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Hans J. Deeg
Juan Antonio Belmonte
Editors

Handbook of
Exoplanets
Handbook of Exoplanets
Hans J. Deeg • Juan Antonio Belmonte
Editors

Handbook of Exoplanets

With 910 Figures and 107 Tables

123
Editors
Hans J. Deeg Juan Antonio Belmonte
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

Departamento de Astrofísica Departamento de Astrofísica

Universidad de La Laguna Universidad de La Laguna
La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Tenerife, Spain

ISBN 978-3-319-55332-0 ISBN 978-3-319-55333-7 (eBook)

ISBN 978-3-319-55334-4 (print and electronic bundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950058

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword

In the search for other worlds, the last decades have probably been among the
most exciting over the past centuries, possibly since the years of the Copernican
heliocentrism and the discovery by Galileo of the Moons around Jupiter. The large
series of breakthroughs in the search for exoworlds make this recent period a rather
remarkable time in the history of astronomy which appears to be as fascinating as
the one about 400 years ago when humankind started to abandon geocentrism.
During the past 25 years, we have witnessed the detection of planets orbiting
thousands of nearby and distant stars. Since the discovery of the first planets around
pulsars in the early 1990s and the first Jupiter-mass planet around the solar-type
star 51 Peg in 1995, a large diversity of planetary systems, has been identified in
the nearby universe. Efficient hunting programs have provided increasing statistical
evidence that planets are very common around stars. More than 50% of the stars
in our galaxy may host planetary systems and therefore, tens of billions may await
discovery. The detection rate of exoplanets has only increased with time, reaching
values above one exoplanet discovery per day. The number of known exoplanets,
several thousand, will considerably increase in the coming decade thanks to the
many search programs already started or planned for ground and space telescopes.
The study of this extremely rich population of planetary systems will lead to a
better understanding of their architecture and the physics involved in the formation
processes. Ultimately, the ongoing search and characterization work may unveil
planets with adequate conditions to sustain the development of life and will pave
the road to the discovery of exolife.
Planets with masses similar to those existing in the Solar System are frequently
found in other planetary systems, displaying very different physical conditions.
Exoplanets appear in a large range of orbital separations around a variety of stars
and therefore are subject to very different stellar irradiations. The properties of the
planets depend heavily on their mass, chemical composition, stellar irradiation, and
on their interaction with the host stars’ gravity, radiation, and magnetic field. Obser-
vations have revealed and will continue bringing to light an enormous diversity of
planets and planetary systems conforming an exceptional set of laboratories which
will challenge our knowledge on physics, chemistry, geology, and biology.
The masses of known exoplanets span the range between the mass of the Earth
and several times the mass of Jupiter. While our Solar System provides useful

v
vi Foreword

guidance to establish the minimum mass of a planet, observations do not offer a

strong indication about the value of a maximum mass. A widely adopted criterion
for such value is the deuterium burning limit (13 MJup /. However, objects with
masses slightly above, generally designated as brown dwarfs, and below this limit
have been found orbiting stars and could in principle form via the same mechanism
of gravitational instability in protoplanetary discs, blurring a distinction. Brown
dwarfs are defined as self-gravitating objects unable to sustain stable hydrogen
burning which according to evolutionary models have masses below 75 MJup (for
solar metallicity). Discovered in 1995, free-floating brown dwarfs are known to
populate the galaxy in a comparable number to stars, but are rarely found around
stars (with occurrence rate of a few percent). In year 2000, free-floating objects with
only a few times the mass of Jupiter were discovered in star clusters via imaging and
spectroscopy. Subsequent searches have revealed that free-floating super-Jupiters
compare in number to solar-type stars and are far more common as free-floaters
than orbiting stars. Establishing an upper limit to the mass of planets will have to
await until an adequate understanding of the formation mechanisms of these super-
Jupiters is achieved.
Doppler radial velocity measurements provided the first exoplanet discoveries
around solar-type stars, the so-called Hot Jupiters, close-in orbit gas giants domi-
nated by a hydrogen-helium envelope with a rocky core. This type of exoplanets
was also the first detected to produce eclipses of their stars. While cold Jupiter-
like planets of much longer orbital periods appear to orbit around 3% of solar-type
stars, their hot counterparts are present only around less than 1%. Hot Jupiters are
likely formed via core accretion at much higher separation from their host stars
suffering subsequent migration to their observed orbits. Planets with such very close
orbits (P < 7 days) offer a high probability (10%) of producing eclipses, and many
have been the subject of extensive atmospheric characterization via differential
photometry and spectroscopy during transits. These observing techniques have
provided some initial insight on their atmospheric chemical composition, vertical
pressure-temperature profiles, albedos, and circulation patterns.
Among the identified new types of planets, super-Earths, which have several
times, the mass of the Earth and sizes up to twice its radius, are remarkably different
to the planets in the Solar System. Besides, they are the most abundant planets
with orbital periods of less than 100 days and are frequently found in compact
multiple-planet systems. More than 50% of the stars seem to host a super-Earth
or a smaller planet. The generation of these planets is expected to occur through the
formation of a rocky core and subsequent accretion of a gas envelope. The envelopes
can be massive enough to notably contribute to the total radius of the planet.
However, many processes (photoevaporation, collisions, etc.) contribute to eroding
the atmosphere during evolution causing a large diversity of these envelopes, which
observations are starting to unveil. Some super-Earths could in principle form a
crust and host liquid water, if they are located at suitable orbital separations. Several
have been detected in the habitable zone of stars producing eclipses. They are very
Foreword vii

attractive targets for atmospheric characterization via transit spectroscopy with the
new suite of large diameter ground and space telescopes.
Evidence for the existence of terrestrial planets is compelling, and planets
with similar mass, size, and physical conditions potentially similar to the Earth
have already been discovered. Planet Proxima b in the nearest star to the Sun,
detected using Doppler radial velocity measurements, is the closest example of
a continuously increasing family. Such rocky planets may host liquid water,
and the characterization of their thin atmospheres will be an extraordinary chal-
lenge, even for the new generation of extremely large telescopes. Proxima b is
not known to transit its parent star, and direct imaging and spectroscopy with
coronographs assisted by Adaptive Optics on very large and extremely large
telescopes is a promising way to obtain information on its atmospheric properties.
Identifying tracers of biological activity will possibly require new technological
advances.
The Kepler space observatory and other ground-based observatories have iden-
tified a large number of transiting planets, including those of Earth-size. Series
of radial velocity measurements of the host stars could in principle achieve a
determination of the masses for these small planets, which typically induce radial
velocity semi-amplitudes of tens of cm/s in solar type stars. The advent of a new
generation of ultra-stable high dispersion spectrographs at very large telescopes
(ESPRESSO is the first to achieve 10 cm/s) will make possible such measurements
in a fraction of the detected systems, leading to the obtainment of planet densities
and further insight on the formation processes of terrestrial planets. In multiple
transiting planet systems, transit time variability observations can also provide a
determination of masses.
Bright stars with transiting Earth-size planets offer an excellent opportunity to
study planet atmospheric properties with JWST and the ELTs. A large effort is
currently undertaken to search for transiting planets in the habitable zone of nearby
stars using a series of dedicated ground-based telescopes (MEarth, SPECULOOS,
etc.) and space observatories (TESS). In the future, other space telescopes like
JWST, CHEOPS, and PLATO and the extremely large telescopes (EELT, TMT,
GMT) will bring exceptional capacities for the characterization of the atmospheres
of a large variety of exoplanets, including the new terrestrials.
This Handbook of Exoplanets provides an outstanding vision on the state of the
art of exoplanet research, as well as describes the historical evolution of the field
from first discoveries to the most recent detections. It includes a revision of the
theories of formation and evolution for the various types of planets and the on going
effort to characterize both planet interiors and their atmospheric properties. Current
knowledge on exoplanet properties is confronted with the detailed information
provided by planets in the Solar System and by brown dwarfs. The atmospheres of
nearby free-floating brown dwarfs can be studied in great detail and offer important
insight and guidance for the exploration of exoplanet atmospheres in a large range
of temperatures extending below the temperature of the atmosphere of the Earth.
viii Foreword

This book also offers an overview of recent advances in the various techniques
employed in the field and shows how progress on direct imaging, radial velocities,
transit photometry and spectroscopy, microlensing, astrometry, etc., will enable the
path to understanding the origin, evolution, and the physical/chemical properties of
the large diversity of planets so far discovered, including those similar to Earth.

