow the pattern in question 1 and find the mean income 𝑚 over
there interval [𝑏, 2𝑏] when 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝐵𝑟 −2 . [Ans : 2b In2 ]
5. Let 𝐾(𝑡) denote the capital stock of an economy at time 𝑡. Then net
investment at time 𝑡, denoted by 𝐼(𝑡), is given by the rate of increase
𝐾(𝑡) of 𝐾(𝑡).
15
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
6. Find the present and future values of constant income stream of $500
per year over the next 15 years, assuming an interest rate of 𝑟 = 6% =
0.06 annually, compounded continuously.
[Ans 4945.25 , 12163.3 ]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
b) Find 𝐹(𝑥) if 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 ) and 𝐹(1) = 5/2 [Ans : 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒 + ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟔
16
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
3. a) Suppose that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 for all 𝑥, and 𝑓(0) = 2, 𝑓 ′ (0) = 1. First find
𝑓′(𝑥) and then 𝑓(𝑥).
𝟏 𝟏
[Ans : 𝒇′(𝒙)= − + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 , 𝐟(𝒙) = −𝐈𝐧𝒙 + (𝟏/𝟐𝟎) 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟐 −
𝒙 𝟒
𝒙 − 𝟏/𝟐𝟎 ]
𝐾 𝑇
W(T) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝛿𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ( K and 𝛿 are postive constants)
𝑇
Evalaute the integral , and prove that W(T) takes the values in the
interval (0,K) and is strictly Decreasing. [ Ans : k( 1- 𝒆−𝜹𝑻 )/ 𝜹𝑻 , prove
part by yourself ]
This is called the mean value theorem fot integral and 𝑓(𝑥 ∗ ) is called
the mean value of f in [a,b]
ii) Find the mean value of 𝑓(𝑥) =√𝑥 in [0,4] and illustrate ...
17
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
CHAPTER -2
CONSTRAINT OPTIMIZATION
𝛼𝑚 𝛽𝑚
6. Max Z= 𝑥 𝛼 𝑦 𝛽 subject to g(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑦=m [Ans:x= , y= ]
(𝛼+𝛽)𝑝 (𝛼+𝛽)
18
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
a. Write down the Lagrangean function for the problem and solve the
necessary conditions in this case.check whether it is the optimal
solution? [Ans:x=4/5, 8/5]
b. Explain the solution geometrically by drawing appropriate level
curves the associated minimization problemof a a solution? [Ans : No
Maximization Solution]
a. Solve the problem by using the Langrangean method. [Ans: x=0 ,y=0]
b. Give a geometric interpretation of the problem.
19
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
2. Find the smallest distance between the origin and a point on the line
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 25 = 0 [Ans:Max at
x=-4, y=3]
4. Find the maximum and minimum values that the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦2
takes on the constraint + = 1. Verify Second order Condition
8 2
Economic Applications
1. Given the utility function 𝑈 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 1), and the budget constraint
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 51, Find the optimal levels of x and y purchased
by the consumer also check the second order condition.
20
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
3. Find the associated demand functions of x and y from the utility function
1
𝑢 = (𝑥 𝜌 + 𝑦 𝜌 ),with given budget line𝑥𝑝𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝𝑦 = 𝑀 where 0 < 𝜌 < 1.
𝜌
𝑴𝒑𝜶
𝒙 𝑴𝒑𝜶
𝒚
Show that goods are substitute.. [x= 𝜶+𝟏 , y= , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝜶 =
𝒑𝜶+𝟏
𝒙 +𝒑𝒚 𝒑𝜶+𝟏 𝜶+𝟏
𝒙 +𝒑𝒚
𝟏
]
𝝆−𝟏
𝛽
4. If 𝑢 = 𝑥1𝛼 𝑥2 is the utility function of a consumer and 𝛽is his budget
constraint, find demand functions of the two goods by Lagrange multiple
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2
methods.Using these demand functions, find 𝑝1 + 𝑀. 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 +
𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑝2
𝜶.𝑴 𝜷.𝑴
[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝒙𝟏 = , 𝒙𝟐 ] . Comment upon the degree of
(𝜶+𝜷)𝒑𝟏 (𝜶+𝜷)𝒑𝟐
homogeneity. (Degree of homogeneity=0 )
21
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
11. A monopolist has the following demand functions for each of his
products X and Y: 𝑥 = 72 − 0.5𝑝𝑥 , 𝑦 = 120 − 𝑝𝑦 . The combined cost 𝐶 =
𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 35 and-the maximum joint product is 40 units i.e. 𝑥 +
𝑦 = 40. Find
(i) The profit maximizing level of Output, [Ans:x=18, y=22]
(ii) The price of each product, and [𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝒑𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖, 𝒑𝒚 =
𝟗𝟖]
(iii) The total profit. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝝅 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟏]
22
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
12. The production function of a firm is 𝑋 = 𝐾 1/2 𝐿1/2 and prices of capital
and labour are fixed at Rs. r and 𝜔 respectively,
13. Let the utility function be given by 𝑈 = 𝑥𝑦. The budget constraint is
given as 100 − 𝑥𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦𝑝𝑦 = 0.
𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
(i) Find the demand function for x and y. [(x= ,𝒚 = ]
𝒑𝒙 𝒑𝒚
(ii) Show that these functions are homogeneous of degree zero in
absolute prices and incomes.
(iii) Replace 𝑈 = 𝑥𝑦 with 𝑊 = (𝑥𝑦)2 and answer parts (i) and (ii)
again.
