SUMATIF AKHIR SEMESTER GASAL LITTLE SUN SECONDARY SCHOOL

TAHUN AJARAN 2023/2024

Score
Name :
Class : Secondary 2
Day/date : Friday, February 23, 2024
Subject : Biology
Deadlines : As specified below

INSTRUCTIONS

You will receive briefs that address specific topics related to problems that might occur on our
respiratory and musculoskeletal system. You are required to choose one of the briefs and write
an essay that adheres to the following specifications:

1. Word count:
a. Minimum: 1,200
b. Maximum: none
2. Content:
a. Introduction
b. Anatomy and Function of the System
c. Explanation of Specific Issue
d. Preventive and Curative Measures
e. Conclusion
3. The use of technical terms or jargons is preferred.
4. Should you choose the brief about musculoskeletal system, you do not have to write
anything about respiratory system and vice versa.
5. The essay should be written using the provided template located after the brief
section. Detailed explanations for each part of the content are provided in the template.
Please directly edit this document to avoid unnecessary formatting errors. DO NOT
ATTEMPT TO DELETE ANY PARTS OF THE DOCUMENT!
6. It is mandatory for all members to actively participate in the literature study and writing
process. Each member's contribution must be documented on the contribution
page, as indicated in the template. Failure to complete the contribution page will result
in the invalidation of the entire essay.
7. The deadline for essay submission is March 1st, 2024, at 03:00 P.M. Please submit
your essay through the Google Form accessible via the following link:
https://forms.gle/Wz8VnbaBmMqePMgh7

You are required to prepare a PowerPoint presentation and deliver a presentation based on
your essay. The presentation specifications are as follows:
 1. Duration:
a. Minimum: 7 minutes
b. Maximum: 10 minutes
c. Question session: 10 minutes
2. PowerPoint content:
a. Title slide (1)
b. Anatomy of the system (2)
c. The chosen issue along with its relevance (3)
d. Preventive and curative measures aforementioned issue (2)
e. Conclusion (1)
f. References (1)
3. Ensure that the size of the letters used is readable from a distance of 5 meters!
4. Incorporate relevant pictures as necessary, ensuring they are not cartoon-like and
directly related to the topic. Additionally, make sure the pictures maintain their
resolution and do not appear pixelated when zoomed.
5. Avoid overwhelming the slides with excessive text to maintain visual clarity and
engagement.
6. The deadline for PowerPoint submission is March 4th, 2023, at 03:00 P.M. Please
submit your essay through the Google Form accessible via the following link:
https://forms.gle/Wz8VnbaBmMqePMgh7
7. Two presentation sessions are scheduled during lesson period on:
a. March 7th, 2023 – March 8th, 2023
b. *March 14th, 2023 – March 15th, 2023

*may be rescheduled depending on the circumstances.

It is mandatory for all members to present their work according to the contribution page.
Presentations exceeding the maximum allotted time will be interrupted. During the question
session, each team member will be individually queried and expected to respond immediately.
If any of members is unable to answer questions, they will not receive any personal points. The
other members can take over to answer questions if this is the case.
 SCORE CALCULATION

The essay and presentation will be evaluated based on three grading criteria:

1. The quality of the essay (refer to essay grading form – identity, formatting, and
submission AND essay grading form – content quality),
2. The content, visuals, and overall performance of the entire group during presentation
(refer to group performance grading form), and
3. The individual performance during the question-and-answer session following the
presentation (refer to individual performance grading form).

All of the aforementioned grading forms are available at the end of this document. Points
obtained through these forms will be individually calculated into a base of 100 before the final
calculation using the following formula:

Final score=0.4 × essay+ 0.3 × group performance+0.3 × individual performance

BRIEF: COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, abbreviated as COPD, is a common lung disease that
causes restricted airflow and breathing problems. It is sometimes called emphysema or chronic
bronchitis. In people with COPD, the lungs can get damaged or clogged with phlegm.

Emphysema usually refers to destruction of the tiny air sacs at the end of the airways in the
lungs, while chronic bronchitis refers to a chronic cough with the production of phlegm
resulting from inflammation in the airways.

Symptoms include cough, sometimes with phlegm, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and
tiredness. COPD is caused by several processes that can cause the airways to become narrow,
including destruction of parts of the lung, mucus blocking the airways, and inflammation and
swelling of the airway lining. The most common causes of COPD are tobacco smoking and air
pollution.