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain Rafael Rebolo

February 2018
Preface

About 25 years after the discovery of the first exoplanets by a few scattered pioneers,
the field of exoplanetology has developed into a principal branch of astronomy,
producing over a thousand scientific articles every year. The underlying central
question that motivates most of its activity, “Are we alone in the Universe?” and
“What are the origins of our and of other Worlds?” can now be illuminated from
several angles, but a conclusive answer remains in the distance. The present work
is a first attempt to summarize the current status of the science driven by these
questions. The idea for it started almost like a joke during a dinner in a sympathetic
Korean Restaurant during the 29th IAU General Assembly in Honolulu. Three years
later, that embryo has developed into four heavy volumes, with contributions by over
200 scientists. We, as Editors-in-Chief of this project, are very proud of how our
colleagues, partners, friends, and even some scientific rivals have taken a substantial
part of their more than busy lives to make this possible. A big “Thank you” to all of
them!
The Handbook of Exoplanets, like other major reference works by Springer, has
been organized into Sections. Each of them was developed under the supervision
of one or more dedicated Section Editors. The work of these scholars has been
absolutely fundamental for the success of the project. Dear Tsevi, Agustín, María
Rosa, Alex, Norio, Malcolm, Roi, Hans, Nuccio, Natalie, Sara, Ralph, Pedro, Vikki,
Rory, and Jean, you cannot imagine how thankful we are!
The Handbook is organized along both a chronological and thematic perspective.
The first section “Exoplanet Research: A History of Discovery” serves as an
introduction for the Handbook. Then, two sections follow that contextualize exo-
planets within the wider field of astronomy: “Solar System–Exoplanet Synergies”
and “Between Planets and Stars,” devoted to the celestial bodies of our vicinity,
including the Earth and objects like free-floating planets or brown dwarfs. The
major part of the Handbook describes the observational efforts of the last 25
years, namely “Planet Discovery Methods,” “Ground-Based Instrumental Projects
for Exoplanet Research,” “Space Missions for Exoplanet Research,” and “Exoplanet
Characterization.” The central stars are fundamental for our understanding of planet
systems, hence the sections devoted to: “Characterizing Planet Host Stars” and
“Planets and Their Stars: Interactions.” The next section of the Handbook introduces
the status of interpretative work in exoplanet science. First, the major global results

ix
x Preface

are given in the section “Catalogues, Planet Abundances and Statistics.” The most
detailed knowledge we have about exoplanets is about their atmospheres, hence
the section “Exoplanet Atmospheres.” The question about our and other worlds’
origins is directly confronted in “Formation and Evolution of Planets and Planet
Systems.” One of the major observational results is our awareness of the variety of
other worlds that exist in the Universe, which motivated the section named “The
Diversity of Worlds: An Exoplanet Fauna.” The largest section of this book “Where
Life May Arise: Habitability” is directly dedicated to the fundamental question “Are
we alone?” We do not have a crystal ball suggesting what will be next in our field.
However, we felt the necessity to envisage how it may develop; hence, the book
concludes with “The Future: What Will Be Next?”
Certainly, there will be colleagues who point out that important topics have been
omitted and they will likely be correct. However, this work has been envisaged
as a living document in which future developments, as well as updates of current
ones, will be addressed in its electronic edition. So, it is open to suggestions and
improvements, and we invite readers to provide feedback. Our ultimate hope is
that sometimes in the future there will be chapters or whole sections, not devoted
to remote observations and exoplanet habitability as of today, but rather to results
from in situ missions and to exoplanet habitats. Future provides indeed a wide open
window to our understanding of the Universe!

Tenerife, Spain Hans J. Deeg

April 2018 Juan Antonio Belmonte
Contents

Volume 1
Section I Exoplanet Research: A History of Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tsevi Mazeh
1 The Discovery of the First Exoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Davide Cenadelli and Andrea Bernagozzi
2 PSR B1257+12 and the First Confirmed Planets Beyond the
Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Alexander Wolszczan
3 Prehistory of Transit Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Danielle Briot and Jean Schneider
4 Discovery of the First Transiting Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Edward W. Dunham
5 The Way to Circumbinary Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Laurance R. Doyle and Hans J. Deeg
6 The Naming of Extrasolar Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Frederic V. Hessman
7 Impact of Exoplanet Science in the Early Twenty-First
Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Hans J. Deeg and Juan Antonio Belmonte

Section II Solar System–Exoplanet Synergies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Agustín Sánchez Lavega
8 The Solar System: A Panorama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Katherine de Kleer and Imke de Pater
9 Interiors and Surfaces of Terrestrial Planets and
Major Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Alberto G. Fairén

xi
xii Contents

10 Internal Structure of Giant and Icy Planets: Importance of

Heavy Elements and Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Ravit Helled and Tristan Guillot
11 Composition and Chemistry of the Atmospheres of Terrestrial
Planets: Venus, the Earth, Mars, and Titan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Thérèse Encrenaz and Athena Coustenis
12 Tenuous Atmospheres in the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Emmanuel Lellouch
13 Temperature, Clouds, and Aerosols in the Terrestrial Bodies
of the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
F. Montmessin and A. Määttänen
14 Temperature, Clouds, and Aerosols in Giant and Icy Planets . . . . 265
Robert A. West
15 Atmospheric Dynamics of Terrestrial Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Peter L. Read, Stephen R. Lewis, and Geoffrey K. Vallis
16 Atmospheric Dynamics of Giants and Icy Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
A. Sánchez-Lavega and M. Heimpel
17 Upper Atmospheres and Ionospheres of Planets and Satellites . . . 349
Antonio García Muñoz, Tommi T. Koskinen, and
Panayotis Lavvas
18 Rings in the Solar System: A Short Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Sébastien Charnoz, Aurélien Crida, and Ryuki Hyodo
19 The Diverse Population of Small Bodies of the Solar System . . . . . 395
Julia de León, Javier Licandro, and Noemí Pinilla-Alonso
20 The Solar System as a Benchmark for Exoplanet Systems
Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Pilar Montañés-Rodríguez and Enric Pallé

Section III Between Planets and Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

María Rosa Zapatero-Osorio
21 Brown Dwarf Formation: Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Anthony P. Whitworth
22 Brown Dwarfs and Free-Floating Planets in Young Stellar
Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
V. J. S. Béjar and Eduardo L. Martín
23 Large-Scale Searches for Brown Dwarfs and Free-Floating
Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Ben Burningham
Contents xiii