23
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝟏 𝜷
𝒀 𝜶+𝜷 𝜶𝒘 𝜶+𝜷
terms of input prices (𝜔1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔2 ) and Y. [Ans: (𝑨) [𝒘𝟏 (𝜷𝒘𝟐 ) +
𝟏
𝜶
𝜷𝒘 𝜶+𝜷
𝒘𝟐 ( 𝟏 ) ]
𝜶𝒘𝟐
(b) Assuming that the price of labor is 𝑝𝐿 per unit and price of capital
is 𝑝𝐾 per unit, find:
(i) The demand functions for labor and capital. [Ans:L=
𝑿𝟐 𝒑𝟐𝒌 𝑿𝟐 𝒑𝟐𝒍
(𝒑𝒌 +𝒑𝒍 )𝟐
, 𝑲 = (𝒑 𝟐
]
𝒌 +𝒑𝒍 )
𝒑𝒌 𝒑𝒍
(ii) The cost function of the producer. [Ans:C=𝑿𝟐 ( )]
𝒑𝒌 +𝒑𝒍
(iii) The cost function when 𝑝𝐿 = 4 and 𝑝𝐾 = 5. [Ans:C=2.2𝑿𝟐 ]
24
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
(i) Determine the values of K and L for producing 200 units of output
at minimum cost, [Ans:K=10, L=40]
19. The production function of a firm is 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥1𝑎 𝑥2𝑏 where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are
two inputs with prices 𝑤1 and 𝑤2 respectively,
(i) Find the cost minimizing combination of the two inputs.
𝒃𝒘𝟏
[𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟏 ]
𝒂𝒘𝟐
(ii) Derive the demand functions of the two inputs
𝟏 𝒃 𝟏 𝒂
𝒚 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂𝒘 𝒂+𝒃 𝒚 𝒂+𝒃 𝒃𝒘 𝒂+𝒃
[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝒙𝟏 = (𝑨) × (𝒃𝒘𝟏 ) , 𝒙𝟐 = (𝑨) × (𝒂𝒘𝟏 ) ]
𝟐 𝟐
(iii) Derive an expression for the minimum cost of producing y.
𝟏 𝒃 𝒂
𝒚 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂𝒘 𝒂+𝒃 𝒃𝒘 𝒂+𝒃
[Ans:C=( ) (𝒘𝟏 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝒘𝟐 ( 𝟏 ) )]
𝑨 𝒃𝒘𝟏 𝒂𝒘𝟐
𝟐𝟎 − 𝒎 ∗ 𝒎 − 𝟖
{𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝒙∗ = ,𝒚 = ; 𝑖𝑓 𝒎 ≤ 𝟖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙∗ ≥ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚∗ ≤ 𝟎}
12 8
25
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
23. Maximize 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 100 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 50 𝑙𝑛𝑦, whenre 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 subject to
the constraint
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎
3x + y = 10. {𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝒙 = ,𝒚 = } (Eco(H) 2011, 2015)
𝟗 𝟑
24. A consumer Utility function for two goods is: 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 1/2 𝑦1/2
Write down the necessary condition for the solution of the constraint
optimization. Problem for general values of 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑦 , 𝑚. Find the optimal
values of x and y and the corresponding values of 𝜆. Check the 2nd order
condition and what are the consumer demand functions for x and y?
(Eco(H) 2012)
𝒎 𝒎 𝟏
{𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝒙 = ,𝒚 = ,𝝀 = }
𝟐𝒑𝒙 𝟐𝒑𝒚 𝟐𝒑𝒚 𝟏/𝟐 𝒑𝒙 𝟏/𝟐
26
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
a) Find the necessary conditions for the solution of the problem and
solve them for the two demand functions x = f(p, q, m) and y = g(p,
q, m) by using the Lagrangean Method.
b) What happens to the optimal values of x and y if per unit prices of
both goods and consumer’s money income are doubled. (Eco(H)
2017)
27
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
Assuming his income is M, find the optimal quantities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 . Also find
𝑴 𝒑𝟏 𝟏
the marginal utility of income. [ 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝑿𝟏 = − 𝟏, 𝑿𝟐 = &𝜆 = ]
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝟏
28
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
a) Write down the necessary conditions in this case, and solve then for
𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝜆 as function of 𝑚. [Ans : x=3m/10 , y= m/10 , 𝝀 =
𝟏𝟎 𝟏/𝟔
𝟐. 𝟓( ) ]
𝟐𝟕𝒎
𝝏𝒁∗
b) Verify =𝝀
𝝏𝒎
a) Write down the Langrangean for this problem, and find the only point
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) that satisfies the necessary conditions. [Ans : 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟏/𝟑
]
b) Give a geometric argument for the existence of a solution. Has the
corresponding maximization problem any solution? [Ans: Shortest
distance from orgin to the plane , No Max problem]
29
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
1
3. Solve the problem min 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 subjected to 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑏.
3
(Suppose that 𝑏 > 0 and take it for granted that the problem has a
solution.)
[Ans :𝒙 = −√𝒃/𝟔 , 𝒚 = −√𝒃/𝟑 , 𝒛 = −𝟑√𝒃/𝟐 ]
𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1
max(min)𝑥 + 𝑦 subject to { }
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
𝒂𝒊 𝐦
[Ans: 𝒙𝒊 = ]
𝒑𝒊 ( 𝒂𝟏 +⋯+𝒂𝒏 )
b. U(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,……., 𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑥1 𝑎 +………..+𝑥𝑛 𝑎 ( 0<a<1)
𝐦𝒑𝒊 −𝟏/(𝟏−𝒂)
[Ans: 𝒙𝒊 =∑𝒏 −𝟏/(𝟏−𝒂)
]
𝒋=𝟏 𝒑𝒋
10.
a. Solve the following problem using lagrange Method.
