Phonetic Features:

1. Vowels: -

- The vowel sounds in English are rich and varied. They include diphthongs
(e.g., /aɩ/ as in "bite", /oʊ/ as in "boat"), long vowels (e.g., /iː/ as in
"beat", /uː/ as in "food"), and short vowels (e.g., /ɪ/ as in "bit", /ae/ as in
"cat").

- Word meanings (e.g., "ship" vs. "sheep") can be influenced by a word's

length.

2. Consonants:

- There are 24 consonant sounds in English, including voiced (like /b/, /d/,
and /g/) and voiceless (like /p/, /t/, and /k/) sounds.

- Consonant clusters are frequently seen (in "street," for example, /str/; in
"black," /bl/).

3. Stress:

- Word stress can alter the meaning ('record (noun) vs. re'cord (verb)), for
example.

- To emphasise crucial information within sentences, English employs

sentence stress.

Stress is the amount of emphasis that is placed on a word's syllables or

specific words within a phrase or sentence.

In English, one syllable is given greater weight when spoken than the others
when a word has more than two syllables. The principal word stress is placed
on this syllable. The Significance of Word Stress

To pronounce words correctly in English, one must be aware of word stress.

Word stress in the English language refers to each word's syllables.
Phonological Features:

1. Phonotactics:

In English, complex consonant clusters are permitted at the start and finish of
syllables.

Syllables can be closed (ending in a consonant) or open (ending in a vowel).

2. Intonation:

Intonation patterns in English can indicate questions, statements, and

emotions.

Rising intonation often signals a question (e.g., "You're coming?"), while

falling intonation signals a statement (e.g., "You're coming.").

Speaking with intonation means varying your pitch during the entire speech.
Comparing the intonation of statements and inquiries, one may see a clear
distinction in tone.

A person's intonation, or voice pitch, increases to a higher level at the finish

when they ask declarative questions or make an echo.

For instance. Did he discover it on the road?

After a wh-question or statement, the voice intonation (i.e., pitch) descends.

For instance. From where did he get it?

On the street, he came across it.

There is usually a rising finish to yes/no questions, but not always.

Was it found on the street, for instance?

Word stress is another issue covered by intonation. Stressed words provide a

particular focus. How a statement is delivered might vary based on the
speaker's intent.

3. Allophones:
Slight variations of a sound depending on its position in the phonetic context
(e.g., /t/ in "top" vs. "stop"). These don't change meaning.

Vietnamese

Phonetic Features:

1. Vowels:

o Vietnamese has 12 vowel sounds, including monopthongs (e.g., /a/ as in

"ba", /i/ as in "bi") and diphthongs (e.g., /ai/ as in "mai").

There are also triphthongs (e.g., /uoi/ as in "tuổi").

In Vietnamese, all 5 English vowels and their variations. Thus, the complete
set of 12 Vietnamese vowels are: a, ă, â, e, ê,i, y, o, ô, ơ, u, ư.

Some, but not all, vowels may combine to form "vowel clusters" (or “vowel
groups")

These vowel clusters may consist of 2 or 3 consecutive vowels: a two-vowel

cluster forms a "diphthong”, and a three-vowel cluster forms a “triphthong”.

2. Consonants:

There are 12 vowels and 17 consonants; two or three vowels (similarly,

consonants) may combine to form vowel (similarly, consonant) clusters.

29 letters

Vietnamese words, similar to English words, have consonants and vowels.

3. Tones:

o Vietnamese is a tonal language with six tones in Northern Vietnamese:

level (ngang), rising (sắc), falling (huyền), broken rising (hỏi), broken falling
(ngã), and heavy (nặng).

o Diacritics marks tones and are essential in distinguishing meaning (e.g.,

"ma" [ghost], "mà" [but], "má" [mother]).
Phonological Features:

1. Phonotactics:

o Vietnamese syllable structure is relatively simple, typically following the

pattern (C)V(C), where C represents a consonant and V a vowel.

The language does not permit consonant clusters at the beginning of

syllables; only a limited set of consonants can appear at the end.