24 Spectral Properties of Brown Dwarfs and Unbound Planetary

Mass Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Jacqueline K. Faherty
25 Y Dwarfs: The Challenge of Discovering the Coldest
Substellar Population in the Solar Neighborhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Sandy K. Leggett
26 Variability of Brown Dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Étienne Artigau
27 Metal-Depleted Brown Dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Nicolas Lodieu
28 Radio Emission from Ultracool Dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Peter K. G. Williams
29 Definition of Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Jean Schneider

Section IV Planet Discovery Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Alexander Wolszczan
30 Radial Velocities as an Exoplanet Discovery Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Jason T. Wright
31 Transit Photometry as an Exoplanet Discovery Method . . . . . . . . . 633
Hans J. Deeg and Roi Alonso
32 Finding Planets via Gravitational Microlensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Virginie Batista
33 Astrometry as an Exoplanet Discovery Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Fabien Malbet and Alessandro Sozzetti
34 Direct Imaging as a Detection Technique for Exoplanets . . . . . . . . 705
Laurent Pueyo
35 Pulsar Timing as an Exoplanet Discovery Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Michael Kramer
36 Timing by Stellar Pulsations as an Exoplanet
Discovery Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
J. J. Hermes
37 Transit-Timing and Duration Variations for the Discovery
and Characterization of Exoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Eric Agol and Daniel C. Fabrycky
38 Radio Observations as an Exoplanet Discovery Method . . . . . . . . . 817
T. Joseph W. Lazio
xiv Contents

39 Detecting and Characterizing Exomoons and Exorings . . . . . . . . . 835

René Heller

Volume 2
Section V Ground-Based Instrumental Projects for
Exoplanet Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Norio Narita

40 High-Precision Spectrographs for Exoplanet Research:

CORAVEL, ELODIE, CORALIE, SOPHIE, and HARPS . . . . . . . 855
Francesco Pepe, François Bouchy, Michel Mayor, and
Stéphane Udry

41 ESPRESSO on VLT: An Instrument for Exoplanet Research . . . . 883

Jonay I. González Hernández, Francesco Pepe, Paolo Molaro,
and Nuno C. Santos

42 SPIRou: A NIR Spectropolarimeter/High-Precision

Velocimeter for the CFHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Jean-François Donati, D. Kouach, M. Lacombe, S. Baratchart,
R. Doyon, X. Delfosse, Étienne Artigau, Claire Moutou,
G. Hébrard, François Bouchy, J. Bouvier, S. Alencar,
L. Saddlemyer, L. Parès, P. Rabou, Y. Micheau, F. Dolon,
G. Barrick, O. Hernandez, S. Y. Wang, V. Reshetov, N. Striebig,
Z. Challita, A. Carmona, S. Tibault, E. Martioli, P. Figueira,
I. Boisse, Francesco Pepe, and the SPIRou Teams

43 HiCIAO and IRD: Two Exoplanet Instruments for the Subaru

8.2 m Telescope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Motohide Tamura

44 Imaging with Adaptive Optics and Coronographs for

Exoplanet Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Olivier Guyon

45 The HATNet and HATSouth Exoplanet Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957

Gáspár Á. Bakos

46 KELT: The Kilodegree Extremely Little

Telescope, a Survey for Exoplanets
Transiting Bright, Hot Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
Joshua Pepper, Keivan G. Stassun, and B. S. Gaudi

47 Small Telescope Exoplanet Transit Surveys: XO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981

Nicolas Crouzet
Contents xv

48 SPECULOOS Exoplanet Search and Its Prototype

on TRAPPIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
Artem Burdanov, Laetitia Delrez, Michaël Gillon, Emmanuël
Jehin, and the SPECULOOS and TRAPPIST Teams
49 Microlensing Surveys for Exoplanet Research (OGLE Survey
Perspective) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
Andrzej Udalski
50 Microlensing Surveys for Exoplanet
Research (MOA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Philip Yock and Yasushi Muraki
51 Korea Microlensing Telescope Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Byeong-Gon Park, Andrew P. Gould, Chung-Uk Lee, and
Seung-Lee Kim
52 Exoplanet Research with the Stratospheric Observatory for
Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085
Daniel Angerhausen
53 Exoplanet Research in the Era of the Extremely Large
Telescope (ELT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105
Florian Rodler

Section VI Space Missions for Exoplanet Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121

Malcolm Fridlund
54 Space Missions for Exoplanet Research: Overview and
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123
Malcolm Fridlund
55 CoRoT: The First Space-Based Transit Survey to Explore the
Close-in Planet Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
Magali Deleuil and Malcolm Fridlund
56 Space Missions for Exoplanet Science: Kepler/K2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159
William J. Borucki
57 Observing Exoplanets with the Spitzer Space Telescope . . . . . . . . . 1179
Charles A. Beichman and Drake Deming
58 Space Astrometry Missions for Exoplanet Science: Gaia and
the Legacy of Hipparcos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
Alessandro Sozzetti and Jos de Bruijne
59 Interferometric Space Missions for Exoplanet Science:
Legacy of Darwin/TPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229
Denis Defrère, Olivier Absil, and Charles A. Beichman
xvi Contents

60 CHEOPS: CHaracterizing ExOPlanets

Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1257
Willy Benz, David Ehrenreich, and Kate Isaak
61 Observing Exoplanets with the James Webb Space Telescope . . . . 1283
Charles A. Beichman and Thomas P. Greene
62 Space Missions for Exoplanet Science:
PLATO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309
Heike Rauer and Ana M. Heras
63 Future Astrometric Space Missions for Exoplanet Science . . . . . . . 1331
Markus Janson, Alexis Brandeker, Celine Boehm, and
Alberto Krone Martins
64 Future Exoplanet Space Missions: Spectroscopy and
Coronographic Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343
Artie P. Hatzes and René Liseau

Section VII Exoplanet Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355

Roi Alonso
65 Mass-Radius Relations of Giant Planets: The Radius
Anomaly and Interior Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357
Gregory Laughlin
66 The Rossiter–McLaughlin Effect in Exoplanet Research . . . . . . . . 1375
Amaury H. M. J. Triaud
67 Stellar Limb Darkening’s Effects on Exoplanet
Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403
Szilárd Csizmadia
68 Exoplanet Phase Curves: Observations and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419
Vivien Parmentier and Ian J. M. Crossfield
69 Characterization of Exoplanets: Secondary Eclipses . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441
Roi Alonso
70 Mapping Exoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469
Nicolas B. Cowan and Yuka Fujii
71 Spectroscopic Direct Detection of Exoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1485
Jayne L. Birkby
72 Characterizing Evaporating Atmospheres of Exoplanets . . . . . . . . 1509
Vincent Bourrier and Alain Lecavelier des Etangs
73 Disintegrating Rocky Exoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527
Rik van Lieshout and Saul A. Rappaport
Contents xvii

74 Characterizing the Chemistry of Planetary Materials Around

White Dwarf Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1545
B. Zuckerman and E. D. Young
75 Bayesian Methods for Exoplanet Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1567
Hannu Parviainen
76 Tools for Transit and Radial Velocity Modeling and Analysis . . . . 1591
Hans J. Deeg

Section VIII Characterizing Planet Host Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1613

Hans Kjeldsen
77 Characterizing Planet Host Stars:
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615
Hans Kjeldsen
78 Accurate Stellar Parameters for Radial Velocity Surveys . . . . . . . . 1623
Nuno C. Santos and Lars A. Buchhave
79 The Combined System of Microlensing Exoplanets and Their
Host Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1641
Uffe Gråe Jørgensen and Markus Hundertmark
80 Characterizing Host Stars Using Asteroseismology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1655
Mia Sloth Lundkvist, Daniel Huber, Víctor Silva Aguirre, and
William J. Chaplin
81 Ages for Exoplanet Host Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1679
Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard and Víctor Silva Aguirre

