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Chapter 7: Microbial Genetics

Question Type: Multiple Choice

1) A linear sequence of DNA nucleotides which provides the genetic information for a single
characteristic is a _____.

a) chromosome
b) plasmid
c) gene
d) base pair

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose
structures are created from genetic instructions.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes

2) Genes with different information at the same locus are called _____.

a) chromosomes
b) homologs
c) plasmids
d) alleles

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose
structures are created from genetic instructions.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes

3) A plasmid is a/an _____.

a) extrachromosomal piece of DNA

b) chromosomal site to which genetic activity can be traced
c) body found in the cytoplasm that directs protein synthesis
d) molecule that carries the genetic message of the chromosomal DNA

Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose
structures are created from genetic instructions.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes

4) A permanent alteration in the DNA of an organism is called a/n:

a) mutation
b) hereditary marker
c) replicon
d) allele

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose
structures are created from genetic instructions.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes

5) Which nitrogenous base is not normally found in DNA?

a) Guanine
b) Thymine
c) Uracil
d) Adenine

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Describe the way in which an antiparallel, double-stranded DNA
molecule undergoes replication and the role of each enzyme involved in this process.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.2 DNA Replication

6) In DNA, the base adenine always pairs with what other base?

a) guanine
b) adenine
c) uracil
d) thymine

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Describe the way in which an antiparallel, double-stranded DNA
molecule undergoes replication and the role of each enzyme involved in this process.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.2 DNA Replication

7) Replication results in the formation of what type of new molecule?

a) DNA
b) RNA
c) Protein
d) Lipid

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Describe the way in which an antiparallel, double-stranded DNA
molecule undergoes replication and the role of each enzyme involved in this process.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.2 DNA Replication

8) Transcription results in the formation of what type of new molecule?

a) DNA
b) RNA
c) Protein
d) lipid

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

9) The process of ________ results in the synthesis of a new protein.

a) replication
b) transcription
c) translation
d) transversion

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

10) Reverse transcription occurs when:

a) RNA is used as a template to produce DNA

b) DNA is used as a template to produce RNA
c) Protein is used as a template to produce RNA
d) RNA is used as a template to produce protein

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose
structures are created from genetic instructions.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes

11) Reverse transcription takes place:

a) only in fungi
b) in some viruses
c) in all bacteria
d) in some bacteria

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose
structures are created from genetic instructions.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes

12) Which statement is true?

a) Proofreading that occurs during transcription changes the RNA into DNA.
b) Translation is a less accurate process than transcription.
c) Reverse transcription is a less accurate process than regular transcription.
d) Errors in replication can be proofread during transcription.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose
structures are created from genetic instructions.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes

13) Mutations:
a) when occurring on a particular Okazaki fragment can lead to different loci
b) often change a person’s blood from type A to type AB
c) are responsible for heritable variations seen in progeny
d) occur only when the DNA is transmitted to a daughter cell

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose
structures are created from genetic instructions.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes

14) Bacterial genomes:

a) have rarely been sequenced as it takes a very long time.

b) only contain adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine.
c) contain all the information for the structure and functioning of a cell.
d) when sequenced 100% of the genes are with known cellular function.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Describe the way in which an antiparallel, double-stranded DNA
molecule undergoes replication and the role of each enzyme involved in this process.
Section Reference 1: Section7.2 DNA Replication

15) Bacterial chromosomes:

a) must be present for a bacteria to stay alive and reproduce

b) are small segments of DNA that have the ability to move from one position to another
c) contain genetic information that is helpful but not necessary for survival
d) are always circular and only one is present in each bacteria

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose
structures are created from genetic instructions.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes

16) During replication DNA is synthesized by _____.

a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) ribosomes
d) ribozymes

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Describe the way in which an antiparallel, double-stranded DNA
molecule undergoes replication and the role of each enzyme involved in this process.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.2 DNA Replication

17) During DNA replication:

a) the leading strand is synthesized in the 3’ to 5’ direction

b) the leading strand is synthesized discontinuously
c) the lagging strand is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction
d) both strands are synthesized discontinuously

