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ADEYEMO
Contents
INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
SURDS
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
POLYNOMIALS
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
ANALYSIS
SET
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
1.1. Indices
is called the nth power of the number a. ‘ ’ is called the base and
is called the Index (plural Indices).
Theorem: Let be positive integers
1.
2. If and then
3.
4.
Proof:
1.
, by definition
2.
(theorem 1)
4.
, by definition
5.
1.
But
2.
Proof: In
3.
Proof:
ii. That
Logarithms: To find the Index of an expression, given the base and value of the base to
power of the index.
The Logarithm of a number to a base , where is a positive number not equal to 1 is the
Note:
1. Given and , we obtain by raising to the index .
2. Given and . We obtain by taking the root of y (or raising to the
index ).
3. Given and , we would need the theory of logarithms to obtain .
4. Negative numbers and zero do not have logarithms
Logarithms to base 10 base 10 are called common logarithms.
Note:
1. Common logarithms are used in numerical computations in science, geography,
economics, commerce and industry common logarithms are simple to use because
every number can be expressed in standard form. Recall that in standard form, a
given number is written as a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by the appropriate
index of 10 e.g., is written in standard form as
2. It is clear that, to find the logarithms to base 10 of any positive real number it
is sufficient to know only the logarithms of numbers between 1 and 10.
3. Moreover, if and if , then
and so
The integer part of is called the ‘characteristic’ and the decimal part of
Properties of logarithms.
1. , where
Let and
Then
by the law of indices
2.
3. If then
if then
4. , for any ,
for any
, for any
5. If , then
If , then and
6. ,
For
, say
Then
Let
Then
For
7.
Let . Then or
8. ,
(property 1)
Since (property 7)
Then
Let , then
;
i.e.
10.
Let
Then
11.
12.
Let . Then
13.
Let
Then
Taking logarithms to base
14.
Since then
(property 9)
Since then
Valuable Examples
1.
or
or
or
2. If and
Find
To check this number under logarithms, check the first 2 digits in the first tab
of the four-figure table, then you check the ‘number’ that is horizon tally
beside the 2 digits number and at the same time under the third-digit
number i.e. the ‘number’ must be under the third-digit column and on the
roll of the 2-digit number must be added from the ‘number’ gotten in the
third-digit column and on the 2-digit roll. The final number gotten after the
addition is the logarithm of the number in question. All these are checked in
the table of logarithm of number.
(check the number in column ‘7’ on the roll where you have ‘29’)
(check the number in the column 4 on the difference tab the same roll)
The number is 6
(The difference is added to the first number derived)
a.
Using antilog tables, the solution is
b.
7. Find
Let
Where is the age of the object in years. Suppose a specimen has been
found in which find the age of the specimen
Since
yrs
9. Evaluate
Now
Check the antilog tables for and place the decimal using
Ans: , to 2 decimal places
*
Natural (or Nepirian) Logarithm
In calculus, a man called John Napier discovered that the most convenient
base to use is a number denoted by
Thus logarithms to base are called natural or Napierian logarithms and are
denoted by .
SURDS
A number which can be expressed as the quotient of two integers, , is called a rational
number. Any real number which is not rational is called irrational. Irrational numbers which are in
the form of roots are called surds.
and are all irrational numbers, while and are not surds since they
can be simplified to obtain rational numbers 4, 2 and 2, respectively. A general surd is an irrational
In the determination of the value of as a decimal, for instance, it is obviously easier to perform
Note: is taken to mean the positive square root of b, the negative square of , the negative
square of is .
Rules for manipulating surds
2.
(Subtraction law)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. an d
Note:
1. (3) – (9) above follow from the laws of indices
2. ,
Note: Squaring an equation alters the equation. If two answers are derived from the
equation, it is possible that, after squaring the equation, only one of the answers is
correct. Finding the square root of a , .
Theorem:
Let be .
Then
But
Exercise 1.1
Show that
1.
According to theorem 4
Since
Then
2. Show that
for any indices .
(Theorem 3)
Since then
Exercise 1.2
1. Simplify
2. Rationalize
3. Express in the form of , where and are rational numbers.
They are:
When
i.e. is a factor.
Where and
or
or
7. Find the two smallest integers so that the value of the surd is between them
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Exercise 1.3
1. Evaluate
Let (1)
Squaring both sides we have.
then (3)
Then (2)
(4)
Add (3) & (4)
Then
2. Show that
Since
Then
Let
By Inspection,
3. Rationalize
Find the roots of first
Let (1)
Then (2)
then (3)
(4)
Add (3) & (4)
Then
Back to Question:
4. Simplify y
5. If , express in its simplest surd form.
Exercise 1.4
a.
b.
c.
2. Evaluate
3. Evaluate
(Theorem 13)
Let be and by
i.e.
i.e.
Alternative Method:
(Theorem 13)
(Theorem 12)
4. Evaluate
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
5. Simplify
6. If
Prove that
7. If are positive numbers show that
(Theorem 12)
9. Find if
10. The number of bacteria in a culture at time t is given by . Wat is the
value of when the colony is double its initial size?
11. m3 of a water measured as flowing per second over a dam when the difference of
water levels was m. The following result were obtained:
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
6.3 9.2 12.8 17.5 22.4
Tables:
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.0792 0.1461 0.2041 0.2553 0.3010
6.3 9.2 12.8 17.5 22.4
0.7993 0.9638 1.1072 1.2380 1.3502
Whatever the equation, it is clear that when the level of the water, , is 0, the volume
of water flowing per second, , will also be 0. This shows that the equation that shows
the relationship between and is not a quadratic or cubic or more equation.
i.e.
Since the equation has only one root which is 0 i.e. when
So also, the equation is not a linear one because the ratio of to is not constant and
the curve is not a linear curve (i.e. a straight line).
Since the equation has only one root and therefore it is neither a linear nor quadratic
(nor cubic or more) equation, then when is not a whole number
Because
1. The equation has only one root
2. When too.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4) (3)
In equation (3)
12. Given an integer , show that if is even if is odd
Assume
If
if is even
While if
If :
If is odd
13. The amount of profit, , made by a collection of medium scale business enterprises and
the capital instead initially have the relation .
4 8 12 16
0.6021 0.9031 1.0792 1.2041
12 34 62 96
1.0792 1.5315 1.7924 1.9823
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4) (3)
In equation (4)
14. Show that
i.
ii.
iii.
i.
Proof:
OR
(if is an even number)
ii.
iii.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i.
No Log Calculation
ii.
No Log Calculation
iii.
No Log Calculation
iv.
No Log Calculation
v.
No Log
16. The amount naira to which sum of naira accumulates in years at percent per
annum compound interest is given by the formula
Calculate
a. The values of if a sum of money doubles itself in 10 years
b. The least whole number of years in which a sum of money will have trebled itself if
.
a.
&
i.e. when
Add to both sides
b. find ?
(Theorem 13)
18. Evaluate
Let and
(1)
Add to both sides
Where
Then
Therefore
Then
OR
or
If then
If then
20. Evaluate
21. Simplify and rationalize the denominator
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