Volume 3
Section IX Planets and Their Stars: Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1697
Antonino F. Lanza
82 Planet and Star Interactions: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1699
Antonino F. Lanza
83 Rotation of Planet-Hosting Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1705
Pierre F. L. Maxted
84 Stellar Coronal Activity and Its Impact on Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723
Giuseppina Micela
85 Signatures of Star-Planet Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737
Evgenya L. Shkolnik and Joe Llama
86 Magnetic Fields in Planet-Hosting Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755
Claire Moutou, Rim Fares, and Jean-François Donati
xviii Contents

87 Star-Planet Interactions in the Radio Domain: Prospect for

Their Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1775
Philippe Zarka
88 The Impact of Stellar Activity on the Detection and
Characterization of Exoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1791
Andrew Collier Cameron
89 Tidal Star-Planet Interactions: A Stellar and Planetary
Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1801
Stéphane Mathis
90 Models of Star-Planet Magnetic Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833
Antoine Strugarek
91 Stellar Coronal and Wind Models: Impact on Exoplanets . . . . . . . 1857
Aline A. Vidotto
92 Electromagnetic Coupling in Star-Planet Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1877
Joachim Saur
93 Accretion of Planetary Material onto Host Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1895
Brian Jackson and Joleen Carlberg
94 Planetary Evaporation Through Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913
Travis S. Barman

Section X Exoplanet Catalogs, Abundances, and

Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1931
Natalie Batalha
95 Exoplanet Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1933
Jessie Christiansen
96 Planet Occurrence: Doppler and Transit Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949
Joshua N. Winn
97 Occurrence Rates from Direct Imaging Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967
Brendan P. Bowler and Eric L. Nielsen
98 Populations of Extrasolar Giant Planets from Transit and
Radial Velocity Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985
Alexandre Santerne
99 Planet Populations as a Function of Stellar Properties . . . . . . . . . . 2009
Gijs D. Mulders
100 Populations of Planets in Multiple Star Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2035
David V. Martin
Contents xix

Section XI Exoplanet Atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2061

Sara Seager
101 The “Spectral Zoo” of Exoplanet Atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2063
Aki Roberge and Sara Seager
102 Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Transmission
Spectroscopy and Other Planet Star Combined Light
Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2083
Laura Kreidberg
103 Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Direct Imaging . . . . . 2107
Beth A. Biller and Mickaël Bonnefoy
104 Radiative Transfer for Exoplanet Atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2137
Kevin Heng and Mark S. Marley
105 Atmospheric Retrieval of Exoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153
Nikku Madhusudhan

Section XII Formation and Evolution of Planets and

Planetary Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2183
Ralph E. Pudritz
106 A Brief Overview of Planet Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2185
Philip J. Armitage
107 Dust Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2205
Sean M. Andrews and Tilman Birnstiel
108 Chemistry During the Gas-Rich Stage of Planet Formation . . . . . . 2221
Edwin A. Bergin and L. Ilsedore Cleeves
109 Instabilities and Flow Structures in Protoplanetary Disks:
Setting the Stage for Planetesimal Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2251
Hubert Klahr, Thomas Pfeil, and Andreas Schreiber
110 Planetary Migration in Protoplanetary Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2287
Richard P. Nelson
111 Formation of Giant Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2319
Gennaro D’Angelo and Jack J. Lissauer
112 Formation of Super-Earths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2345
Hilke E. Schlichting
113 Formation of Terrestrial Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2365
André Izidoro and Sean N. Raymond
114 Planetary Population Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2425
Christoph Mordasini
xx Contents

115 Connecting Planetary Composition with Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475

Ralph E. Pudritz, Alex J. Cridland, and Matthew Alessi
116 Dynamical Evolution of Planetary Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2523
Alessandro Morbidelli
117 Debris Disks: Probing Planet Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2543
Mark C. Wyatt

Volume 4
Section XIII The Diversity of Worlds: An Exoplanet Fauna . . . . . . . . . . 2569
Pedro Figueira
118 HD189733b: The Transiting Hot Jupiter That Revealed a
Hazy and Cloudy Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2571
François Bouchy
119 WASP-12b: A Mass-Losing Extremely
Hot Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2585
Carole A. Haswell
120 Transiting Disintegrating Planetary Debris Around
WD 1145+017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2603
Andrew Vanderburg and Saul A. Rappaport
121 Proxima b: The Detection of the Earth-Type Planet
Candidate Orbiting Our Closest Neighbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2627
Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Mikko Tuomi, Ignasi Ribas,
Ansgar Reiners, Pedro J. Amado, and Guillem Anglada
122 HR8799: Imaging a System of Exoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2645
Quinn M. Konopacky and Travis S. Barman
123 Fomalhaut’s Dusty Debris Belt and Eccentric Planet . . . . . . . . . . . 2669
Paul G. Kalas
124 55 Cancri (Copernicus): A Multi-planet System with a Hot
Super-Earth and a Jupiter Analogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2677
Debra A. Fischer
125 Planets in Mean-Motion Resonances and the System Around
HD45364 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2693
Alexandre C. M. Correia, Jean-Baptiste Delisle, and
Jacques Laskar
126 Tightly Packed Planetary Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2713
Rebekah I. Dawson
127 Circumbinary Planets Around Evolved Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2731
T. R. Marsh
Contents xxi

128 Two Suns in the Sky: The Kepler Circumbinary Planets . . . . . . . . 2749
William F. Welsh and Jerome A. Orosz

Section XIV Where Life May Arise: Habitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2769

Victoria Meadows, Rory Barnes
129 Factors Affecting Exoplanet Habitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2771
Victoria S. Meadows and Rory K. Barnes
130 Life’s Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2795
Tori M. Hoehler, Sanjoy M. Som, and Nancy Y. Kiang
131 Earth: Atmospheric Evolution of a Habitable Planet . . . . . . . . . . . 2817
Stephanie L. Olson, Edward W. Schwieterman,
Christopher T. Reinhard, and Timothy W. Lyons
132 The Habitability of Icy Ocean Worlds in the Solar System . . . . . . . 2855
Steven D. Vance
133 Planet Formation, Migration, and Habitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2879
Yann Alibert, Sareh Ataiee, and Julia Venturini
134 Volcanic-Tectonic Modes and Planetary Life Potential . . . . . . . . . . 2897
A. Lenardic
135 Planetary Interiors, Magnetic Fields, and Habitability . . . . . . . . . . 2917
Peter E. Driscoll
136 Planetary Interior-Atmosphere Interaction and Habitability . . . . 2937
Norman H. Sleep
137 Stellar Composition, Structure, and Evolution: Impact on
Habitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2959
Patrick A. Young
138 The Habitable Zone: The Climatic Limits of Habitability . . . . . . . 2981
Ravi Kumar Kopparapu
139 Star-Planet Interactions and Habitability: Radiative Effects . . . . . 2995
Antígona Segura
140 Gravitational Interactions and Habitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3019
Rory K. Barnes and Russell Deitrick
141 Habitability of Planets in Binary Star Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3041
Siegfried Eggl
142 Habitability in Brown Dwarf Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3069
Emeline Bolmont
143 Galactic Effects on Habitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3091
Nathan A. Kaib
xxii Contents