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
Max(min) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 subjected to { }
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 4
max 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 4𝑧 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2
subject to 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 = 0
31
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
1 1 1 1
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 3 [1]
max 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 subject to {3 3 8 8 }
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 = 144 [2]
𝑥1 … … . . 𝑥4 are all ≥ 0 [3]
a) Write down the necessary conditions for all the solution of this
problem.
b) Show that the necessary conditions imply 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 and 𝑥3 = 𝑥4 . Find the
solution. (Assume that the problem has a solution).
[Ans : 3/2 ,3/2 ,8,8 ]
c) Suppose that constraint [2] is changed to 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 = 145. Can you give
(approximately) the change in the optimal value of 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ,
without redoing the whole problem?
[Ans : Change is approximately equal to -5/144]
max 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥 subjected to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1
32
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
c. Find all pair (𝑥, 𝑦) that satisfy all the necessary condition . Find the
solution to the problem
[Ans :Max 9/4 at (-1/2, √𝟑/2) (-1/2, -
√𝟑/2]
b. max 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 subject to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 5, 𝑦 ≥ 0
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ≤1
max In𝑥1 + (𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ) + subject to { 𝑥1 ≥ 1}
𝑥12 + 𝑥22 ≤2
33
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
b. Find all points satisfying the necessary conditions (Hint: there are
infinitely many) what is the solution to the problem. [ Ans : Infinite
many solution ]
1
8. Max In(𝑥 2 +2y) − 𝑥 2 −y subject to 2≤ y , 𝑥 ≥1 , 𝑦 ≥1
2
[ Ans : (2 ,1) , (2,-1)]
𝑥 ≤5
2 𝑦 ≤3
10. max 9𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 6(𝑥 + 𝑦) subject to { 𝑥≥
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤2
0, 𝑦 ≥ 0}
Miscellaneous Questions
34
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
b) For 𝑝 arbitrary, prove that in order for a point (𝑥, 𝑦) with 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 >
0 to solve problem [∗], then (𝑥, 𝑦) must satisfy the equations.
2𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0, 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 4. [∗∗]
35
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑦
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑥𝑡(𝑦 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
Assume further that the sales price 𝑝 per unit of oil is an increasing function of
time, 𝑝 = 1 + 𝑡, and that the cost per unit of oil extracted is equal to 𝑎𝑦 2 ,
where 𝛼 is a positive constant. The net income per unit of time is then
(1 + 𝑡 − 𝛼𝑦 2 )𝑥𝑡(𝑦 − 𝑡), so that the total net income in the time span [0, 𝑦] is a
function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 given by
𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ (1 + 𝑡 − 𝛼 2 )𝑥𝑡(𝑦 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
If the total amount of extractable oil in the field is 𝑀, the producer can only
choose values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑀. Its problem is thus
a. Find the explicit expressions for 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) by calculating the
given integrals, and then solve problems [∗]. [Ans ; x=𝟑𝟖𝟒𝜶𝟑 ,y=1/4𝜶 ]
𝜕𝑓∗
c. Show that = 𝜆.
𝜕𝑚
36
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
a. Solve the problem and thereby find the two demand function 𝑥1 =
𝒂𝒎 𝒎(𝒎+𝒃𝒑𝟏 −𝒂𝒑𝟏 )
𝐷1 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑚) and 𝑥2 = 𝐷2 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑚) [Ans:𝒙𝟏 = , 𝒙𝟐 = ]
𝒎+𝒃𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐 (𝒎+𝒃𝒑𝟏 )
b. Verify the 𝐷1 and 𝐷2 are homogeneous of degree 0.
𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, ℓ) = 𝛼 In 𝑥 + 𝛽 In 𝑦 + (1 − 𝛼 − 𝛽)In (𝐿 − ℓ)
Which is defined for 0 ≤ ℓ < 𝐿 and for 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0. Here 𝛼 and 𝛽 are positive
parameters satisfying 𝛼 + 𝛽 < 1. The individual faces the budget constraint
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑤ℓ + 𝑚, where 𝑚(≥ 0) denotes unearned income.
a) Assuming that
𝛼+𝛽
𝑚≤( ) 𝜔𝐿
1−𝛼−𝛽
Find the individual’s 𝑥, 𝑦, and labor supply ℓ as functions of 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 and
𝑚.
𝜶(𝒘𝑳+𝒎) 𝜷(𝒘𝑳+𝒎)
[Ans : 𝒙= , 𝒚= and 𝓵=( 𝜶 + 𝜷) 𝑳-m(1- 𝜶 − 𝜷)/w.]
𝒑 𝒒
𝜶𝒎 𝜷𝒎
[Ans : 𝒙= , 𝒚= , 𝓵 = 𝟎]
(𝜶+𝜷)𝒑 (𝜶+𝜷)𝒑
37
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
CHAPTER-3
PROBLEM FORMULATION
1. A firm makes two types of furniture – chairs and tables. The contribution
for each product as calculated by the accounting department is Rs. 20 per
chair and Rs. 30 per table. Both the products are processed on three
machines M1, M2 & M3. The times required (in hours) by each product and
total time available per week on each machine are as follows:
Machine Chair Table Available hours
per week
M1 3 3 36
M2 5 2 50
M3 2 6 60
Formulate as a linear programming model to maximize the total contribution.