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Describe the way in which an antiparallel, double-stranded DNA
molecule undergoes replication and the role of each enzyme involved in this process.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.2 DNA Replication

18) Okazaki fragments make up part of the _____.

a) small ribosomal subunit

b) tRNA
c) lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
d) mRNA

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Describe the way in which an antiparallel, double-stranded DNA
molecule undergoes replication and the role of each enzyme involved in this process.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.2 DNA Replication
19) After DNA replication of a bacterial chromosome, the new DNA contains:

a) 2 newly synthesized strands of DNA copied from the original parent strands
b) one strand of parent DNA along with one newly synthesized strand
c) small segments of parent DNA interspersed with newly synthesized segments of DNA
d) two of the above

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Describe the way in which an antiparallel, double-stranded DNA
molecule undergoes replication and the role of each enzyme involved in this process.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.2 DNA Replication

20) Which of the following statements is true?

a) During DNA replication the leading strand serves as template for replication of lagging strand.
b) Fragments on the lagging strand are joined together by DNA ligase.
c) A bacterial chromosome is made up of individual units called Okazaki fragments.
d) Two strands of double helix combine by base pairing in a parallel fashion.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Describe the way in which an antiparallel, double-stranded DNA
molecule undergoes replication and the role of each enzyme involved in this process.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.2 DNA Replication

21) Messenger RNA:

a) is formed in the 3’ to 5’ direction

b) is found only in prokaryotes
c) contains uracil instead of thymine
d) is synthesized using the enzyme ligase

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis
22) RNA polymerase uses ________ as a template to synthesize ________ .

a) RNA, proteins
b) RNA, DNA
c) DNA, RNA
d) DNA, proteins

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

23) Segments of eukaryotic DNA that do not code for proteins:

a) are called introns

b) are found in all bacterial genes
c) can be considered by your immune system as enemy DNA
d) binds to proteins to form ribosomes

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

24) The information for a gene on a chromosome is used to create ____ which then moves to the
ribosome to serve as a template for protein synthesis.

a) tRNA
b) rRNA
c) siRNA
d) mRNA

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis
25) An mRNA molecule contains three nucleotide (triplet) units called _____.

a) amino acids
b) bases
c) codons
d) anticodons

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

26) Amino acids move from the cytoplasm to the ribosome with the help of _____.

a) mRNAs
b) tRNAs
c) siRNAs
d) rRNAs

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

27) An anticodon would be found in/on a ________ molecule.

a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) the lagging strand
d) rRNA

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis
28) tRNA anticodons serve as a link between ______.

a) DNA and mRNA

b) codons and anticodons
c) codons and amino acids
d) mRNA and rRNA

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

29) Which of the following statements about the genetic code is true?

a) The first position of a codon determines the amino acid.

b) An amino acid can often be specified for by more than one codon.
c) Nonsense codons contain no information.
d) Because DNA only contains four letters there are very few possible genes that can exist.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

30) Protein synthesis in bacteria:

a) can occur with several ribosomes attached to the same mRNA molecule
b) uses very little of a bacterial cell’s energy
c) can occur at the same time as an mRNA is being transcribed
d) two of the above

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis
31) In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the ________ while translation takes place in the
________.

a) nucleus, nucleus
b) nucleus, cytoplasm
c) cytoplasm, nucleus
d) cytoplasm, cytoplasm

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

32) Which of the following properties are exclusive to mRNA?

a) Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes

b) Carries information from DNA for synthesis of a protein
c) Molecules contain an anticodon
d) Contains the nucleotide thymine

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

33) Which of the following properties are exclusive to tRNA?

a) Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes

b) Carries information from DNA for synthesis of a protein
c) Molecules contain an anticodon
d) Contains the nucleotide thymine

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis
34) Which of the following properties are exclusive to rRNA?

a) Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes

b) Carries information from DNA for synthesis of a protein
c) Molecules contain an anticodon
d) Contains the nucleotide thymine