144 Assessing the Interior Structure of Terrestrial Exoplanets

with Implications for Habitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3111
Caroline Dorn, Dan J. Bower, and Antoine Rozel
145 Characterizing Exoplanet Habitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3137
Tyler D. Robinson
146 Atmospheric Biosignatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3159
John Lee Grenfell
147 Surface and Temporal Biosignatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3173
Edward W. Schwieterman
148 Biosignature False Positives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3203
Chester E. Harman and Shawn Domagal-Goldman
149 The Detectability of Earth’s Biosignatures Across Time . . . . . . . . . 3225
Enric Pallé

Section XV The Future: What Will Be Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3243

Jean Schneider
150 Future Exoplanet Research: Science Questions and
How to Address Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3245
Jean Schneider
151 Future Exoplanet Research: Radio Detection
and Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3269
J.-M. Griessmeier
152 Future Exoplanet Research: High-Contrast Imaging
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3285
Pierre Baudoz
153 Future Exoplanet Research: XUV (EUV and X-Ray)
Detection and Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3301
Graziella Branduardi-Raymont, William R. Dunn,
and Salvatore Sciortino
154 Circumstellar Discs: What Will Be Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3321
Quentin Kral, Cathie Clarke, and Mark C. Wyatt
155 Solid Exoplanet Surfaces and Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3353
Jean-Loup Bertaux
156 Exotic Forms of Life on Other Worlds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3375
Louis N. Irwin
157 Multi-Pixel Imaging of Exoplanets with a Hypertelescope
in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3389
Antoine Labeyrie
Contents xxiii

158 Exoplanets and SETI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3405

Jason T. Wright
159 Direct Exoplanet Investigation Using Interstellar
Space Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3413
Ian A. Crawford
160 Special Cases: Moons, Rings, Comets, and Trojans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3433
Juan Cabrera, María Fernández Jiménez, Antonio García Muñoz,
and Jean Schneider

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3451
About the Editors

Hans J. Deeg is staff astronomer at the Instituto de

Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) in Tenerife, Spain. Born
in Würzburg, Germany, he obtained a Master’s in
Physics from SUNY Buffalo, USA, in 1986 and a Ph.D.
from the University of New Mexico, USA, in 1993.
Previously, he held posts at the Rochester Institute
of Technology; the SETI Institute (both USA); the
Centro de Astrobiología, Madrid; and the Instituto de
Astrofísica de Andalucía (both Spain). Deeg’s principal
interests are the detection and characterization of exo-
planets, for which he has been working since 1994 on
a wide range of ground- and space-based projects. He
was the principal Spanish investigator for the exoplanet
detection with the CoRoT space mission (2006–2014)
and is currently coordinating several tasks for ESA’s
next-generation PLATO space mission. He is also a
habitual user of the large telescopes installed at Roque
de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La
Palma. During his career, he has authored over 300 sci-
entific articles mostly related to exoplanets, organized
several conferences on this topic, and been member on
several review panels for funding agencies or telescope
time allocation. Deeg has also supervised several Ph.D.
theses and is currently teaching a Master-level course
on exoplanets at the University of La Laguna, Tenerife.

xxv
xxvi About the Editors

Juan Antonio Belmonte is Research Professor at the

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (Tenerife, Spain)
where he investigates exoplanets, stellar physics, and
cultural astronomy. He has published or edited a dozen
books and authored more than 200 publications on
those subjects. He has been the Director of the Science
and Cosmos Museum of Tenerife from 1995 to 2000
and President of the European Society for Astronomy
in Culture (SEAC) from 2005 to 2011 and of the Span-
ish Time Allocation Committee (CAT) of the Canarian
observatories from 2003 to 2012. In 2012, he received
the “Carlos Jaschek” Award of the European Society
for Astronomy in Culture for his contributions to that
discipline. He has been editor of two sections and the
author of 12 contributions in the previous Springer’s
Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy.
In the early 2000s, he got involved in exoplanet
research being one of the founders of the TrES Network
and co-Director of one of the first international schools
in the field in 2004. He has supervised three Ph.D. stu-
dents in Exoplanets, including that of Roi Alonso, one
of the Section Editors of this Handbook of Exoplanets.
A member of the Exoplanet Project at the IAC, he is
currently teaching a master-level course on extrasolar
planets at the University of La Laguna. He is now Presi-
dent of the International Society for Archaeoastronomy
and Astronomy in Culture and Advisory Editor of the
Journal for the History of Astronomy. Born in Murcia
(Spain) in 1962, he studied physics and got his master
thesis in 1986 at Barcelona University and obtained his
Ph.D. in Astrophysics from La Laguna University in
1989.
Section Editors

Exoplanet Research: A History of Discovery

Tsevi Mazeh School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv,
Israel

Solar System–Exoplanet Synergies

Agustín Sánchez Lavega Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, Universidad del País
Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain

Between Planets and Stars

María Rosa Zapatero-Osorio Centro de Astrobiología, Madrid, Spain

Planet Discovery Methods

Alexander Wolszczan Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics and Center for
Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, PA, USA

Ground-Based Instrumental Projects for Exoplanet Research

Norio Narita Department of Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.

Space Missions for Exoplanet Research

Malcolm Fridlund Leiden Observatory, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology,
Onsala, Sweden

Exoplanet Characterization
Roi Alonso Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Departamento de Astrofísica, La Laguna, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna,
Tenerife, Spain

xxvii
xxviii Section Editors

Characterizing Planet Host Stars

Hans Kjeldsen Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Planets and Their Stars: Interactions

Antonino F. Lanza INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy

Exoplanet Catalogs, Abundances, and Statistics

Natalie Batalha NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, USA

Exoplanet Atmospheres
Sara Seager Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Mas-
sachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Formation and Evolution of Planets and Planetary Systems

Ralph E. Pudritz Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada

The Diversity of Worlds: An Exoplanet Fauna

Pedro Figueira European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile

Where Life May Arise: Habitability

Victoria Meadows Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Seattle,
WA, USA
Rory Barnes Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,
USA

The Future: What Will Be Next?

Jean Schneider Paris Observatory, LUTh Departement, Meudon, France
Contributors

Olivier Absil F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate, Space Sciences, Technologies and

Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
Eric Agol Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
S. Alencar UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Matthew Alessi Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University,
Hamilton, ON, Canada
Yann Alibert Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physikalisches Institut,
Universitaet Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Roi Alonso Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife,
Spain
Pedro J. Amado Glorieta de la Astronomía S/N, Instituto de Astrofísica de
Andalucía – CSIC, Granada, Spain
Sean M. Andrews Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge,
MA, USA
Daniel Angerhausen Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
Guillem Anglada Glorieta de la Astronomía S/N, Instituto de Astrofísica de
Andalucía – CSIC, Granada, Spain
Guillem Anglada-Escudé School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary Uni-
versity of London, London, UK
Philip J. Armitage JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
Étienne Artigau Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Département de
Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
Sareh Ataiee Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Bern, Bern, Switzerland

xxix
xxx Contributors

Gáspár Á. Bakos Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University,

Princeton, NJ, USA
S. Baratchart IRAP/OMP, Toulouse, France
Travis S. Barman Lunar and Planetary Lab, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,
USA
Rory K. Barnes Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,
USA
G. Barrick CFHT, Waimea, HI, USA
Virginie Batista Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Paris Cedex 1, France
Pierre Baudoz LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS,
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Universitié Paris 06, Universitié Paris Diderot,
Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Charles A. Beichman NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of
Technology and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA
V. J. S. Béjar Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C. Vía Láctea S/N, Tenerife,
Spain
Juan Antonio Belmonte Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife,
Spain

Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

Willy Benz Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Edwin A. Bergin Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
Andrea Bernagozzi Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologia, Sezione di Geologia,
UNICAMearth Working Group, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Camerino,
Italy
Osservatorio Astronomico della Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta, Nus (Aosta),
Italy
Jean-Loup Bertaux CNRS/LATMOS/UVSQ, Paris, France
Laboratory for Atmospheres of Planets and Exo-Planets, IKI-RAS, Moscow, Russia
Beth A. Biller Institute of Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Jayne L. Birkby Anton Pannekoek Institute of Astronomy, University of Amster-
dam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Contributors xxxi

Tilman Birnstiel Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,

University Observatory, Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Celine Boehm Department of Physics, Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenol-
ogy, Durham University, Durham, UK
I. Boisse LAM/OHP, Marseille, France
Emeline Bolmont IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Université Paris Diderot, AIM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
Mickaël Bonnefoy IPAG, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
William J. Borucki NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
François Bouchy Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève, Versoix, GE,
Switzerland
Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
LAM/OHP, Marseille, France
Vincent Bourrier Observatoire de l’Université de Genève, Sauverny, Switzerland
J. Bouvier IPAG, Paris, France
Dan J. Bower University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Brendan P. Bowler Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX, USA
Alexis Brandeker Department of Astronomy, Institutionen för astronomi, Stock-
holm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Graziella Branduardi-Raymont Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University
College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, UK
Danielle Briot GEPI, UMR 8111, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de
l’Observatoire, Paris, France
Lars A. Buchhave Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Natural History Museum
of Denmark and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K,
Denmark
Artem Burdanov Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research
(STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Ben Burningham Centre for Astrophysics Research, School of Physics, Astron-
omy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
xxxii Contributors

Juan Cabrera Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft – und
Raumfahrt, Berlin, Germany
Andrew Collier Cameron Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
Joleen Carlberg Instruments Division, Space Telescope Science Institute,
Baltimore, MD, USA
A. Carmona IRAP/OMP, Toulouse, France
Davide Cenadelli Osservatorio Astronomico della Regione Autonoma Valle
d’Aosta, Nus (Aosta), Italy
Z. Challita IRAP/OMP, Toulouse, France
William J. Chaplin School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, UK
Sébastien Charnoz Université Paris Diderot/Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris,
France
Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of
Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Jessie Christiansen IPAC, Pasadena, CA, USA
Cathie Clarke Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
L. Ilsedore Cleeves Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge,
MA, USA
Alexandre C. M. Correia CIDMA, Departamento de Física, Universidade de
Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Athena Coustenis LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL Universities,
UPMC, UPD, Meudon, France
Nicolas B. Cowan McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Ian A. Crawford Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College,
University of London, London, UK
Aurélien Crida Université Côte d’Azur/Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Lagrange,
Nice, France
Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
Alex J. Cridland Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Ian J. M. Crossfield Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technol-
ogy, Cambridge, MA, USA
Nicolas Crouzet Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna,
Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
Contributors xxxiii

Szilárd Csizmadia Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center,

Berlin, Germany
DLR, Berlin, Germany
Gennaro D’Angelo Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, NM, USA
Rebekah I. Dawson Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylva-
nia State University, University Park, PA, USA
Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA, USA
Hans J. Deeg Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife,
Spain
Denis Defrère Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
Russell Deitrick Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
Magali Deleuil LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), CNRS, CNES,
UMR 7326, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
X. Delfosse IAP/IdF, Paris, France
Jean-Baptiste Delisle Observatoire de l’Université de Genève, Sauverny, Switzer-
land
Laetitia Delrez Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
Jos de Bruijne European Space Agency (ESA-ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Nether-
lands
Katherine de Kleer Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Julia de León Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Imke de Pater Department of Astronomy, The University of California at Berke-
ley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The
Netherlands
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Drake Deming Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD, USA
F. Dolon LAM/OHP, Marseille, France
xxxiv Contributors

Shawn Domagal-Goldman Planetary Systems Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space

Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
NASA Astrobiology Institute–Virtual Planetary Laboratory, Seattle, USA
Sellers Exoplanets Environments Collaboration, NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Jean-François Donati CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Plané-
tologie, Toulouse, France
Caroline Dorn University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Laurance R. Doyle Institute for the Metaphysics of Physics, One Maybeck Place,
Principia College, Elsah, IL, USA
Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA
R. Doyon UdeM/UL, Montréal, QC, Canada
Peter E. Driscoll Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
Edward W. Dunham Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
William R. Dunn Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London,
Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, UK
Siegfried Eggl Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA, USA
David Ehrenreich Astronomical Observatory of the University of Geneva,
Sauverny, Switzerland
Thérèse Encrenaz LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL Universities,
UPMC, UPD, Meudon, France
Daniel C. Fabrycky Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of
Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Jacqueline K. Faherty Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natu-
ral History, New York, NY, USA
Alberto G. Fairén Department of Planetology and Habitability, Centro de Astro-
biologia (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Rim Fares INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
María Fernández Jiménez Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für
Luft – und Raumfahrt, Berlin, Germany
P. Figueira CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Debra A. Fischer Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Contributors xxxv

Malcolm Fridlund Leiden Observatory, Leiden, RA, The Netherlands

Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology,
Onsala, Sweden
Yuka Fujii Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo,
Japan
Antonio García Muñoz Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Berlin, TU,
Germany
Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
B. S. Gaudi Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
USA
Michaël Gillon Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Jonay I. González Hernández Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La
Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Andrew P. Gould Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Thomas P. Greene NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science and Astrobiol-
ogy Division, Moffett Field, CA, USA
John Lee Grenfell Department of Extrasolar Planets and Atmospheres (EPA),
German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Berlin Adlershof, Germany
J.-M. Griessmeier LPC2E-Université d’Orléans/CNRS, Orléans, France
Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research
University, CNRS, University of Orléans, OSUC, Nançay, France
Tristan Guillot Observatoire de la Cote dAzur, Nice Cedex 4, France
Olivier Guyon Astrobiology Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences,
Mitaka, Japan
Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Subaru Telescope, National Institutes
of Natural Sciences, Hilo, HI, USA
Chester E. Harman Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics,
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
NASA Astrobiology Institute–Virtual Planetary Laboratory, Seattle, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
Carole A. Haswell School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton
Keynes, UK
xxxvi Contributors

Artie P. Hatzes Thüringer Landessternwarte, Tautenburg, Germany

G. Hébrard IAP/IdF, Paris, France
M. Heimpel Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Ravit Helled Institute for Computational Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
René Heller Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
Kevin Heng Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzer-
land
Ana M. Heras Science Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space
Agency, ESTEC/SCI-S, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
J. J. Hermes Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
O. Hernandez UdeM/UL, Montréal, QC, Canada
Frederic V. Hessman Institut für Astrophysik, University of Göttingen, Göttingen,
Germany
Tori M. Hoehler Space Sciences and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames
Research Center, Mountain View, CA, USA
Daniel Huber Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA
Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney,
NSW, Australia
Markus Hundertmark Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie
der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Heidelberg, Germany
Ryuki Hyodo Earth-Life Science Institute/Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo,
Japan
Louis N. Irwin University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Kate Isaak Science Support Office, European Space Agency - ESTEC, AZ,
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
André Izidoro UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista – Grupo de Dinâmica
Orbital Planetologia, São Paulo, Brazil
Brian Jackson Department of Physics, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
Markus Janson Department of Astronomy, Institutionen för astronomi, Stock-
holm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Emmanuël Jehin Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research
(STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Contributors xxxvii