[Ans.: Max. Z = 20x1 + 30x2, Sub. to: x1 + x2 12, 5x1 + 2x2 50, x1 + 3x2 30,
x1 x2 0]
2. The vitamins V and W are found in two different foods, F1 and F2. The
amount of vitamin in each of the two foods, respective prices per unit of
each food, and the daily vitamin requirements are given in the following
table. The data indicate that one unit of F1 contains 2 units of vitamin V
and 3 units of vitamin W. Similarly one unit of F2 contains 4 units of
38
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
39
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
40
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
[Ans.: Max. Z = 2x1 + 4x2 + 3x3; Sub to: 3x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 <3600; 2x1 + x2 + 3x3
2400; x1 + 3x2 + 3x2 4800; x1, x2, x3 0]
[Ans.: Max. Z = 50x1 + 75x2, Sub to: 1.2x1 + 1.6x2 1600, 0.8x1 +0.9x2 700,
0.2x1 +0.2x2 300, x1 150, x2 90]
41
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
42
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
radish and potato each and 5 days for peas. A total of 500 man-days of
labour at a rate of Rs. 40 per man-day are available. Formulate this as a
linear programming model to maximize the Agriculturist’s total profit.
[Ans.: Max. Z = 7072.5x1 + 6775x2 + 5572.5x3; Sub to: x1 + x2 + x3 125; 6x1
+ 5x2 + 6x3 500; x1, x2, x3 0]
10. A firm buys castings of P and Q type of parts and sells them as finished
product after machining, boring and polishing. The purchasing cost for
castings are Rs. 3 and Rs. 4 each for parts P and Q and selling costs are Rs.
8 and Rs. 10 respectively. The per hour capacity of machines used for
machining, boring and polishing for two products is given below:
Capacity (per hour) Parts
P Q
Machining 30 50
Boring 30 45
Polishing 45 30
The running costs for machining boring and polishing are Rs. 30, Rs. 22.5 and
Rs. 22.5 per hour respectively. Formulate the linear programming problem to
find out the product mix to maximize the profit.
[Ans.: Max. Z = 2.75x1 + 4.15x2; Sub to: 5x1 + 3x2 150; 3x1 + 2x2 90; 2x1 +
3x2 90; x1, x2 0
Graphical Method
Note- In each question of garphical method of LPP please verify your answer
using dotted line method of level curve of objective function.
43
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
−2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 ≤ 6
c) max 2𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 s.t { 7𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 ≤ 14 𝑥1 ≥ 0, 𝑥2 ≥ 0}
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ≤ 5
[Ans: (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 )=(9/5,16/5) ,
Max=98/5]
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 ≤ 8
d) max 8𝑥1 + 9𝑥2 s.t {2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 ≤ 13 𝑥1 ≥ 0, 𝑥2 ≥ 0}
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ≤ 6
[Ans: (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 )=(5,1) , Max=49]
y 12,000
x 6,000
xy
x, y 0
Subject to
x+y=5
y2
x4
x, y 0
6. Solve graphically:
Max Z = 50x + 30y
Subject to:
2x + y 18
45
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
x + y 12
3x + y 34
x, y 0
[Ans.: Zmax = 1020 at x = 0 & y = 34]
7. Solve the following L.P.P. by graphic method:
Maximize Z = 2.75x1 + 4.15x2
Subject to:
2x1 + 2.5x2 100
4x1 + 8x2 160
7.5x1 + 5x2 150
x1, x2 0
Exceptional Cases
1) Unbounded Solution
2) Multiple Optimal Solutions
3) Infeasibility / No Solution
4) Redundant Constraint
1) Unbounded Solution
8. Solve the following LPP using Graphical Method:
Maximize Z=4X+3Y
Subject to:
3x + 2y 160
5x + 2y 200
x + 2y 80
x, y 0
[Ans.: Unbounded Solution]
9. Find, graphically the maximum of:
Z = 16x + 25y
Subject to:
46
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
2x + y 7
x+y5
2x + 5y 16
And x 0, y 0 [Ans.: Unbounded Solution]
2) Multiple Optimal Solutions
10. In linear programming, what is Multiple Solution Situation”. Solve the
following graphically and interpret the result:
Max.: Z = 4x + 3y
Subject to:
3x + 4y 24
8x + 6y 48
x5
y6
x, y 0
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟒
[Ans.: Max. Z = 24 at ( , ) 𝒐𝒓 (𝟓, 𝟑)]
𝟕 𝟕
47
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
[Ans.: No Solution]
x, y 0
[Ans.: No Solution]
4) Redundant Constraint
14. What are “redundant constraints”? Which constraints are redundant in
the following with x1, x2 0:
4x1 + 3x2 12
-x1 + x2 1
x1 + x2 4
x1 + x2 6
[Ans.: Constraints 3 & 4]
1. A furniture dealer deals in only two items; table and chairs. He has Rs.
5,000 to invest and a space to store at the most 60 pieces. A table costs him
Rs. 250 and a chair Rs. 50. He can sell a table at a profit of Rs. 50 and a chair
at a profit of Rs. 15. Assuming he can sell all the items that he buys, how
should he invest his money in order that he may maximize his profit? Use
Graphical Method.
[Ans.: Zmax = Rs. 1250; 50 chairs & 10 tables]
48
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
3. A firm produces two types of television sets, an inexpensive type (A) and
an expensive type (B). the firm earns a profit of 700 from each TV of type
A, and 1000 for each TV of type B. There are three stages of the production
process. Stage I requires 3 hours of labor on each set of Type A and 5 hours
of labor on each set of type B. The total available number of hours 3900.
Stage II requires 1 hour of labor on each set of Type A and 3 hours on each
set of Type B. The total labor they have is 2100 hours. At stage III, 2 hours
of labor are needed for both types, and 2200 hours of labor are available.