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

35) In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that displays feedback inhibition, _____

a) excess substrate will inhibit the reaction

b) excess product will inhibit the reaction
c) the reaction continues at the same pace regardless of conditions in the cell
d) excess product is broken down to create new substrate

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Evaluate the roles of feedback inhibition, enzyme induction, and
enzyme repression in regulating cellular metabolism.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.4 The Regulation of Metabolism

36) Inducible enzymes:

a) are synthesized continuously by the cell

b) are produced by genes that are always active
c) are synthesized by genes that are sometimes active and sometimes inactive
d) only exist in prokaryotic organisms

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Evaluate the roles of feedback inhibition, enzyme induction, and
enzyme repression in regulating cellular metabolism.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.4 The Regulation of Metabolism

37) When an E. coli cell contains high levels of lactose, the lactose will bind with the _____.
a) repressor
b) operator
c) promoter
d) RNA polymerase

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Evaluate the roles of feedback inhibition, enzyme induction, and
enzyme repression in regulating cellular metabolism.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.4 The Regulation of Metabolism

38) In the lactose operon, which of the following is a protein?

a) Repressor
b) Operator
c) Regulator
d) Promoter

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Evaluate the roles of feedback inhibition, enzyme induction, and
enzyme repression in regulating cellular metabolism.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.4 The Regulation of Metabolism

39) With regard to the lac operon, which of the following is false under conditions of low (or no)
lactose?

a) The RNA polymerase cannot transcribe structural genes

b) The repressor is bound to the operator
c) Lactose is not bound to the repressor
d) RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Evaluate the roles of feedback inhibition, enzyme induction, and
enzyme repression in regulating cellular metabolism.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.4 The Regulation of Metabolism

40) In the lac operon RNA polymerase first binds to the:

a) promoter
b) operator
c) repressor
d) regulator

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Evaluate the roles of feedback inhibition, enzyme induction, and
enzyme repression in regulating cellular metabolism.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.4 The Regulation of Metabolism

41) The tryptophan (trp) operon is turned on (i.e. gene expression occurs) when:

a) there is a great deal of tryptophan in the cell

b) there is a lack of tryptophan in the cell
c) the trp operon is always turned on
d) the trp operon is always turned off

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO
Section Reference 1: Section

42) ________ refers to the specific characteristics displayed by an organism.

a) Genotype
b) Mutation
c) Phenotype
d) Genes

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

43) Catabolite repression:

a) cells save energy by not making uneeded enzymes

b) doesn’t allow for cells to prioritize consumption of multiple substrates
c) allows cell growth to continue even after the preferred nutrient is used up
d) two of the above

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

44) A frameshift mutation occurs when:

a) an adenine is inserted into the DNA sequence of an organism

b) a thymine replaces a guanine in the DNA sequence of an organism
c) three new bases are inserted into the DNA strand
d) three bases are deleted from the DNA strand

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

45) A DNA mutation that results in no change in protein product produced is termed a:

a) missense mutation
b) nonsense mutation
c) silent mutation
d) frameshift mutation

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

46) Organisms that have lost the ability to synthesize a particular enzyme and which require
certain nutrients to be added to their medium to maintain growth are termed:

a) phototrophs
b) auxotrophs
c) prototrophs
d) autotrophs

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

47) Spontaneous mutations are:

a) caused by chemicals such as acridine and caffeine.

b) caused by physical agents such as ultraviolet light or x-rays.
c) the result of errors in the base pairing of nucleotides during replication.
d) occur at a rate higher than the rate of induced mutations.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

48) Mutagens such as 5-bromouracil cause mutations by:

a) substituting for one of the bases normally found in DNA

b) adding an alkyl group to a nucleotide
c) removing an amino group from a nucleotide
d) causing breaks in chromosomes

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

49) Pyrimidine dimers are a type of mutation most commonly caused by:

a) alkylating agents
b) deaminating agents
c) ultraviolet light
d) acridine

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

50) Photoreactivation:

a) repairs dimers in DNA using an endonuclease

b) uses light to activate repair enzymes
c) removes alkylating agents from bases
d) occurs when UV light causes mutations in DNA