Uffe Gråe Jørgensen Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Niels Bohr Institute,
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Nathan A. Kaib HL Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
Paul G. Kalas Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA,
USA
SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA
Nancy Y. Kiang NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
Seung-Lee Kim Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
Hans Kjeldsen Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astron-
omy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Hubert Klahr Max Planck Institut for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Quinn M. Konopacky Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Ravi Kumar Kopparapu NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD,
USA
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Tommi T. Koskinen Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA
D. Kouach IRAP/OMP, Toulouse, France
Quentin Kral Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Michael Kramer MPI für Radioastrononomie, Bonn, Germany
Laura Kreidberg Harvard Society of Fellows, Cambridge, MA, USA
Antoine Labeyrie Collège de France and Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Caus-
sols, France
M. Lacombe IRAP/OMP, Toulouse, France
Antonino F. Lanza INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Jacques Laskar ASD, IMCCE-CNRS UMR8028, Paris, France
Gregory Laughlin Department of Astronomy, Yale University, New Haven, CT,
USA
Panayotis Lavvas GSMA, UMR 7331, CNRS, Université de Reims, Champagne-
Ardenne, Reims, France
xxxviii Contributors

T. Joseph W. Lazio Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,

Pasadena, CA, USA
Alain Lecavelier des Etangs CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06,
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France
Chung-Uk Lee Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
Sandy K. Leggett Gemini Observatory, Northern Operations Center, Hilo, HI,
USA
Emmanuel Lellouch Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en
Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
A. Lenardic Department of Earth Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
Stephen R. Lewis School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
Javier Licandro Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife,
Spain
René Liseau Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Onsala Space Observatory,
Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala, Sweden
Jack J. Lissauer Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research
Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
Joe Llama Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
Nicolas Lodieu Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
Mia Sloth Lundkvist Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidel-
berg, Germany
Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Timothy W. Lyons NASA Astrobiology Institute and Department of Earth Sci-
ences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
A. Määttänen LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC Univ. Paris
06, CNRS, Guyancourt, France
Nikku Madhusudhan Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cam-
bridge, UK
Fabien Malbet University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Mark S. Marley NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
T. R. Marsh Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Alberto Krone Martins CENTRA/SIM, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de
Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Contributors xxxix

Eduardo L. Martín CSIC-INTA Centro de Astrobiología, Madrid, Spain

David V. Martin Swiss National Science Foundation, University of Chicago,
Chicago, USA
E. Martioli LNA, Itajubá, Brazil
Stéphane Mathis Laboratoire AIM Paris-Saclay, IRFU/DAp Centre de Saclay,
CEA/DRF – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Univer-
sités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Univ. Paris Diderot, Meudon, France
Pierre F. L. Maxted Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Keele, UK
Michel Mayor Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève, Versoix, GE,
Switzerland
Victoria S. Meadows Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Seattle,
WA, USA
Giuseppina Micela Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio Astronomico
di Palermo Giuseppe S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy
Y. Micheau IRAP/OMP, Toulouse, France
Paolo Molaro INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Pilar Montañés-Rodríguez Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna,
Tenerife, Spain
F. Montmessin LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC Univ.
Paris 06, CNRS, Guyancourt, France
Alessandro Morbidelli Observatoire de la Côte d’ Azur, Boulevard de l’ Observa-
toire, Université Côte d’ Azur, CNRS, Nice, France
Christoph Mordasini Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzer-
land
Claire Moutou CNRS/CFHT, Kamuela, HI, USA
CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, Aix Marseille University,
Marseille, France
UdeM/UL, Montréal, QC, Canada
Gijs D. Mulders Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA
Yasushi Muraki Institute for Space-Earth Environment Research, Nagoya Univer-
sity, Nagoya, Japan
Richard P. Nelson Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London,
UK
xl Contributors

Eric L. Nielsen Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA, USA
Stephanie L. Olson NASA Astrobiology Institute and Department of Earth Sci-
ences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
Jerome A. Orosz Astronomy Department, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA, USA
Enric Pallé Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
L. Parès IRAP/OMP, Toulouse, France
Byeong-Gon Park Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Dae-
jeon, Republic of Korea
Vivien Parmentier Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tuc-
son, AZ, USA
Hannu Parviainen Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Francesco Pepe Département d’Astronomie, Observatoire de l’Université de
Genéve, Versoix, GE, Switzerland
Joshua Pepper Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
Thomas Pfeil Max Planck Institut for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Noemí Pinilla-Alonso Florida Space Institute, UCF, Orlando, FL, USA
Ralph E. Pudritz Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University,
Hamilton, ON, Canada
Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Laurent Pueyo STScI, Baltimore, MD, USA
P. Rabou IPAG, Paris, France
Saul A. Rappaport Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Heike Rauer Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Berlin,
Germany
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Berlin University of Technology,
Berlin, Germany
Sean N. Raymond Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, University of Bor-
deaux, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
Peter L. Read Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Clarendon Labora-
tory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Contributors xli

Ansgar Reiners Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen,

Göttingen, Germany
Christopher T. Reinhard School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
V. Reshetov NRC-H, Victoria, Canada
Ignasi Ribas C/Can Magrans, Institut de Ciències de l’Espai – IEEC/CSIC,
Bellaterra, Spain
Aki Roberge Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Lab, NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Tyler D. Robinson Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona
University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
Florian Rodler European Southern Observatory, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
Antoine Rozel ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
L. Saddlemyer NRC-H, Victoria, Canada
A. Sánchez-Lavega Departamento Física Aplicada I, Escuela de Ingeniería de
Bilbao, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
Alexandre Santerne Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Nuno C. Santos Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do
Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do
Porto, Porto, Portugal
Joachim Saur Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne,
Cologne, Germany
Hilke E. Schlichting University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Jean Schneider LUTh, UMR 8102, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen,
F-92195 Meudon Cedex, France
LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris
Diderot, Meudon, France
Andreas Schreiber Max Planck Institut for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Edward W. Schwieterman Department of Earth Sciences, University of Califor-
nia, Riverside, CA, USA
Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
Salvatore Sciortino INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo “Giuseppe S.
Vaiana”, Piazza del Parlamento, 1, Palermo, Italy
xlii Contributors

Sara Seager Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Mas-

sachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Antígona Segura Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de
México, México
Evgenya L. Shkolnik ASU School of Earth and Space Exploration, Tempe, AZ,
USA
Víctor Silva Aguirre Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and
Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Norman H. Sleep Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
USA
Sanjoy M. Som Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
Alessandro Sozzetti INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese,
Italy
Keivan G. Stassun Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN, USA
N. Striebig IRAP/OMP, Toulouse, France
Antoine Strugarek Laboratoire AIM, DRF/IRFU/DAp, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-
Yvette Cedex, France
Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
Motohide Tamura University of Tokyo and Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan
the SPIRou Team
the SPECULOOS and TRAPPIST Teams
S. Tibault UdeM/UL, Montréal, QC, Canada
Amaury H. M. J. Triaud School of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Mikko Tuomi Centre for Astrophysics Research, Science and Technology
Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
Andrzej Udalski Warsaw University Observatory, Warszawa, Poland
Stéphane Udry Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève, Versoix, GE,
Switzerland
Geoffrey K. Vallis College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences,
University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Contributors xliii

Rik van Lieshout Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,

UK
Steven D. Vance Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA, USA
Andrew Vanderburg Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge,
MA, USA
Julia Venturini Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Bern, Bern, Switzerland
University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Aline A. Vidotto School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of
Dublin, Dublin-2, Ireland
S. Y. Wang ASIAA, Taipei, Taiwan
William F. Welsh Astronomy Department, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA, USA
Robert A. West Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA, USA
Anthony P. Whitworth School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University,
Wales, UK
Peter K. G. Williams Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge,
MA, USA
Joshua N. Winn Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University,
Princeton, NJ, USA
Alexander Wolszczan Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Center
for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, PA, USA
Jason T. Wright Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Center for Exoplan-
ets and Habitable Worlds, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,
USA
Breakthrough Listen Laboratory, Department of Astronomy, University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley, CA, USA
Mark C. Wyatt Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Philip Yock Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
Zealand
E. D. Young Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of
California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
xliv Contributors