COPD is incurable, but symptoms can improve if one avoids smoking and exposure to air
pollution and gets vaccines to prevent infections. It can also be managed with medicines,
oxygen, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

BRIEF: Lung Tumor and Cancer

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the lung. It is the leading cause of
cancer deaths worldwide. The symptoms of lung cancer include chest pain, coughing up blood,
hoarseness, headache, and weight loss. The primary cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking,
but it can also occur in nonsmokers. Other causative agents include exposure to radioactive gas
called radon, genetic mutation, and exposure to heavy metals. The risk factors for lung cancer
include smoking, radiation therapy, and exposure to asbestos and other heavy metals.

Lung cancer is classified into two main types: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung
cancer. The stages of lung cancer are determined by the size and location of the tumor, whether
it has spread to the lymph nodes, and whether it has metastasized to other parts of the body.
The TNM system is used to stage non-small cell lung cancer, which stands for ‘Tumor, Node,
and Metastasis’. The stages range from 0 (no cancer) to IV (cancer has spread to distant parts
of the body). Small cell lung cancer is staged as either limited or extensive. Limited stage
means that the cancer is confined to one lung and nearby lymph nodes, while extensive stage
means that the cancer has spread to other areas of the lungs and chest.
BRIEF: Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection characterized by inflammation of the air sacs in the lungs,
primarily caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. This condition hinders the lungs' ability to
function efficiently, leading to symptoms such as fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and chest
pain. Pneumonia can affect individuals of all ages, but it poses a higher risk for the very young,
the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. The infection can be acquired through
inhalation of airborne droplets containing infectious agents or by aspiration of microorganisms
from the upper respiratory tract.

Diagnosis often involves a combination of clinical evaluation, chest X-rays, and laboratory
tests. Treatment typically includes antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia or antiviral medications
for viral cases, along with supportive measures to alleviate symptoms and aid recovery. Severe
cases may require hospitalization, especially in vulnerable populations, to ensure proper
monitoring and intervention. Vaccination against common causative agents is a key preventive
measure, promoting overall respiratory health and reducing the risk of pneumonia.

BRIEF: Arthritis

Arthritis is a broad term encompassing various inflammatory joint disorders characterized by

pain, swelling, stiffness, and decreased joint mobility. The most common types include
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, each with distinct causes and manifestations.
Osteoarthritis results from the gradual wear and tear of joint cartilage over time, often
associated with aging or joint overuse. In contrast, rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune
condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium, the lining of the
membranes surrounding joints. Other forms of arthritis can stem from infections, injuries, or
underlying diseases. The condition can affect any joint in the body and may lead to chronic
pain, deformities, and disability if left untreated.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging

studies, and laboratory tests. Management strategies aim to alleviate symptoms, slow the
progression of the disease, and improve joint function. Treatment approaches may include
medications, physical therapy, lifestyle modifications, and in some cases, surgical
interventions. Early diagnosis and proactive management are crucial in minimizing the impact
of arthritis on individuals' quality of life.
BRIEF: Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by the gradual weakening of bones, leading
to a heightened risk of fractures. This occurs when the density and quality of bone are reduced,
making them more porous and susceptible to fractures, even from minor falls or injuries.
Osteoporosis often develops silently over years without noticeable symptoms until a fracture
occurs. Factors such as aging, hormonal changes (especially in postmenopausal women),
inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, sedentary lifestyle, and certain medications
contribute to its development. The imbalance between bone formation and resorption results in
a net loss of bone mass.

Diagnosis involves bone density testing, typically using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
(DEXA) scans. Treatment and prevention strategies focus on promoting bone health through
adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, regular weight-bearing exercise, and medications that
can help strengthen bones. Early detection and proactive management are crucial in reducing
the risk of fractures and maintaining overall skeletal health in individuals with osteoporosis.
 ESSAY ON THE ISSUES RELATED TO RESPIRATORY AND/OR
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND ARTHRITIS

Leon Wong, Nathan Christian Kuwat, Ethan Theodore Heru, Kay Aurelius Dhammatta and
Gwen Antoinette Lieonard

Little Sun School Lower Secondary, Secondary 2B

Correspondence: richleonwong123@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

The skeletal system is made up of hundreds of bones, this system functions not only acts as a
protection for organs, but also gives the body shape and support. We can keep our skeletal
system healthy by consuming protein, calcium, vitamin D and K, and vegetables. Some
examples of problems that could happen if we do not keep our skeletal system healthy are
arthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, and osteoporosis.