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

51) The fluctuation tests done by Luria and Delbruck showed that:

a) antibiotics induce the development of resistance in bacteria

b) the growth of bacteria fluctuates based on the concentration of antibiotics in the media
c) the concentration of antibiotics fluctuates in response to the number of bacteria in a sample
d) resistance to antibiotics occurs spontaneously in bacteria

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

52) The Ames test is used to determine if a chemical:

a) increases the rate at which a bacterial cell divides

b) decreases the number of cells in a culture
c) induces mutations in a cell’s DNA
d) decreases the ability of a cell to photosynthesize

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

53) Which statement about mutations is false?

a) A mutation can alter the genotype of an organism without altering the phenotype.
b) Frameshift mutations are typically more serious than point mutations.
c) Spontaneous mutations are the result of exposure to mutagens.
d) Photoreactivation can take place in non-photosynthetic bacteria.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

54) Polymerase chain reaction:

a) allows for the rapid amplification of a billion copies of DNA without needing a living cell
b) can be applied to historic samples and to criminal investigations
c) requires oligonucleotides to cut DNA into smaller pieces
d) two of the above are true

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

55) This molecule is used in the process of _____.

a) DNA replication
b) mitosis
c) meiosis
d) protein synthesis

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

56) Which of the following is the anti-codon corresponding to methionine?

a) AUG
b) GAC
c) CUG
d) UAC

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

57) In order for beta-galactosidase, permease and transacetylase to be produced, _____ can
perform transcription.
a) mRNA
b) lac operon
c) repressor proteins
d) RNA polymerase

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Evaluate the roles of feedback inhibition, enzyme induction, and
enzyme repression in regulating cellular metabolism.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.4 The Regulation of Metabolism

Question Type: Essay

58) RNA plays several important roles in the processes that express genetic information from
DNA into protein products. Illustrate the events of transcription in a bacterial cell and indicate
where RNA plays a role. Also indicate what role RNA plays in translation in bacterial cells.

Answer: The following should be illustrated: Transcription transfers the genetic information
from DNA to mRNA. It occurs with RNA polymerase (protein) binding to a DNA strand and
base-pairing RNA nucleotides with the DNA template. The binding RNA nucleotides are
transcribed into a chain termed mRNA and synthesized in the5’ to 3’ direction as RNA
polymerase moves down the DNA strand. RNA plays a role in transcription as the end product
is mRNA whose information will encode protein sequences. Transcription is also the process
used to create rRNA and tRNA molecules whose roles are vital in translation.
During translation RNA acts as the source of genetic information to construct the proteins in the
form of mRNA. In addition rRNA forms vital portions of ribosomes, which are the protein
synthesis complexes and tRNA brings the needed amino acids to the ribosomes and matches the
codons to amino acids through codon-anticodon recognition and base pairing.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Describe the transcription and translation processes and the roles
of the three types of RNA molecules needed for protein synthesis.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.3 Protein Synthesis

59) Using the lac and trp operons as examples, describe the two control mechanisms for protein
synthesis: one based on enzyme induction and the other based on enzyme repression.

Answer: In the case of the lac operon, when the inducer substance (lactose) is absent, a repressor
protein binds to the operator preventing transcription of the genes coding for enzymes used to
metabolize lactose by blocking RNA polymerase binding to the promoter. When the inducer
substance is present, it binds to the repressor and inactivates its binding to repressor protein,
allowing for the transcription of the genes responsible for metabolizing lactose (structural genes).
Enzyme repression occurs when an adequate supply of the products of enzyme activity leads to
repressing the transcription of the operon. In the trp operon, when tryptophan is available it
binds to an inactive repressor thereby allowing binding to the operator by repressor which will
inhibit transcription by blocking RNA polymerase binding to the promoter.