2. Intonation:

While tones primarily convey lexical meaning, sentence-level intonation

indicates questions, emphasis, and emotional nuances.

3. Allophones:

Vietnamese allophonic variations occur less frequently than in English.

Still, some consonants may have different realisations depending on their
position in a word (e.g., the realisation of /k/ in "các" vs "cánh").

 There are distinct phonetic and phonological characteristics that set

English and Vietnamese apart. The vast vowel repertoire, intricate
consonant clusters, and significance of stress and intonation patterns
define English. Conversely, Vietnamese is distinguished by its more
straightforward syllable structure, tonal system, and the important role
of tones in determining to mean. Language learners must comprehend
these aspects to acquire precise pronunciation and understanding in
both languages.
 TYPES OF PHRASES

A phrase is a group of related words used as a single part of speech. It will

NOT contain BOTH a subject and a verb.

Examples: should have been practising (there is no subject)

Behind the woodpile (there is no subject or verb)

TYPES OF PHRASES

There are 7 types of phrases:

-Noun
-Verb
-Adjectival Adverbial
-Participial
-Prepositional
-Absolute

1. NOUN PHRASE

A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing— and the

modifiers which distinguish it. Think of it as a phrase that plays the role of a
noun.

Example: 1 like singing in the bath. Vs. . I like it.

We know that the underlined portion in the first sentence is a noun phrase
because we can replace it with a pronoun.
 2. VERB PHRASES

A verb phrases includes the main verb and one or more helping verbs.

Examples: Sammy was born in Viet Nam

She has been teaching us English phrases.

He did live in Austin, Texas' capital.

Have you not seen the owners of this home?

*Adverbs are not apart of verb phrases: not, never, also, again

3. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

A prepositional phrase will include the preposition, the object of the

preposition and any modifiers that might be included.

Example: They will fish by the river.

Preposition: By

Object of the Preposition: River

Modifier: The

*You will not always have a modifier in the prepositional phrase.

The man from Viet Nam is here. (Notice that there is No Modifier in this
Prepositional Phrase.
4.ADJECTIVAL PHRASES

An adjectival phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or

pronoun. A prepositional phrase can modify different parts of a sentence, so
every prepositional phrase is not also an adjectival phrase.

Examples: The theme of the story is love. (The adjectival phrase modifies the
noun, theme.)

The letter from my dad about the trip is funny. (Both adjectival phrases
modify the noun, letter.)

Many of the paintings by that artist have been sold. (The first adjectival
phrase, of the paintings, modifies the pronoun, many. The second adjectival
phrase, by that artist, modifies the noun, paintings.)

5. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

A participle phrase consists of a present participle (verb + ing), a past

participle (verb ending in -ed or other form in case of irregular verbs) and
modifiers or other associate words. A participle phrase is separated by
commas. It always acts as an adjective in a sentence.

Examples

The kids, making a noise, need food. (modifies kids)

I received a letter, mentioning about my exam. (modifies letter)

6. ABSOLUTE PHRASES

An absolute phrase is a participle, a noun, and any modifier. Unlike some of

the other phrases, an absolute phrase will modify the entire clause.

Examples: Legs quivering (Legs is the noun and quivering is the participle.
Togethe they make the absolute phase).
Legs quivering, our old dog Gizmo dreamed of chasing squirrels. (The
absolute phrase modifies the entire clause.)

Her arms folded across her chest (arms: noun, folded: participle, her/across
her chest: modifiers) *Notice that this is not a complete thought. Therefore,
an absolute phrase is not a sentence itself.

Her arms folded across her chest, Professor Hill warned the class about the
penalties of plagiarism

7. ADVERBIAL PHRASES

An adverbial phrase is a prepositional phrase used to modify a verb,

adjective, or adverb. Make sure to identify the word that the prepositional
phrase modifies, or you will get confused on how the prepositional phrase is
being used in a sentence.

Examples: Samantha ran to the store. (The adverbial phrase modifies the
verb ran. Ran where?)

The pilot is aware of the situation. (The adverbial phrase modifies the
adjective, aware.)