The muscular system is made up of hundreds of muscles. Functions include, vision, breathing,
hearing, speaking, swallowing, moving, excreting, digestion and pumping blood. We can keep
our muscular system healthy by exercising, consuming protein, and cutting back on alcohol.
Problems that may arise with an unhealthy muscular system are fibromyalgia, myopathies, and
myositis.

ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

The musculoskeletal system can be divided into six parts, skeleton, joints, cartilage, ligaments,
muscles and tendons. Bones of the skeleton can be divided into five shapes which are, long
bones, short bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones and irregular bones.

Long bones have an elongated shape with a greater length to width ratio. Function of the long
bones is to provide structure against the body weight, and it also help facilitating easier body
movement. Long bones are usually located at the appendicular skeleton, lower limbs and upper
limbs. Some examples of long bones are tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Short bones have the same ration of length to width. Its function is to provide stability and
movement. Usually found in wrists and ankle joints. Examples of short bones are calcaneus,
talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform.
Flat bones can be found in the skull, thoracic cage and the pelvis. Its primary function is to
protect internal organs such as, brains and lungs. Examples of flat bones are sternum and ribs.

Sesamoid bones can be found in tendons. Its function is to provide protection to the tendons
against tear and wear. Examples of sesamoid bones are patella.

Irregular bones can be found in the spine. It is primarily spongy bone that is covered with a
thin layer of compact bone. The vertebrae and some of the bones in the skull are irregular

Figure 1. Types of bone.

bones.

Skeleton can be classified into two main parts, axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The
axial skeleton is made up from 80 bones along the vertical axis which includes bone from the
skull, vertebral column, rib cage and sternum. The function of axial skeleton is to protect and
cushion internal organs such as, the brain, spinal cord, heart and the lungs.
The human skull is made out of eight cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The cranial bones
provide protection for your brain, while the facial bones contain sockets for eyes, nose, ear and
an opening for the digestive and circulatory system. the eight cranial bones include, two
parietal bones, two temporal bones, one frontal bone, one occipital bone, one ethmoid bone and
one sphenoid bone. The fourteen facial bones include, two maxilla bones, two zygomatic
bones, one mandible bone, two nasal bones, two palatine bones, two nasal concha bones, two
lacrimal bones, and one vomer bone. jhhhh

Figure 2. Anatomy of the skull.

The vertebral column is made up from 24 vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx. The vertebrae can be
grouped into three parts, which are seven cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae and five
lumbar vertebrae. Cervical vertebrae are located in the neck and support the weight of the head,
it also helps facilitating movement. Thoracic vertebrae provide attachment point for the ribs.
Lumbar vertebrae provide support for the upper body. Sacrum is located under the lumbar
vertebrae. It is connected to the pelvis and forms the back wall of the pelvis. Coccyx serve as
an attachment point of hip and pelvic tendons.

Figure 3. Anatomy of the vertebral column.

The rib cage main function is to protect the organs inside the thoracic cavity. It also provides
structure and support for the upper body. The rib cage is made up from 12 pairs of ribs and the
sternum. Ribs can be classified into two segments, true ribs and false ribs. The first seven ribs
which are connected to the sternum through the coastal cartilage is called the true ribs. The
remaining five are either indirectly connected or not connected at all to the sternum. The last
two ribs of false ribs are called floating ribs, because it is not connected to the sternum. The
sternum is the sword shaped bones that can be divided into three parts, manubrium, body and
xiphoid process.

Figure 4. Anatomy of ribcage.

Appendicular skeleton are bones that is connected to the axial skeleton. It is made up from the
upper and lower extremities, which includes the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle. The
connection point of the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton is located in the pectoral
girdle and pelvic girdle. The pectoral girdle can be divided into two parts, clavicle and scapula.
The clavicle connects scapula to the sternum. By doing so, it connects the upper limbs to the
axial skeleton. The upper limbs consist of humerus which connects the scapula with radius and
ulna. At the base of ulna and radius, there are eight carpal which makes up the wrist. It
connects to five metacarpals which are connected to 14 phalanges.