How many TV sets of each type should the firm produce to maximize its
profit?
[Ans.: Zmax = 3900 at x = 800 & y = 300]
4. A baker has 150 kilogram of flour , 22 kilos of sugar and 27.5 kilos of butter
with which to make two type of cakes. Suppose that making one dozen A
cake requires 3 kilos of flour , 1 kilos of sugar and 1 kilos of butter ,whereas
making one dozen B cakes require 6 kilos of flour , 0.5 kilos of sugar and 1
kilos of butter. Suppose that the profit from one dozen A cakes is 20 and
from one dozen B cake ids 30.. How many dozen Type A and B cakes will
maximise the bakers profit ?
49
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
5. A firm is producing two goods , A and B .it has two factories that jointly
produce the two goods in the following quantities(per hours):
Factory 1 Factory 2
Good A 10 20
Good B 25 25
The firm receive an order for 300 units of A and 500 units of B. The cost of
operating the two factories are 10000 and 8000 per hour. Formulate the
linear programming problem of minimising the total cost of meeting this
order.
[Ans.: Zmin = 1.6 lakh at ( 0,20)]
1. A firm produces small and medium television sets. The profit is 400 for
each small and 500 for each medium television set. Each television has
to be processed in three different divisions. Each small television
requires respectively 2, 1 and 1 hour divisions 1, 2 and 3. The
corresponding numbers for the medium television sets are 1, 4, and 2.
Suppose divisions 1 and 2 both have a capacity of at most 16 hours per
day, and division 3 has a capacity of at most 11 hours per day. Let 𝑥1 and
𝑥2 denote the number of small and medium television sets that are
produced per day.
a) Show that in order to maximize profits per day, one must solve the
following problems
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ≤ 16
max 400𝑥1 + 500𝑥2 subject to {𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 ≤ 16 𝑥1 ≥ 0, 𝑥2 ≥ 0}
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 ≤ 11
b) Solve the problem graphically. [Ans : Zmax =3800 at (7, 2) ]
50
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
c) If the firm could increase its capacity by 1 hour a day in just one of the
three divisions, which should be the first to have its capacity increase? [
Ans: division 3]
[Ans.: Max Z* = 9𝒖𝟏 + 5𝒖𝟐 – 10𝒖𝟑 + 𝒖𝟒 + 2𝒖𝟓 5, - 4𝒖𝟏 – 3𝒖𝟐 – 2𝒖𝟑 – 2𝒖𝟒
– 5𝒖𝟓 6, 6𝒖𝟏 + 2𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑 + 4𝒖𝟒 – 3𝒖𝟓 4, 𝒖𝟏 , 𝒖𝟐 , 𝒖𝟑 , 𝒖𝟒 0, 𝒖𝟓
unrestricted in sign]
51
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
Subject to :
y1 + y2 + y3 4
y2 – y3 2
y1 + y2 + 2y3 = 6
52
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
6. A firm is producing two goods , A and B .it has two factories that jointly
produce the two goods in the following quantities(per hours):
Factory 1 Factory 2
Good A 10 20
Good B 25 25
The firm receive an order for 300 units of A and 500 units of B. The cost of
operating the two factories are 10000 and 8000 per hour.
a. Formulate the linear programming problem of minimising the total cost
of meeting this order. [Ans.: Zmin = 1.6 lakh at ( 0,20)]
Complementary Slackness
3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ≤ 2
1. max 3𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 6𝑥3 s. t. { 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 6𝑥3 ≤ 1 }
𝑥1 ≥ 0, 𝑥2 ≥ 0, 𝑥3 ≥ 0
53
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝟑𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 ≤ 𝟑
[Ans 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝐬. 𝐭. { 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 ≤ 𝟒 𝒖𝟏 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒖𝟐 ≥ 𝟎,
𝒖𝟏 + 𝟔𝒖𝟐 ≤ 𝟔
Max at ( 1/5 ,4/5 ,0 ,0] [Hint: For solving dual use complementry slackness
cond.]
3. A firm produces two commodities A and B. the firm has three factories that
jointly produce both commodities in the amounts per hour in the following
table.
54
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
The firm receives an order for 300 units of A and 500 units of B. the cost per
hour of running factories 1, 2, and 3 are respectively 10,000; 8,000; and
11,000.
a. Let 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 and 𝑦3 respectively, denote the number of hours for which the
three factories are used. Write down the linear programming problem of
minimizing the costs of fulfilling the order.
[Ans : Min 10000𝒚𝟏 +8000𝒚𝟐 +11000𝒚𝟑 S.t
𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒚𝟑 ≥ 𝟑𝟎𝟎
{ 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚𝟐 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚𝟑 ≥ 𝟎, }
𝟐𝟎𝒚𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒚𝟑 ≥ 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏
Solve this problem and then find the solution of the problem in part (a).
c. By how much will the minimum cost of production increase if the cost per
hour in factory 1 increases by 100? [ Ans : Minimum cost will increase by
2000 ]
55
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ≤ 3
max 3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 s. t. { 2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ≤ 1 𝑥1 ≥ 0, 𝑥2 ≥ 0, 𝑥3 ≥ 0}
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 ≤ 1
b) Solve the problem for any fixed value of 𝑥3 in [0,∞). The maximal value
of 3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 becomes a function 𝑥3 . Find the function and maximize it.