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Evaluate the roles of feedback inhibition, enzyme induction, and
enzyme repression in regulating cellular metabolism.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.4 The Regulation of Metabolism

60) Microbial evolutionary biologists have provided evidence against Lamarkian evolution by
demonstrating that genetic mutations arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a
response to selection. Describe one method for distinguishing between spontaneous and induced
mutations (be sure to include the expected results)

Answer: Spontaneous and induced mutations can be distinguished by either the fluctuation test
or replica plating. The fluctuation test involves inoculating a small number of bacteria into
separate cultures. If the mutation to acquire antibiotic resistance is spontaneous, than the
replicate culture will have a highly variable number of mutants. If however the resistance is
induced by the presence of the antibiotic, all of the replicate cultures experiencing the antibiotic
should have the same number of mutants induced by the antibiotic. Replica plating occurs when
cultures are transferred from a master dish to a selective plate while maintaining the original
spatial pattern of colonies. Any colonies observed on a penicillin plate (selective) came from
Microbiology Principles and Explorations 9th Edition Black Test Bank

bacteria that would have had resistance to penicillin without ever having been exposed to it
(spontaneous). If penicillin was inducing mutations than a constant fraction of bacteria
transferred should grow on the penicillin plate and a constant fraction of the colonies would be
present.

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 7.5 Identify types of point and frameshift mutations, discussing their
impact on cellular processes.
Section Reference 1: Section 7.5 Mutations

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of How to
build a house
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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Title: How to build a house

an architectural novelette

Author: Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

Translator: Benjamin Bucknall

Release date: September 17, 2023 [eBook #71669]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and

Searle, 1874

Credits: Bob Taylor, deaurider and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO

BUILD A HOUSE ***
HOW TO BUILD A HOUSE.

THE OLD CHÂTEAU.

 HOW TO BUILD A HOUSE:
AN ARCHITECTURAL NOVELETTE.

BY
E. VIOLLET-LE-DUC.

TRANSLATED BY BENJAMIN BUCKNALL,

ARCHITECT

LONDON:
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, LOW, AND SEARLE,
CROWN BUILDINGS, 188, FLEET STREET.
1874.

[All Rights Reserved.]

 LONDON
R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS,
BREAD STREET HILL.
 TRANSLATOR’S NOTE.

Among the voluminous and invaluable published works of M. Viollet-

le-Duc, none perhaps will have greater interest for the amateur or for
the practical architect than the “Histoire d’une Maison.” Of all the
architectural problems of the day there is not one of greater
importance or difficulty than that of building a house which shall fulfil
the various needs and conditions of a modern dwelling; and the
author has brought the results of a long course of study, observation,
and experience, to bear upon this problem in a most practically
instructive and fascinating shape. A lively narrative introduces the
reader to the minute and thorough discussion of every stage of the
processes involved, so that his attention is agreeably relieved; and
each step is illustrated by plates and diagrams, which render the
details intelligible even to the least informed student.
As the scene of this architectural novelette is laid in France, there
is much both in the general remarks and in the arrangements of the
building described which only applies to the social conditions and
requirements of the French. But the value of the principles laid down
and the practical instruction conveyed is not thereby materially
lessened, since every page of the book exhibits important truths or
excellent methods, which are of general application. By following out
those principles it would be easy to obtain the same admirable
adaptation of arrangement, soundness of construction, and charm of
design for an English house, which the author has so ably laid down
and fully illustrated in reference to its French counterpart.
It may be interesting to the reader to know that the “Histoire d’une
Maison” was written and illustrated by M. Viollet-le-Duc during the
evenings of two months—July and August—of last year (1873),
which were spent by him in the Alps for the purpose of surveying and
mapping for the French Government the whole of the French Alps—
a task accomplished by him, alone and unassisted, with minute
accuracy and beauty of delineation, and in a marvellously brief time.
 Benjamin Bucknall,
Architect.
Oystermouth, Swansea,
April 1st, 1874.
 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
PAGE
PAUL GETS AN IDEA 1