Pelvic girdle, form the lower part of the appendicular skeleton. The connection between the
pelvic girdle and the axial skeleton is crucial for supporting the weight and stability of the
body. Pelvic girdle is made up of two hip bones, each consisting of the ilium, ischium, and
pubis. These bones are connected to the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint. The lower limbs include
the femur, which is connected with the hip bone, forming the hip joint. The femur extends
downward to connect with the tibia and fibula, the bones of the lower leg. At the ankle joint,
the tibia and fibula are connected with the tarsal bones, forming the ankle. The tarsals connect
to the metatarsals, which connect to the phalanges of the toes.

Figure 5. Anatomy of appendicular skeleton.

A joint is any place in your body where two bones meet. These bones are used for to be able to
move and support our body. There are 3 types of joints fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and
synovial joints.

Fibrous joints are thick and tightly woven together, thus not being able to move. There are
three types of joints that hold the skull together, sutures are formed by dense fibrous connective
tissue and help to fuse the bones of the skull together, gomphosis are the joints that connect the
teeth to the jaw and syndesmosis the bones that joins two bones that are closely related such as
the shin bone and calf bone.

Cartilaginous joints connect cartilage and bone together. Some examples are, the ribs
connecting to the breast bone.

Synovial joints are joints that have the most articulation having something called a synovial
membrane that protects and lubricates the joint, being able to move around with as little
friction as possible. There are 6 types of synovial joints hinge joints that can move in one
direction such as your knees and elbows, ball and socket joint joints that can rotate and turn in
any direction examples are shoulders and hips, condyloid joints are similar to ball and socket,
but they cannot rotate in a full circle. Such examples are your wrist and toes, pivots joints only
rotate without moving out of its original position like the neck, planar joints are where to
mostly flat bones connect and move by one piece sliding over to the other examples being the
spine and carpal bone. Lastly the saddle bone where to curved bones connect and can move
anywhere excluding rotating and twisting an example is the thumb.

Ligaments acts as a connector, linking joints, bones, and organs within the body. They also
stabilize bones, joints, and organs and strengthen joints and direct their directional movement.
Ligaments are strong because they have a cord-like shape which makes them resilient and
flexible. ligaments have diverse color and shape which are distributed throughout the body .

Figure 6. Location of ligaments.

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that protects the joint and bone. There are three main
types of cartilage, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage. Hyaline cartilages are
smooth and slippery which helps the bone to move easier. It is located at the ends of long
bones, the nose, trachea, and bronchi.

Fibrocartilages are tough and contains more collagen fibers, providing strength and support.
Fibrocartilage is located in the spine and knee.

Elastic cartilages are more flexible due to a higher proportion of elastic fibers. It is located in
the external ear and the epiglottis.

Figure 7. location of cartilage.

Muscles are soft pieces of tissue which can be found all over the body. These muscles help the
body run and also help move the body. Muscles have two types of movement which are
voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary movements move. Involuntary movements are the
opposite of voluntary movements. Involuntary movements are movements that a person cannot
control. For example, the heart pumping blood.

Skeletal muscles work with bones, tendons, and ligaments to provide movement throughout the
entire body. Skeletal muscles do voluntary movements. These skeletal muscles move once a
person thinks about moving them. Skeletal muscles contract and relax to move our body.

There are five golden rules of skeletal muscle activity. They are most skeletal muscles must
cross at least one joint, normally, most of the skeletal muscle stays proximal to a crossed joint,
every skeletal muscle has at least two attachment which are the origin and the insertion,
skeletal muscles can only pull; they should not pull, and during a contraction, a skeletal muscle
must always move to the origin.

Cardiac muscles only exist in the heart. Cardiac muscles are really strong muscles. These
muscles are responsible for pumping blood all over the body. Cardiac muscles do involuntary
movements.

Smooth muscles line throughout the organs. Smooth muscles do involuntary movements.
Smooth muscles can be found in the reproductive system, urinary system, respiratory system,
and digestive system of a human.

Figure 8.1 Types of muscle.

Tendons are fibrous tissue essential to the musculoskeletal system. It connects muscles to
bones and distribute the force produced by contracting muscles. It is primarily composed of
collagen and fibers. Tendons are strong and resilient playing a crucial role in joint movement.
The points of tendon attachment to bones are known as insertions. Tendons efficiently transmit
the mechanical forces, allowing for controlled movement.

ARTHRITIS

Arthritis is very common, especially in people older than fifty. Arthritis the swelling and
tenderness of one or more joints. The symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which
typically worsen with age, restricted movement of the joints, warm red skin over the affected
joint, weakness and muscle wasting became weaker and smaller. The most common places that
you can get arthritis are in your hands, knees, hips, feet, ankles, shoulders, and lower back
region.