[Ans : If 0≤ 𝒙𝟑 ≤ 𝟕/𝟑 ,then 𝒁𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 2𝒙𝟑 +5/3 for 𝒙𝟏 = 1/3 and 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 +
1/3 , If 7/3 <𝒙𝟑 ≤5 then 𝒁𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 +4 for 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟑 -2 and 𝒙𝟐 = 5-𝒙𝟑 ,If
𝒙𝟑 >5 then 𝒁𝒎𝒂𝒙 =9 for 𝒙𝟏 =3 and 𝒙𝟐 =0.]
c) Do the results in part (b) say anything about the solution to the original
problem in which 𝑥3 can also be chosen? [Ans : The solution of the
original problem is 𝒙𝟏 =3 and 𝒙𝟐 =0 with 𝒙𝟑 ≥5 ]
CHAPTER-4
56
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
Difference Equation
1. Find the solutions to the following difference equations with the given
values of 𝑥0 :
a) 𝑥𝑡 = 2𝑥𝑡−1 + 4, 𝑥0 = 1
b) 3𝑥𝑡 = 𝑥𝑡−1 + 2, 𝑥0 = 2
c) 2𝑥𝑡 + 3𝑥𝑡−1 + 2, 𝑥0 = −1
d) 𝑥𝑡 − 𝑥𝑡−1 + 3 = 0, 𝑥0 = 3
3. Consider the Solution of first order difference equation explain how its
solution behaves in each of the following cases, with
𝑥 ∗ = 𝑏/(1 = 𝑎)(for 𝑎 ≠ 1):
57
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑌𝑡 = 𝐶𝑡 +𝐼𝑡
𝐶𝑡 =0.75𝑌𝑡−1 +400
𝐼𝑡 =200
i) Find the difference equation in 𝑌𝑡 generated by the model.
ii) Solve the difference equation for 𝑌𝑡 and determine the solution path
that 𝑌𝑡 is convergent or divergent .
iii) Find the value of 𝐶2 given 𝑌0 = 100
58
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝒄𝒕 −𝒂𝒕
[Ans : 𝒙𝒕 =𝒂𝒕 𝒙𝟎 +( )b for 𝒂 ≠ 𝒄 , 𝒙𝒕 =𝒂𝒕 𝒙𝟎 +t𝒂𝒕 b for 𝒂 = 𝒄 ]
𝒄−𝒂
𝑊𝑡+2 𝑊𝑡+1
= ( t =0 ,1 ,2,……) [2]
λ+ β𝑊𝑡+1 λ+ β𝑊𝑡
59
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑊1
Where c= , and find a general expression for 𝑊𝑡 when cβ ≠ 1. [3]
𝑃0
c. Under what conditions will [3] be stable and what is the limit of 𝑊𝑡 ,as
t→∞ in this case ?
[Ans : part a and b are the proof , c) The equation is stable iff | cβ |<1,
𝑐𝜆
𝑊𝑡 → as t→∞ ]
1−cβ
4. Using difference equation concept, find the initial deposit for a cash due
of rs 50000 at the end of 10 year and extra deposit of rs 1000 at the end
of year till 10 years. At the rate of 10% compounded annually.
[Ans: 25421.72]
5. The number of employees in a company is currently 50000. It is
declining at 5% per annum. However there is net entry of new recruits
of 500 employee each year . write the difference equation for the
60
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
61
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
[Ans.: (i) Rs. 3464.62, (ii) Rs. 614.27, (iii) Rs. 6442.15, (iv) Rs. 5564.98]
10. The population of a town is 8,00,000. During the first year, the
population increased by 25%. During the second year, the population
increased by 20%. During the third year, the population increased by
10%. Find the population after 3 years using difference equation
concept.
[Ans.: 13,20,000]
62
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
12. Find the present value of cash flow paying 1000 in the first year ,
2000 in the second year , 3000 in the third year @ 10% compounded
annually in the first year , 20 % in the second year , 30 % in the third
year .
[Ans.: Rs. 4172.16]
63
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝟏 𝟑 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅
𝐢)𝒙𝒕 = 𝑨 + 𝑩𝟐𝒕 + 𝟓𝒕 + cos t + Sin t ]
𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
[Ans :a) 𝒚𝒕 ∗ =b/(1-a) , b) 𝒎𝟐 - a(1+c)m +ac =0. Two different real roots ,
multiple roots or two complex roots depends upon a(𝟏 + 𝐜)𝟐 -4c >0 , =0
or <0.]
Where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants, and 𝐷𝑛 is the unknown function. Find the
solution of this equation assuming that 1 + 2𝑎𝑏 > 0.
64
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
b) Derive a different equation of the second order for 𝑌𝑡 . Find necessary and
sufficient conditions for the solution of this equation to have explosive
oscillations.
[Ans : a) The first two equations state that consumption and capital are
proportional to the net national product in the previous period . The third
equation states that net national product , 𝒀𝒕 is divided between consumption
, 𝑪𝒕 and net investment 𝑲𝒕 − 𝑲𝒕−𝟏 , b) 𝒀𝒕+𝟐 − (𝒄+𝝈) 𝒀𝒕+𝟏 +𝝈𝒀𝒕 =0 Explosive
oscillation occur when (𝒄 + 𝝈)𝟐 <4𝝈 and 𝝈<1 . ]
6. Prove the condition of second order difference equation |a|< 1+b and
b<1 , when the chatacterstics polynomial has real roots by studying the
parabola f(m) =𝑚2 +a𝑚+b.
b) Give conditions for the characteristic equation to have two complex roots.
c) Find the growth factor 𝑟 of the oscillations when the conditions obtained in
part (b) are satisfied, and determine when the oscillations are damped.
𝒂(𝟏+𝒈)𝒕
[Ans : a ) 𝒀∗𝒕 = (𝟏+𝒈)𝟐 , b) (𝒃 + 𝒌)𝟐 <4k , c) r= √𝒌 ,damped
−𝒃 (𝟏+𝒈)−𝒌𝒈
oscillation when k <1.]