CHAPTER II.
WITH A LITTLE HELP, PAUL’S IDEA IS DEVELOPED 13

CHAPTER III.
THE TREE OF KNOWLEDGE 26

CHAPTER IV.
PAUL’S IDEAS RESPECTING ART, AND HOW THEY WERE MODIFIED 31

CHAPTER V.
PAUL PURSUES A COURSE OF STUDY IN PRACTICAL
40
ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER VI.
HOW PAUL IS LED TO RECOGNIZE CERTAIN DISTINCTIONS
60
BETWEEN ETHICS AND ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER VII.
SETTING OUT THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE HOUSE, AND
71
OPERATIONS ON THE GROUND

CHAPTER VIII.
PAUL REFLECTS 81

CHAPTER IX.
PAUL, CLERK OF THE WORKS 88
 CHAPTER X.
PAUL BEGINS TO UNDERSTAND 96

CHAPTER XI.
THE BUILDING IN ELEVATION 106

CHAPTER XII.
OBSERVATIONS ADDRESSED TO EUGÈNE BY PAUL, AND THE
115
REPLIES MADE TO THEM

CHAPTER XIII.
THE VISIT TO THE BUILDING 121

CHAPTER XIV.
PAUL FEELS THE NECESSITY OF IMPROVING HIMSELF IN THE ART
126
OF DRAWING

CHAPTER XV.
CONSIDERATION OF THE STAIRCASES 133

CHAPTER XVI.
THE CRITIC 137

CHAPTER XVII.
PAUL INQUIRES WHAT ARCHITECTURE IS 146

CHAPTER XVIII.
THEORETICAL STUDIES 156

CHAPTER XIX.
THEORETICAL STUDIES (continued) 172

CHAPTER XX.
STUDIES INTERRUPTED 183
 CHAPTER XXI.
BUILDING RECOMMENCED—THE TIMBER WORK 189

CHAPTER XXII.
THE CHIMNEYS 204

CHAPTER XXIII.
THE CANTINE 211

CHAPTER XXIV.
THE JOINER’S WORK 214

CHAPTER XXV.
WHAT PAUL LEARNT AT CHATEAUROUX 222

CHAPTER XXVI.
THE SLATING AND PLUMBING 230

CHAPTER XXVII.
ORDER IN FINISHING THE WORK 241

CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE HOUSE-WARMING 247
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG PAGE
THE OLD CHÂTEAU Frontispiece.
THE OLD CELLAR Vignette.
1. PLAN OF THE GROUND FLOOR 22
2. PLAN OF THE FIRST FLOOR 24
3. ROOF PLAN 33
4. PLAN OF THE SECOND FLOOR 36
5. THE ENTRANCE FRONT 37
6. EXAMPLE OF A BUILDING SITE 46
7. DITTO 47
8. DITTO 49
9. SECTION OF CELLAR VAULT 53
10. THE OLD CELLAR 54
11. THE OLD CELLAR STAIRS 56
12. THE BULGED WALLS 58
13. CONSTRUCTION OF A ROOF PRINCIPAL 62
14. CAMBERED TIMBER 67
15. THE OLD ROOF 68
16. COUPLED TIMBERS 69
17. DITTO 69
18. TIMBER CLIPS 70
19. SETTING OUT THE BUILDING 73
20. USE OF THE THEODOLITE 79
21. THE CELLAR PLAN 89
22. DEPOSIT OF EXCAVATED SOIL 92
23. FOUNDATION STONES 94
24. SECTION OF SEWER 95
25. CENTERING OF CELLAR VAULT 97
26. SECTION OF CELLAR AIR-HOLES 99
27. RESPECTIVE VIEW OF DITTO 100
28. SPRING OF THE CELLAR VAULTING 101
29. THE GARDEN FRONT 103
30. THE QUOIN STONES 107
31. THE WINDOW CASING 108
32. THE CEILINGS 110
33. METHOD OF TRIMMING THE FLOORS 112
34. PERSPECTIVE OF DITTO 112
35. VIEW OF THE BUILDING OPERATIONS 120
36. HOLLOW BEDDED STONES 123
37. DRAWING MODELS 128
38. DITTO 129
39. PLANS AND SECTION OF THE PRINCIPAL STAIRS 132
40. THE STAIRCASE STRING 135
41. STEP OF WINDING STAIRS 136
42. SECTION OF THE SIDE WALLS, WITH DETAILS 163
43. AN ORIEL WINDOW 166
44. BAY WINDOW OF BILLIARD-ROOM 170
45. DETAIL OF CORNICE, STRING COURSE, ETC. 176
46. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE HOUSE 191
47. PLAN OF THE ROOF SUPPORTS 192
48. SECTION OF THE ROOF 194
49. THE STAIRCASE ROOF 196
50. FLAWS IN TIMBER 198
51. COUPLED BEAMS 199
52. SECTION OF THE FLOOR JOISTS 201
53. DITTO 201
54. SECTION OF THE FLOOR BEAMS 201
55. THE DORMER WINDOWS 203
56. THE DOORS 216
57. DETAILS OF DITTO 217
58. THE CASEMENTS 218
59. DETAILS OF DITTO 219
60. THE METHOD OF SLATING 233
61. DETAILS OF THE PLUMBER’S WORK 235
62. THE NEW HOUSE 258
HOW TO BUILD A HOUSE.
 CHAPTER I.
PAUL GETS AN IDEA.