Patrick A. Young School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State Univer-
sity, Tempe, AZ, USA
Philippe Zarka LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL, UPMC/SU, UPD,
Meudon, France
Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL, Univ.
Orléans, Nançay, France
B. Zuckerman Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
 Section I
Exoplanet Research: A History of Discovery

Tsevi Mazeh

Tsevi Mazeh is Professor Emeritus at Tel Aviv University, where he has served as
researcher and lecturer since 1979. In 1984, Mazeh initiated the first radial-velocity
search for extrasolar planets in pursuit of his hypothesis that massive planets could
exist close to their parent stars, at that time widely believed to be impossible.
The observations, carried out with David Latham (CfA) and in cooperation with
Michel Mayor (Geneva), provided the discovery in 1989 of the first known massive
candidate for an extrasolar planet – HD114762b. Since then he is devoting his career
to the study of binary stars and extrasolar planets.
The Discovery of the First Exoplanets
1
Davide Cenadelli and Andrea Bernagozzi

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Improvements in Doppler Measurements from the 1950s to the 1970s: The Pioneers . . . . . . . 6
The Case of HD 114762 b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Case of ” Cep b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The Discovery of 51 Peg b, 70 Vir b, and 47 UMa b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
51 Peg b Questioned and Finally Confirmed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Cross-References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Abstract
In this chapter, we will deal with the discovery of the first extrasolar planets
around normal stars. This discovery took place in the mid-1990s thanks to
the analysis of periodic Doppler shifts in stellar spectra and turned out to be
a landmark achievement, in that it established a new field of research that is
growing at full speed since then, and at the same time, it answered a question – do
other worlds exist in the cosmos? – that dates back to ancient times. This major
result was made possible by the impressive improvement in Doppler analysis
techniques during the second half of the twentieth century, until the precision

D. Cenadelli ()
Osservatorio Astronomico della Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta, Nus (Aosta), Italy
e-mail: davide.cenadelli@unimi.it
A. Bernagozzi
Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologia, Sezione di Geologia, UNICAMearth Working Group, Università
degli Studi di Camerino, Camerino, Italy
Osservatorio Astronomico della Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta, Nus (Aosta), Italy
e-mail: andrea.bernagozzi@gmail.com

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 3

H. J. Deeg, J. A. Belmonte (eds.), Handbook of Exoplanets,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_134
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 THE FLOWER-QUEEN’S FALL

A rebel rose climbed to the top of the hedge,

And watched the people go up and down
The winding highway, dusty and grey,
That stretched from the village away to the town.

And an anger surged in her passionate heart,

’Gainst the humble garden where she was born,
And her red lips curled at the old flower world,
And she cast around her such looks of scorn

That the lilies drooped ’neath her withering glance,

And the pansies huddled together with fear,
And the poor pinks paled, and each daisy quailed,
And dropped from her lashes a big round tear.

For of the flower-kingdom this rose was queen,

And never were subjects more loyal than they—
And they fondly dreamed she was good as she seemed,
And because they had loved they were proud to obey.

But lo! as she towered in haughty disdain

High over their heads, with an angry gust
The wind swooped down and tore off her crown,
And its jewels went whirling away with the dust.
 A VETERAN

In his niche in the hall, the old clock stands,

But hushed is his voice, and still are his hands.
He ceased from his labours long years ago,
And he’s only a “pensioner” now, you know.

He did his duty as long as he could,

For a brave heart beat in his breast of wood,
And you could depend on all he said
Till age, at last, turned him queer in the head.

With a visor of glass o’er his grim old face,

In his armour,—a straight, stiff, oaken case,
He “stands at ease” in his sentry box,
And leaves time-telling to younger clocks.
 TO A BUTTERFLY

Butterfly, O butterfly,
With gaily-jewelled wings,
You make me think of fairy folk
And of enchanted things.

You once were held a prisoner

In a castle grim and grey—
A “chrysalis” folk called it—
But you escaped away.

And now you flutter ’mong the flowers,

A restless roving elf,
Or fold your wings and lie so still—
A very flower yourself.

Or hoisting high two gauzy sails,

You softly float away,
Just like a tiny fairy barque
Bound for a fairy bay.

The bees must work, the birds must sing,

The flowers yield perfumes rare;
But you were born a trifler,
Frail thing of light and air!
 WHEN AND WHERE

I wonder “when” and I wonder “where”

The Angel of Death will come,
And, laying a finger on lids and lips,
Will strike me blind and dumb.

I wonder “when” and I wonder “where”!

Like the skeleton at the feast,
’Mid laughter and mirth this thought finds birth
Where it is welcome least.

I wonder “when” and I wonder “where”—

In my prime or old age hoar,
At home, with my loved ones round my bed,
Or alone on an alien shore.

I wonder “when” and I wonder “where!”

Is God not over all?
He knows the time and He knows the place
Who marks a sparrow’s fall.
 WHEN LOVE IS YOUNG

The red and russet of Autumn die,

In the lap of winter their ashes lie,
And the earth is wan and grey the sky.

But the noon of a wondrous joy is mine,

And my pulses thrill with the glowing wine
That flows from the grape of Love’s deathless vine.

What care have I that the brown stems bear

Nor leaf nor bloom, and the mad winds tear
The last poor tatters the forests wear?

Is not the heart in mine own glad breast

A garden of roses, a haven of rest,
A bird that has builded a warm love-nest?
 A CHARACTER SKETCH

Womanly-sweet in all her ways,

Slow to condemn, and swift to praise;
Ready to help in hour of need,
Generous in thought as well as deed.

Pitiful, tender, yet firm and strong

To uphold the right and put down wrong;
Never a thought of self or gain,
Proud of her God-given gifts—not vain.

Laughter-loving, and fond of fun,

When the “daily round” and task are done;
Modest and maidenly, yet no prude;
Perfect enough, but not “too good.”

Half an angel, yet wholly human;

No ideal—a living woman.
 FRIENDS

We are such friends, my little girl and I,

That, though her summers number scarcely nine
I need none other, as I go my ways
With her small fingers closely clasping mine.

A little world we two make of our own,

And people it with all things fair and sweet;
The stars that twinkle overhead at night
Drop down at dawn in daisies at our feet.

My smiles are hers;—my tears are all my own,

I keep my sighs and give her all my song,
Because she is so trusting and so weak
I feel that I can suffer and be strong.

The while I try to keep the narrow way,

’Tis wide enough for both. And my white dove,
With untried wings, knows little love but this,
That “Mother” is another name for “Love.”
 BED-TIME

The sleepy daisies have said “Good night,”

And tied up their wee frilled nightcaps tight.
The summer day’s been hot and long
And daisies, although they are so strong,
Are always tired and ready for bed
Ere the stars, heaven’s daisies, awake o’erhead.

The roses have rocked themselves to sleep.

Awake they could no longer keep—
They’ve been astir since the dawn of day,
Sighing their sweet perfume away,
And feeding the hungry beggar bees
That never say “thanks” nor “if you please!”

And, baby darling, ’tis time that you

Had shut your drowsy eyes of blue—
Wee busy hands, wee busy feet
Must rest sometime, you know, my sweet—
The flower-bells all have chimed “Good night.”
They’ll ring to wake you with the light.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SPRAY OF
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