65
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
66
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
CHAPETR -5
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
4. In each of the following cases, show that any function 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡) that satisfies
the equation on the left is a solution of the corresponding differential equation
on the right.
𝑡
a) 𝑥 2 + 2√1 − 𝑡 2 = 0 𝑥̇ =
𝑥√1−𝑡 2
1 𝑡2 𝑡 2+𝑥
b) 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 = 0, 𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑡𝑒
2
c) (1 − 𝑡)𝑥 2 = 𝑡 3 , 2𝑡 3 𝑥̇ = 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3𝑡 2 )
67
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
68
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
c) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥̇ = 𝑡 + 1
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
[Ans : a) 𝒙= 𝒕𝟒 − 𝒕𝟐 + 𝑪 , b) 𝒙=𝒕𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆𝒕 − 𝒕𝟐 + 𝑪 c) 𝒙= In( 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝑪)]
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
1
6. Find the solution 𝑥̇ = 𝑥. Find, in particular, the integral curve through
2
(0,1). [Ans : 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆𝒕/𝟐 . For 𝑪 = 𝟏, the integral curve passes through
(0,1).]
7. Find the solution of 𝑥̇ = 𝑎𝑥. Find, in particular, the integral curve through
(𝑡0 , 𝑥0 )
[Ans:𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆𝒂𝒕 . For 𝑪 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆−𝒂𝒕𝟎 , the integral curve passes through (𝒕𝟎 , 𝒙𝟎 )]
69
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑨𝒏𝜶
𝟎𝒂
𝒃
[Ans: a) K=[ (𝟏 − 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝒆(𝜶𝝂+ℇ)𝒕 + 𝑪]𝟏/(𝟏−𝒃+𝒄) ,b) ∣ 𝜶𝒙 − 𝜷 ∣𝜷/𝜶
𝜶𝝂+ℇ
−𝒂 (𝜶𝒂− 𝜷)𝒕
∣𝒙− 𝒂∣ = C𝒆 ]
Find the particular ,the solution when B=-1 , a=-1 ,and b=-2, and draw
the integral curve in this case.
𝒃−𝒂 𝟑
[Ans : 𝒙 = a + , 𝒙 = -1+ ]
𝟏−𝑪𝒆𝑩(𝒃−𝒂)𝒕 𝟏−𝑪𝒆−𝟑𝒕
𝑥
14. Differential equation of the form 𝑥̇ = 𝑔 ( ), where the RHS depends on
𝑡
𝑥 𝑥
the ratio ,are called homogenous. Prove that if we substitute z= , a
𝑡 𝑡
homogenous equation becomes a separable equation with z as the
unknown function . Use this method to solve the equation 3𝑡𝑥 2 𝑥̇ =𝑥 3 + 𝑡 3 .
𝟑 𝟏
[Ans : t𝒛̇ = 𝒈(𝒛) − 𝒛. 𝒙 = √ 𝒕𝟑 + 𝑪𝒕 ]
𝟐
15. Suppose that ω = ω(t) >0 is the wealth in an account at time t , and
that r(t) is the rate of interest rate , with interest compounded
continuously. Then
𝛚̇ = 𝒓(𝒕)𝛚.
Using Variable Separable find the Solution of Differential Equation.
70
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝒕
[Ans: ω(t) = ω(0) 𝒆∫𝟎 𝒓(𝒔) ]
dy
1. Find the general solution of the differential equation x + 2y = x 2 .
dx
𝐱𝟐
[Ans: 𝐲 = + 𝐂𝐱 −𝟐 ]
𝟒
2. Find the general solution of the differential equation y dx –
(x+2y 2 )dy = 0.
[Ans:𝐱 = 𝟐𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐂𝐲]
dy
3. Find the general solution of the differential equation (x + 3y 2 ) =y
dx
[Ans: x=3y+c ]
dy
4. Find the general solution of the differential equation (x + y) = 1.
dx
[Ans :𝒙 = 𝐂𝐞𝐲 ]
[Ans : 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆𝒕 − 𝒕 − 𝟏]
1 1
7. Find the general solution of 𝑥̇ + 𝑥 = .
2 4
𝟏
[Ans : 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆−𝒕/𝟐 + ]
𝟐
[Ans : 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆−𝟐𝒕 + 𝟒]
71
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑥̇ = 2𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡(1 + 𝑡 2 )
show that the solution 𝑥(𝑡) that passes through (𝑡, 𝑥) = (0,0) has a local
minimum at 𝑡 = 0. Examine whether the limit lim 𝑥(𝑡) exists.
𝑡→∞
𝟐 𝟏
[Ans : 𝒙(𝒕)= 𝒆𝒕 − 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 , 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙(𝒕) does not exist ]
𝟐 𝒕→∞
72
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
Find, in particular, the solution that satisfies the requirement 𝑝(1) = 0. Check
the answer by direct substitution.
𝟏
[Ans : 𝒑 = 𝑪𝒆𝟏/𝒕 + + 𝟏 ,C=−𝟐/𝒆]
𝒕
14. When the price of a commodity is P , let D(p) =a –bP denote the
demand and S(p) = α +𝛽𝑃 the supply. Here a ,b ,α , 𝛽 are positive
constant . Assume that the price P= P(t) varies with the time , and that
𝑃̇ is proportional to the excess demand D(P) –S(P).
Thus 𝑃̇ =λ [ D(P) –S(P) ], Find P(t).