Who is happier than the young student from the Lyceum when he
comes home for the summer vacation, bringing with him proofs of a
well-spent year? Everything smiles upon him. The sky is serene, the
country wears its loveliest dress, and the fruit is ripe.
Everyone congratulates him on his success, and predicts for him,
after his six weeks’ repose, an energetic recommencement of
congenial labour, crowned by a brilliant career in the future.
Yes, our student is a happy fellow; the air seems preternaturally
light, the sun shines more brightly, and the meadows wear a richer
green. Even the unwelcome rain is laden with perfume.
As soon as the morning breaks he hastens to revisit his favourite
haunts in the park—the stream, the lake, and the farm—to see the
horses, the boat, and the plantations.
He chats with the farmer’s wife, who smilingly presents him with a
nice galette, hot from the oven. He walks with the gamekeeper, who
tells him all the news of the neighbourhood while going his rounds.
The sound of the sheep bells is musical—nay, even the monotonous
song of the shepherd-boy, now grown a tall fellow, and aspiring to
the full dignity of shepherd.
It is indeed a happy time. But in a few days the shade of the noble
trees, the lovely scenery, the long walks, the gamekeeper’s stories,
and even the boating, become wearisome, unless some congenial
occupation presents itself to occupy the mind. It is the privilege of old
age alone to delight in memories, and always to find fresh pleasure
in the contemplation of woods and fields.
The stores of memory are soon exhausted by youth; and quiet
meditation is not to its taste.
Monsieur Paul—a lively youth of sixteen—did not, perhaps,
indulge in these reflections in the abstract; but as a matter of fact,
after a week passed at the residence of his father, who cultivated his
considerable estate in the province of Berry, he had almost
exhausted the stock of impressions which the return to the paternal
domain had excited. During the long scholastic year how many
projects had he not formed for the next vacation! Six weeks seemed
too short a time for their accomplishment. How many things had he
to see again; how much to say and do. Yet in eight days all had been
seen, said, and done.
Besides, his eldest sister, who had been lately married, had set
out on a long journey with her husband; and as to Lucy, the
youngest, she seemed too much occupied with her doll and its
wardrobe to take an interest in the thinkings and doings of her
respected brother.
It had rained all day; and the farm, visited by M. Paul for the fifth
time, had presented a sombre and mournful aspect. The fowls
crouching under the walls had a pensive look; and even the ducks
were dabbling in the mud in melancholy silence. The gamekeeper
had indeed taken M. Paul with him on a hare-hunting expedition, but
they had returned without success, and pretty well soaked. To his
disappointment, M. Paul had found the keeper’s stories rather long
and diffuse—not the less so as they were being repeated for the
third time with few variations. Moreover, the veterinary surgeon had
announced that morning, to M. Paul’s vexation, that his pony had
caught a cold and must not quit the stable for a week. The paper had
been read after dinner, but M. Paul was little attracted by its politics,
and the miscellaneous intelligence was deplorably uninteresting.
Monsieur de Gandelau (Paul’s father) was too much taken up with
agricultural matters, and perhaps also with the treatment of his gout,
to seek to relieve the ennui of which his son was the victim; and
Madame de Gandelau, still suffering from the depression caused by
her eldest daughter’s departure, was working with a kind of
desperation at a piece of tapestry, whose destination was a mystery
to all about her, and perhaps even to the person who was so
laboriously adding stitch to stitch.
 “You have had a letter from Marie?” said M. de Gandelau, putting
down the newspaper.
“Yes, my dear, this evening. They are enjoying themselves
excessively; the weather has been charming, and they have had the