There are different forms of arthritis but the most common form is called Osteoarthritis, some
people call it “wear and tear” arthritis. Osteoarthritis happens naturally as you age, a lifetime of
using your joints can eventually cause the hard, slippery tissue that covers the end of the bones
where they form a joint to break down. Osteoarthritis is an autoimmune disease. That means
the immune system attacks parts of the body, especially the joints. That leads to inflammation
which can cause severe joint damage if you do not treat it. Some people who have rheumatoid
arthritis get lumps on their skin called rheumatoid nodules. These often form over joint areas
that receive pressure, such as over knuckles, elbows, or heels.
Overweight or obese people are more likely to get knee osteoarthritis. Extra weight puts more
stress on joints, particularly weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees. Doctor diagnose
arthritis by using the patient medical history then proceed to testing the patient blood, X-rays,
and physical examination.

Figure 9. This picture shows the difference between a normal knee, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid
arthritis.

PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE MEASURE

Arthritis can be prevented by maintaining a healthy diet, exercising, quit smoking, avoiding
injuries, and maintaining a healthy diet. Being overweight is a risk factor for developing
arthritis. Extra pounds put pressure on weight-bearing joints like hips and knees. Each pound
gained adds nearly four pounds of stress on knees and puts six times the pressure on hips.
Losing just one pound of weight can result in four pounds of pressure being taken off. Exercise
not only takes the stress of excess weight off a person’s joints, but it also strengthens muscles
around the joints. This stabilizes and can protect them from wear and tear. Just 30 minutes of
exercise five times a week helps joints stay limber and strengthens the muscles that support
knees and hips. Focus on low-impact exercises like walking, cycling or swimming. Smoking
puts stress on tissues that protect one’s joints and promotes inflammation throughout a body
which can lead to arthritis.

To avoid injuries, always warm up before playing sports and use proper safety equipment.
Wear protective gear, comfortable and supportive shoes when playing sports. When picking up
objects, one should always lift with their knees and hips not their back. Diet plays a role in the
risk of developing arthritis and its progression. Certain foods can be beneficial in lowering the
risk of arthritis, while other foods can have the opposite effect, which includes sugar, red meat,
salt, high calorie foods and refined carbohydrates, these can increase risk of inflammation.
Omega-3s help reduce inflammation. It is recommended to eat a 3.5-ounce serving of fish high
in omega-3s twice a week, like salmon, trout, mackerel, or sardines (fish caught in the wild is
usually recommended over farmed fish). Other sources that contain omega-3s include nuts and
seeds, such as walnuts, flaxseeds, and chia seeds. Plant oils, such as soybean canola, and
flaxseed oils, fortified eggs, fortified juices, and soy beverages as well as omega-3 supplements
such as fish oil, krill oil, cod liver oil and algae oil.

Arthritis can be treated with medications, therapy, and surgeries. Medications used to treat
arthritis include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), counterirritants, steroids, and
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). NSAIDs can relieve pain and reduce
inflammation. NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium
(Aleve).

Rubbing some varieties of creams and ointments containing menthol or capsaicin on a skin
over ones aching joint may interfere with the transmission of pain signals from the joint itself.
Corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone, reduce inflammation, pain and slow joint
damage. It may be given as a pill or as an injection into a painful joint. DMARDs can slow the
progression of rheumatoid arthritis and save joints and other tissues from permanent damage.

Physical therapy can be helpful for some types of arthritis. Physical therapy which includes
exercises can improve range of motion and strengthen the muscles surrounding joints.
Surgeries that can help treat arthritis includes joint repair (joint surfaces being smoothed or
realigned to reduce pain and improve function), joint replacement (removes the damaged joint
and replaces it with an artificial one), and joint fusion (removes the ends of the two bones in
the joint and then locks those ends together until they heal into one rigid unit).

CONCLUSION

The skeletal system is made up of bones that help support our body, and protect our organs.
The muscular system is made up of hundreds of muscles that we use in our daily lives. The
musculoskeletal system can be divided into six components, skeleton, joints, cartilage,
ligaments, muscles and tendons. Bones of the skeleton can be divided into five shapes which
are, long bones, short bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones and irregular bones.
Muscles are soft pieces of tissue which can be found all over the body that help our body to do
daily activity and can be split into three types which include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Muscles have two types of movements which are voluntary and involuntary movements. A
joint is any place in your body where two bones meet, they are used for us to be able to move
and support our body. There are 3 types of joints fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and
synovial joints.

Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints, typically seen in people over 50
years old. Symptoms usually affect the hand, knees, hips, feet, ankles, shoulders and lower
back. Arthritis can be avoided by maintaining a healthy weight and diet , avoiding injuries ,
quitting smoking , and exercising regularly. Arthritis can be treated with medications or treated
with therapy and surgeries.
REFERENCES

1. Healthdirect Australia. (n.d.). Bones, muscles and joints. healthdirect.

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bones-muscles-and-joints

2. Body, V. (n.d.-b). Types of bones: Learn skeleton anatomy. Visible Body Learn Anatomy.
https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/skeleton/types-of-bones

3. Divisions of the Skeleton. Divisions of the Skeleton | SEER Training. (n.d.).

https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/divisions/

4. professional, C. C. medical. (n.d.). Axial skeleton: What bones it makes up. Cleveland
Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22344-axial-skeleton

5. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Rib Cage. Encyclopædia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/rib-cage

6. B;, A. B. J. A. (n.d.). Anatomy, appendicular skeleton. National Center for Biotechnology

Information. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571018/

7. professional, C. C. medical. (n.d.-b). Joints in the human body: Anatomy, types & function.
Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/25137-joints

8. Bluecrossmn.com. (n.d.). https://www.bluecrossmn.com/members/wellbeing/preventive-

care/how-prevent-arthritis-pain

9. Forbes Magazine. (2024, February 6). How to prevent arthritis: What experts say. Forbes.
https://www.forbes.com/health/conditions/arthritis/how-to-prevent-arthritis/

10. Watson, S. (2023, April 25). 9 ways to prevent arthritis, from exercise to Ergonomics.
Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/arthritis-prevention#eat-omega-3-s

11. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, August 29). Arthritis. Mayo
Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-
20350777

12. MediLexicon International. (n.d.). 11 functions of the muscular system: Diagrams, facts,
and Structure. Medical News Today.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321617#

13. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023a, August 29). Arthritis.
Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/symptoms-
causes/syc-20350772

14. professional, C. C. medical. (n.d.-b). How many muscles are in the human body?.
Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/muscles

15. professional, C. C. medical. (n.d.-d). Ligament: Anatomy, function, sprain. Cleveland

Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21604-ligament
CONTRIBUTION
Please provide a description of contributions from each group member. There is a signature
column where each member can sign during the presentation. This section should be written
using Times New Roman font, size 12, with justified alignment, and line and paragraph
spacing set to 1.5.

No
Name Contribution Signature
.

1. Leon Wong Anatomy(Bones, Cartillage and Tendons)

Introduction and Anatomy(Muscle and

2. Nathan Christian Kuwat
Ligament)

3. Kay Aurelius Dhammatta Arthritis

4. Ethan Theodore Heru Conclusion and Anatomy(Joint)

5. Gwen Antoinette Lieonard Preventive and Curative Measures

 ESSAY GRADING FORM
Identity, Formatting, and Submission
Criteria Description Note Description Score
Full name provided accurately and according to
Name Alias or nickname used instead of full name -5 5
requirements
Font type or size deviates from the specified Font type and size strictly adhere to the specified
Font 0 4
requirements requirements
Paragraph spacing does not meet the specified Paragraph spacing adheres to the specified
Paragraph Spacing 0 4
requirements requirements
All 7 sections are completely filled and contain
Completeness of Content Significant sections are missing or incomplete Redo 10
relevant information
Document Layout Document layout is significantly changed or altered Redo Document layout remains consistent and as specified 4

Accurate adherence to APA style referencing

Reference APA style referencing is not followed Redo 4
guidelines
All sections of the contribution page are completely
Contribution Page Contribution page is left blank or incomplete Redo 4
filled
Submission is on time and adheres to the specified
Submission Submission is late -10%* 5
deadline

Total 40
*10% reduction will be applied to the score that has been converted to a base 100
 ESSAY GRADING FORM
Content Quality
Legend Description Point

A Most of information provided are correct, concise, clear, and grammatically correct 4
Most of information provided are correct, however, vague and roundabout, contains a lot of grammatical mistakes that cause
B 2
meaning to change OR the information provided are incomplete
No information provided OR

