1.

Geography:
a. Location:
- England is bounded on the north by Scotland; on the west by the Irish Sea, Wales,
and the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by the English Channel; and on the east by the
North Sea.

- England is divided into 2 regions: The Highland Zone and Lowland Zone by the
imaginary link between the mouth of the River Tees in the north east and the mouth of
the River Exe in Devon in the south west.
Tee River and Exe river (red circle)
 The Teex - Exe line
a. The Highland Zone:
- General: Rocky, rugged hills and eroded mountain faces, interrupted by valleys and
extensive plains
- The north: The north is generally more mountainous with a chain of mountains, the
Pennines, dividing east and west, and the Lake District in the northwest, containing
the highest mountains in the country.
Northern England
 Pennines and Lake District

Pen y Ghent, one of the 3 mountains in Yorkshire Dales National Park

The U shaped glacial valley of High Cup Nick

The highest area of England is the North West, which contains England's highest hills
and mountains, including its highest – Scafell Pike.
Effect on agriculture:
Hill sheep are bred in the Pennines, the Lake District, and the southwestern peninsula,
areas where sheep are occasionally the main source of a farmer’s income but
frequently of subsidiary importance to cattle. The production of lambs for meat rather
than wool is the main concern of English sheep farmers. Grass-fed breeds, yielding
lean meat, are much more important than the large breeds, raised on arable land, that
were characteristic of the 19th century.
- The Southwest: Dartmoor and Exmoor

Southwest
While most of the mountains and uplands are in the north, Dartmoor and Exmoor are
two upland areas lying in the south west of the country. Dartmoor and Exmoor are
both national parks located in England, United Kingdom.

Dartmoor and Exmoor

Effect on Tourism: The southwestern counties, with their extensive coastline and
national parks, also attract a large number of tourists.
Effect: Beeston Weir in Nottinghamshire is currently the largest river driven hydroelectric power
station in the country.

b. The Lowland Zone:

- General: Rolling hills that are not very high, making for the ideal place to live and
farm.
Thus, most English inhabitants can be found in the Lowland Zone. The Lowlands
include the Cotswold Hills, Chiltern Hills, North Downs and South Downs. Cornwall
county landscape with gently rolling hills and lush green agricultural fields and
pastures.
Northdown

Southdown
 Cornwall county
East Anglia is the lowest area of England, having no high hills or mountains and
hosting an area of the Fens, the lowest area of England.

East Anglia
Effect on agriculture:
- The physical environment and natural resources of England are more favorable to
agricultural development than those of other parts of the United Kingdom. A greater
proportion of the land consists of lowlands with good soils where the climate is
conducive to grass or crop growing.
- The fertile (clay and limestone) soil of Kent (a county in the Southeast region) has
always been conducive to fruit growing. Kent is a major supplier of fruits and
vegetables (apples, pears, black currants, cauliflowers, and cabbages).

2. Climate:
The Roman historian Tacitus recorded that the climate was “objectionable, with
frequent rains and mists, but no extreme cold.”

Roman historian Tacitus once said:

- England has a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round.
The seasons are quite variable in temperature; however,
temperatures rarely fall below −5 °C (23 °F) or rise above 30
°C (86 °F).
- England is known as a wet country, and this is certainly true in the northwest and
southwest. The prevailing wind is from the south-west, bringing mild and wet weather
to England regularly from the Atlantic Ocean.
- It is driest in the east and warmest in the south, which is closest to the European
mainland.
- Snowfall can occur in winter and early spring, although it is not very common away
from high ground.
Effect on Economy:
- One of the primary causes of flooding in England is heavy rainfall, which can
overwhelm drainage systems and lead to rivers bursting their banks.
- Snowmelt is a significant cause of flooding in the UK, particularly in areas that
experience heavy snowfall during the winter months. When snow accumulates on the
ground, it acts as a temporary reservoir of water, which can lead to flooding when the
snow melts rapidly due to warm temperatures or rainfall.
=> Flood damage currently costs the UK around £1.3 billion each year; the total
economic damages for England from the winter 2015 to 2016 floods were estimated to
around £1.6 billion, with 32% of total damages occurring to the business sector.

3. Drainage pattern:
- Watersheds: The Pennines, the Cotswolds, and the moors and chalk downs of
southern England are identified as the main watersheds for England's rivers. These
areas act as high points where water flows in different directions, ultimately
determining the paths of the rivers.

- River Courses:
+ Rivers rising in the Pennines: Eden, Ribble, and Mersey, Tyne, Tees, Swale, Aire,
Don, and Trent.
+ Rivers rising in the Cotswolds: Welland, Nen, and Great Ouse
+ River Thames: The Thames, the longest river in England, rises in the Cotswolds and
flows through southeastern England, playing a significant role in draining the region.
+ Rivers rising in southern England: Tamar, Exe, Stour, Avon, Test, Arun, and Ouse
=> These rivers contribute to England's diverse landscapes, including the formation of
valleys, estuaries, and coastal features.

- Lake: Windermere, lake, the largest in England, located in the southeastern part of
the Lake District, in the administrative county of Cumbria.

Effect on Economy:
- Commercial: Strategic investments in modern cargo-handling technology at Tilbury,
a port town along the River Thames, primarily focus on enhancing the efficiency and
capacity of the port for commercial shipping and logistics purposes, boosting the
economy.
- Tourism: The Windermere Lake Cruises was the most visited paid attraction in the
North West region of England in 2022, welcoming roughly 1.3 million visitors. While
attendance at the renowned attraction increased by around 22 percent compared to the
previous year, the number of visits stayed below pre-pandemic levels.

4. Resources
- Coal: For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, coal was England’s richest natural
resource, meeting most of the nation’s requirements for energy. However,
international competition, rising domestic costs, the growth of cheaper domestic
alternatives (such as natural gas), and mounting environmental concerns combined to
cripple the coal industry in the 1980s and ’90s. Coal production is now only one-fifth
of its mid-20th-century level.
- Petroleum and Natural gas: New technologies and the discovery of huge reserves of
petroleum and natural gas in the North Sea have further transformed the pattern of
energy production.
Effect on economy: Natural gas supplies the largest proportion of England’s energy
needs, followed by oil, coal, and nuclear power.
- Sand, gravel, and crushed rock are widely available and provide raw materials for
the construction industry. Clay and salt are found in northwestern England, and kaolin
(china clay) is available in Cornwall.
Effect on economy: provide raw materials for the construction industry.

5. Sectors
- Service activities account for more than two-thirds of employment in England,
largely because of the primacy of London and the importance of the financial services
sector.
- About one-fifth of England’s workers are employed in manufacturing.