most delightful excursions in the Oberland. They are on the point of
passing the Simplon for Italy. Marie will write to me from Baveno,
Hôtel de——”
“Capital! and how are they?”
“Quite well.”
“And they still mean to go to Constantinople on that important
business?”
“Yes, N—— has had a letter urging him to go; they will take Italy
only en route. They hope to embark at Naples in a month, at latest.
But Marie tells me they cannot return within a year. She does not
appear to think much of so long an absence, but it gives me a pang
which no arguments for its necessity can alleviate.”
“Ah! well, but do you expect our children to marry for our
advantage? And was it not settled that it should be so? They say
affection seldom stands the test of living constantly together on a
journey. N—— is a good, noble fellow, hard-working, and a little
ambitious, which is no bad thing. Marie loves him; she has
intelligence and good health. They will pass the trial successfully, I
have not a doubt, and will return to us well-tried companions for life,
thoroughly acquainted with each other, and having learned how to
further and to suffice for one another’s happiness; and with that
spice of independence which is so necessary for preserving a good
understanding with one’s neighbours.”
“I daresay you are right, my dear; but this long absence is not the
less painful to me, and this year will seem a long one. I shall
certainly be glad when I begin to prepare their rooms for them here,
and have only a few days to reckon till I may hope to see them
again.”
“Certainly, certainly; and I too shall be delighted to see them at
home. Paul, too! But as it is certain they will be a year away, it would
be a fine opportunity for resuming my plan.”
“What, my dear? Do you mean building the house you were
thinking of, on that bit of land which is part of Marie’s dowry? I beg of
you to do nothing of the kind. We have quite enough room for them
here, and for their children, if they have any. And, after this long
absence, it will be a new trial to me to have Marie settled at a
distance from us—not to have her near me. Besides, her husband
cannot stay three-quarters of a year in the country. His engagements
do not allow of it. Marie would then be alone. What can she do in a
house all to herself, with her husband absent?”
“She will do, my love, as you did yourself, when my business
called me—as it did too often—away from home; yet we were young
then. She will have her house to see after; she will get into the way
of managing her property; she will have occupation and
responsibilities; and so she will be satisfied with herself and with the
result of her thought and work. Believe me, I have seen the warmest
family affections weakened and destroyed by the habit of married
children living with their parents. The wife likes to be mistress in her
own house; and this is a sound and just feeling; we should not run
counter to it. A woman who has been wisely educated, having a
house to look after and the responsibility and independence which
responsibility in every form brings with it, is more capable of
maintaining her own dignity of character than one who has been kept
all her life in a state of tutelage. Marie would be very comfortable
here, very happy to be with us, and her husband would be not less
satisfied in knowing that she was with us; but she would not have a
home of her own. An unmarried daughter is only in her place when
with her mother; but a wife is only in her place in her own house. A
married woman in her mother’s house takes her place only as a
guest. And even if we suppose no mutual irritation to arise from this
life in common—and this can hardly fail to arise—it is certain that
indifference to practical interests, nonchalance, and even ennui, and
all the dangers thence ensuing, are sure to be caused by it.
“You have brought up your daughter too well for her not to be
ardently desirous of fulfilling all her duties; you have always shown
her an example of activity too conspicuous for her not to wish to