C The information provided are all incorrect OR 0

the information provided are severely lacking

Content Description A B C

Function of respiratory OR musculoskeletal
system
The importance of maintaining healthy
respiratory OR musculoskeletal system
Issue that may arise within respiratory OR
musculoskeletal system
Introduction
Provides a clear and detailed explanation of the respiratory OR musculoskeletal system overall function
Clearly explains the importance of maintaining a healthy respiratory OR musculoskeletal system for the
well-being and overall health of individuals.
Provides several diseases as a result to the failure to maintain a healthy respiratory OR musculoskeletal
system for the well-being of individuals
Anatomy and Function of Respiratory OR Musculoskeletal System

Anatomy of the Respiratory OR Provides a detailed description of respiratory OR musculoskeletal system, including their structure,
Musculoskeletal System anatomical position, and functions.
Inclusion of a Diagram of Respiratory OR Includes at least one picture of the respiratory OR musculoskeletal system anatomy in the body of the text.
Musculoskeletal System The picture is properly centered on the page.
Correct Caption Format and Content for
Respiratory OR Musculoskeletal System
Diagram
Description of the Issue
Explanation of the Underlying Causes
Explanation of the Risk Factors
Description of Symptoms and Impact on
Quality of Life
Detailed Diagnosis of the Issue
Explanation of the Prognosis for Affected
Individuals
Explanation of Potential Complications or
Risks
Inclusion of a Picture of Relevant
Respiratory OR Musculoskeletal Issue
Correct Caption Format and Content
Description of Preventive Measures
Ensures that the caption for the picture follows the correct format and is inserted using the "Insert Caption"
option. Provides a brief description or additional information that enhances the understanding or
interpretation of the figure.
Respiratory OR Musculoskeletal Issue
Provides a clear and accurate description of the chosen respiratory OR musculoskeletal issue and
thoroughly explains its underlying causes.
Provides a thorough explanation of the underlying causes of the chosen respiratory OR musculoskeletal
issue.
Provides a thorough explanation of the risk factors that increase chances to acquire chosen respiratory OR
musculoskeletal issue.
Clearly describes the symptoms associated with the chosen respiratory OR musculoskeletal issue, its
diagnosis, and provides a detailed explanation of how these symptoms affect an individual's life.
Provides a clear and accurate description of the chosen respiratory OR musculoskeletal issue and
thoroughly explains its underlying causes.
Provides a thorough prognosis (expected course of the disease and likelihood of recovery) of the chosen
respiratory OR musculoskeletal issue.
Thoroughly explains the potential complications and/or risks associated with the chosen respiratory OR
musculoskeletal issue, increasing awareness of additional challenges or outcomes.
Includes at least one picture of the health issue pertaining to respiratory OR musculoskeletal system in the
body of the text. The picture is properly centered on the page.
Ensures that the caption for the picture follows the correct format and is inserted using the "Insert Caption"
option. Provides a brief description or additional information that enhances the understanding or
interpretation of the figure.
Preventive and Curative Measures
Provides a description of preventive measures, including healthy lifestyle choices, dietary adjustments, and
 positive habits to reinforce the well-being of the respiratory OR musculoskeletal system.
Explanation of How Each Preventive
Clearly explains how each preventive measure contributes to promoting the health of the respiratory OR
Measure Promotes Respiratory OR
musculoskeletal system, highlighting their specific benefits.
Musculoskeletal Health
Description of Curative Measures Provides a description of curative measures, including the implementation medical interventions.

Explanation of How Each Curative Measure
Helps Manage and Alleviate Symptoms
Inclusion of a Picture of either Treatment or
Curative Measure
Correct Caption Format and Content
Clearly explains how each curative measure assists in managing and alleviating symptoms associated with
the chosen respiratory OR musculoskeletal issue, highlighting their specific benefits.
Includes at least one picture of the health issue pertaining to respiratory OR musculoskeletal system in the
body of the text. The picture is properly centered on the page.
Ensures that the caption for the picture follows the correct format and is inserted using the "Insert Caption"
option. Provides a brief description or additional information that enhances the understanding or
interpretation of the figure.
Conclusion