Early in the morning she head her doorbell ring. The adverbial phrase
modifies the adverb, early.)
Intonation

Speaking with intonation means varying your pitch during the entire speech.
Comparing the intonation of statements and inquiries, one may see a clear
distinction in tone.

A person's intonation, or voice pitch, increases to a higher level at the finish when
they ask declarative questions or make an echo.

For instance. Did he discover it on the road?

At the conclusion of a wh-question or statement, the voice intonation (i.e., pitch)

descends. For instance. From where did he get it?
On the street, he came across it.

There is usually a rising finish to yes/no questions, but not always.

Was it found on the street, for instance?

Word stress is another issue covered by intonation. Stressed words provide a

particular focus. How a statement is delivered might vary based on the speaker's
intent.

Definition of word stress

Stress is the amount of emphasis that is placed on a word's syllables or on specific

words within a phrase or sentence.

In English, one syllable is given greater weight when spoken than the others when a
word has more than two syllables. The principal word stress is placed on this syllable.
The Significance of Word Stress

To pronounce words correctly in the English language, one must be aware of word
stress. Word stress in the English language refers to each word's individual syllables.

Reasons why word stress is so important

Word stress is a crucial component of speech while speaking English.

The vowel sounds in a word are greatly influenced by word stress. A word can
sound entirely different depending on its word stress.

To distinguish words, native speakers use the word stress. Therefore, improper
word stressing might cause misunderstandings between non-native and native
speakers.
 Understanding a word's stress pattern will boost students' confidence when
speaking and reading in English, as well as assist them in learning and recalling
how to pronounce words correctly.

Students' listening comprehension skills will increase by being able to detect

words with proper word stress.

3.2. Phonological features of Vietnamese

3.2.1. The Vietnamese Alphabet

The alphabet of a writing system is the collection of letters or symbols used to

write each word. Each sound in the Vietnamese alphabet can be represented by a
single letter or a combination of characters.

While some sounds are spoken differently in the central, northern, and southern
dialects, one sound usually correlates to the same symbol or set of symbols in all
dialects.

it is the same as the English one: a-z with 26 letters.

The vowels in English, such as a, e, i, o, and u, also form the basics of the set of
Vietnamese vowels.

3.2.1.1 Vietnamese Alphabet:

3.2.1.

It's 26 letters– 4(f, j, w, z) + 1 (đ) +6 (the 'variations') = 29 letters

Vietnamese words, similar to English words, have consonants and vowels.

3.2.2. Vietnamese Vowels and Consonants

In Vietnamese, all the 5 English vowels, their variations. Thus, the complete set of
12 Vietnamese vowels are: a, ă, â, e, ê,i, y, o, ô, ơ, u, ư.
Some, but not all, vowels may combine to form "vowel clusters" (or “vowel
groups")

These vowel clusters may consist of 2 or 3 consecutive vowels: a two-vowel

cluster forms a "diphthong”, and a three-vowel cluster forms a “triphthong”.

There are 12 vowels and 17 consonants; and two or three vowels (similarly,
consonants) may combine to form vowel (similarly, consonant) clusters.
3.2.2.1. Permissible Combinations
Vietnamese consonants and vowels that can be:
 /V/, /VV/
 /CV/, /CVV/, /CVC/, /CVVC/
 /VC/, /VVC/
 /wV/, /wVV/, /wVC/, /wVVC/
 CwV/, /CwVV/, /CwVC/, /CwVVC), where /w/ is a semi-vowel which
sometimes may follow the initial consonant
In the Vietnamese language, the final consonants are limited to either a voiceless
stop or a nasal.
3.2.2.2. Syllables
The Vietnamese language is a monosyllabic language in which most words have
one syllable.
the Vietnamese language has vowel clusters, diphthongs, and triphthongs. When
two or more vowels follow each other in a Word, they are pronounced sequentially
without pauses between them.
3.2.2.3. Word structure

3.3. Vietnamese Tones

A crucial feature. Vietnamese is a tonal language with 6 tones (depending on
dialect) that change the meaning of a word.