𝒂 −𝜶
[Ans : P = C 𝒆−𝛌(𝐛+ 𝜷) 𝒕 + ]
𝒃+𝜷
73
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑡)𝑥 + 𝑅(𝑡)𝑥 𝑛
(Bernoulli's equation)
𝟐
[Ans: a) 𝒙−𝟐 = 𝑪𝒆𝒕 + 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 ,b) 𝒙 = 𝟏/𝒕(𝟏 + 𝑪𝒕) ,c) 𝒙 = (𝑪𝒆𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆𝒕 )𝟐]
(Riccati's equation)
can only be solved numerically. But if we happen to know one special solution
𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑡) of the equation, the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1/𝑧 will turn the equation
into a linear equation in 𝑧 as a function of 𝑡. Verify this, and illustrate by
finding a formula for the general solution of
𝑡𝑥̇ = 𝑥 − (𝑥 − 𝑡)2
a. 𝑥̇ = 𝑥 − 1
b. 𝑥̇ + 2𝑥 = 24
c. 𝑥̇ = 𝑥 2 − 9
74
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
d. 𝑥̇ = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
1
e. 𝑥̇ = (𝑥 2 − 1)
2
dy
f. dx
+ 5y = 4
[Ans: a) 𝑥=1(unstable) , Solution is 𝑥=𝑪𝒆𝒕 + 𝟏 ,
b) 𝑥=12(stable) , Solution is 𝑥=𝑪𝒆−𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏𝟐 ,
3(1+𝒆𝟔(𝒕+𝑪))
c) 𝑥=-3(stable) , 𝑥=3(Unstable) , Solution is 𝑥= ,
1−𝒆𝟔(𝒕+𝑪)
𝟏 𝟏
d) 𝑥=1 ,-1 (unstable) , Solution is 𝑡 + 𝐶 = 𝑰𝒏(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝑰𝒏(𝒙 +
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 (1+𝒆𝒕+𝑪 )
𝟏) + ,e) 𝑥=-1(stable) , 𝑥=1(Unstable) ,Solution is 𝑥=
𝟐(𝒙+𝟏) 1−𝒆𝒕+𝑪
a. 𝑥̈ = t b. 𝑥̈ = sint c. 𝑥̈ = 𝒆𝒕 + 𝑡 2
𝟏 𝟏
[Ans : (a) 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟑 + 𝑨𝒕 + 𝑩 (b) 𝒙 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 + 𝑨𝒕 + 𝑩 (c) 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕 + 𝒕𝟒 +
𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝑨𝒕 + 𝑩 ]
75
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
d. 4𝑥̈ + 4𝑥̇ + 𝑥 = 0
e. 𝑥̈ + 𝑥̇ − 6𝑥 = 8
f. 𝑥̈ + 3𝑥̇ + 2𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑡
g. 𝑥̈ − 𝑥 = sin 𝑡
h. 𝑥̈ − 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡
i. 3𝑥̈ − 30𝑥̇ + 75𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 1
j. 4𝑥̈ − 15𝑥 + 14𝑥 = 𝑡 + sin 𝑡
[Ans: 𝑨𝒆√𝟑𝒕 + 𝑩𝒆−√𝟑𝒕 ; unstable (b) 𝒙 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 (𝑪𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒕 + 𝑪𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕);
stable (c) 𝒙 = 𝑨 + 𝑩𝒆−𝟖𝒕/𝟑 ; stable ,(d) 𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒕/𝟐 (A+𝑩𝒕); stable
(e) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 +𝑩𝒆𝟐𝒕 −4/3 ; stable (f) 𝒙 = 𝑨𝒆−𝒕 +𝑩𝒆−𝟐𝒕 −(1/42) 𝒆𝟓𝒕 ;
𝟏
stable (g) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒆𝒕 +𝑩𝒆−𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 ; unstable
𝟐
𝒕 −𝒕 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(h) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒆 +𝑩𝒆 − 𝒕𝒆 ; unstable (i) 𝒙 = 𝑨𝒆𝟓𝒕 + 𝑩𝒕𝒆𝟓𝒕 +
−𝒕
𝒕+
𝟐 𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓
; unstable ,
𝟏 𝟏𝟓 𝟏
(j) 𝒙 = 𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝑩𝒆𝟕𝒕/ + 𝒕+ + (𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕); unstable ]
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝟔𝟓
𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
[Ans :(a) 𝒙 = −(𝟔 + 𝒕)𝒆−𝒕 + 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟔 (b) 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 + ( + ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒕 +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝒕 + 𝟏/𝟒]
76
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
where 𝑝(𝑡) denotes a price index at time 𝑡, and 𝐷(𝑝) and 𝑆(𝑝) are aggregate
demand and supply, respectively. Thus, [*] says that the rate of price increase
de proportional to the accumulated total of all past excess demand. In the case
when 𝐷(𝑝) = 𝑑0 + 𝑑1 𝑝 and 𝑆(𝑝) = 𝑠0 + 𝑠1 with 𝑑1 < 0 and 𝑠1 > 0,
differentiate (*) w.r.t. t in order to deduce a second-order differential equation
for 𝑝(𝑡). Then find the general solution of this equation.
77
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
12. Let 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 be two real numbers. Prove that the differential equation
(𝑡 + 𝑎)(𝑡 + 𝑏)𝑥̈ + 2(2𝑡 + 𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥̇ + 2𝑥 = 0
has two solutions of the form (𝑡 + 𝑘)−1 for appropriate choices of 𝑘. Find
the general solution of the equation.
[Ans : 𝒙 =A(𝑡 + 𝑎)−1 +B(𝑡 + 𝑏)−1
78
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (Srcc Graduate , DSE Alumni)
79