Summary of the Role of the Respiratory OR

Musculoskeletal System
Summary of the Chosen Respiratory OR
Musculoskeletal Issue
Summary of Preventive Measures
Summary of Curative Measures
Emphasis on the Importance of Maintaining
a Healthy Respiratory OR Musculoskeletal
System
Provides a clear and concise summary of the role of the respiratory OR musculoskeletal system.
Concisely summarizes the key points and characteristics of the chosen respiratory OR musculoskeletal
issue, emphasizing their impact on individuals' well-being and quality of life.
Concisely summarizes the preventive measures discussed (lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, and
positive habits) that contribute to maintaining a healthy respiratory OR musculoskeletal system.
Concisely summarizes the curative measures discussed (dietary modifications and medical interventions)
and emphasize their role in managing and alleviating related respiratory OR musculoskeletal issue.
Clearly explains the significance of maintaining a respiratory OR musculoskeletal system for the overall
well-being of individuals.
Total (Maximum) 104
Total (Obtained)
 GROUP PERFORMANCE GRADING FORM
Criteria Description Note Description Min Description Max Score
Readability and Clarity of Text Inappropriate font size and Some readability issues; font size Clear and appropriate font size
selection; difficult to read from 5- 0 or selection could be improved 2 and selection; easily readable from 4
meter distance 5-meter distance
Picture Selection Inclusion of cartoon-like pictures Some relevant pictures, but some Relevant and appropriate
or irrelevant images/designs are unrelated to the topic pictures/designs that enhance
0 2 4
understanding and support the
topic
Integration of Elements (Text Text-heavy or excessive use of Some integration of text and Well-integrated text and pictures
and Picture) * bullet points or pictures; poor pictures; moderately aligned and for enhanced understanding;
0 2 4
alignment and spacing; elements spaced; some elements appear proper alignment and spacing;
appear crowded crowded; could be improved visually balanced elements
Visual Design and Layout* Unattractive design; inconsistent Moderately appealing design; Visually appealing design;
or cluttered layout; irrelevant or 0 somewhat consistent layout; 2 consistent layout; 4
distracting slide transition
Organization and Structure* Disorganized; lack of clear Adequate organization; somewhat Well-organized; clear information
information flow; inconsistent clear information flow (could be flow; consistent style, font size
0 2 4
style, font size and types improved); (somewhat) consistent and types
style, font size and types
Presenting According to Not presenting according to Partially presenting according to Presenting according to assigned
Assigned Parts assigned parts or significant assigned parts; minor deviation parts; clear adherence to the
FAIL 2 4
deviation from the contribution from the contribution page contribution page
page
Relevance and Content Irrelevant or insufficient content FAIL Some relevant content, but lacks 2 Relevant and detailed content with 4
 depth or clarity clear explanations
Preparation and Readiness Significant delay or Minor delay or slight Prompt readiness and preparation;
unpreparedness (more than 5 0 unpreparedness; (between 2 – 5 2 (less than 2 minutes) 4
minutes) minutes)
Time Management Significantly exceeds or falls short Effectively utilizes allocated time
of allocated time (max. 10 -5%** (max. 10 minutes, min. 7 minutes) 4
minutes, min. 7 minutes)
Overall Impact* Lacks impact and fails to engage Moderately engaging; some Captivating and engaging; leaves
0 2 4
the audience impact on the audience a strong impact

Total 40
*any numbers within the minimum and maximum range are all accepted
**5% reduction will be applied to the score that has been converted to a base 100
 INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE GRADING FORM
Criteria Description Note Description Min Description Max Score
Delivery and Communication* Inaudible or unclear; monotonous 0 Clear and audible 2 Clear and dynamic 4

Poor posture; lack of eye contact; Adequate posture; occasional eye Confident posture; consistent eye
Body Language* 0 2 4
fidgeting or excessive movement contact; minimal movement contact; meaningful gestures
Overreliance on notes; reading Some use of notes; occasional Avoid the use of notes; well-
Use of notes* 0 2 4
verbatim or constant referral reference; not overly reliant prepared and natural delivery
Adequate knowledge; some
Limited knowledge; inaccurate or Thorough knowledge; accurate
Knowledge and Understanding* 0 inaccuracies or gaps in 2 8
incomplete information and comprehensive information
information
Unclear or confusing; difficulty in Somewhat clear; occasional Clear and concise; effectively
Clarity of Message* 0 2 4
conveying key points difficulty in conveying key points conveys key points
Nervous or disengaged; lacks Moderate confidence and Confident and engaging; strong
Confidence and Engagement* enthusiasm and audience 0 engagement; some audience 2 audience connection and 4
connection connection enthusiasm
Inability to answer questions Adequate response to questions; Clear and concise responses;
Answering Questions * 0 2 8
effectively; lack of engagement moderate engagement strong engagement with audience

Total 36
* = any numbers within the minimum and maximum range are all accepted