BIOLOGY

UNIT I
FUNDAMENTALS OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
• Science: The word ‘science’ implies the knowledge, understanding and
implementation of phenomenon occurring in the universe relevant to
human beings. It learned through experiments and observations and
logical explaination.
• It have 4 domains: Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
• Engineering: Engineering is the application of science and mathematics
to solve real world problem.
• Different domains: IT, CSE, MECH, CIVIL etc.
 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
BASIC DIFFERENCES

SCIENCE ENGINEERING

• Science is synthesis of • Engineering is application of

knowledge by understanding
natural laws
• Sciences studies what is.
• Science is the study of
arranged facts logically
explained.
knowledge to transform nature
for serving people.
• Engineering creates what never
was.
• Practical knowledge to design.
 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
• POINTS TO BE NOTED:
1. Engineering uses the scientific knowledge to build
process, structure and equipments.
2. Both engineers and scientists have a sound
knowledge of science, mathematics and technology.
3. Only engineers are trained to use these principle in
designing creative solutions to the challenges.
EYE VS CAMERA
 EYE VS CAMERA
PARTS OF HUMAN EYE PARTS OF CAMERA

• RETINA • CARD OR FILM

• IRIS • DIAPHRAGM

• PUPIL • APERTURE

• LENS • LENS

• CHOROID • BLACK POINT

 EYE VS CAMERA
• PUPIL AND APERTURE: Light enters through the pupil in the human
eye ; light enters in the camera through the aperture.
• IRIS AND DIAPHRAGM: It regulates the amount of light enters the
human eye(camera)
• LENS AND LENS: Focus light and image in the retina of the human
eye(film of camera)
• RETINA AND FILM: Image formation occurs in human eye.( in case of
camera on film)
• CHOROID AND BLACK POINT: The melanin of the choroid absorb the
light and lmit the reflection within the eye and prevents the vision
degradation(within the camera)
EYE VS CAMERA
 EYE VS CAMERA
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EYE VS CAMERA
• Retina remains the impression of image for 1/16th of a
second.Photographic image retains the image permanently.
• The distance between retina and lense(focal length) is always constant.
The focal length between film and lens can be changed.
• Retina views unlimited number of images. A photograph has to be
changed to get the next image.
• Image formed with the help of special type of cells named Rod and
Cone cells on the retina.Image formed on the film is processed through
a chemical Silver Nitrate.
• The lens and Eyeballs are flexible in Eye while the Lens and body are
rigid in camera.
 FLYING BIRD VS AIRCRAFT
BIRD’S ADAPTATION FOR FLYING(STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS):
• Feathers
• Light and hollow bones(air pocket)
• Strong muscles for fly
• Streamline shaped body
 FLYING BIRD VS AIRCRAFT
The difference in curvature of the upper and lower
surfaces of the wing builds up the lift force. Air flowing
over the top surface of the wing must reach the trailing
edge of the wing in the same amount of time as the air
flowing under the wing. To do this, the air passing over
the top surface moves at a greater velocity than the air
passing below the wing because of the greater distance
it must travel along the top surface. This increased
velocity, according to Bernoulli’s Principle, means a
corresponding decrease in pressure on the surface.
Thus, a pressure differential is created between the
upper and lower surfaces of the wing, forcing the wing
upward in the direction of the lower pressure.

AIRFOIL STRUCTURE
 FLYING BIRD VS AIRCRAFT
• The top of the wing of bird as well as aircraft is rounded where as that
of the lower part is relatively straight.
• Important terminologies:
1. Lift: the force that pushes the bird or the plane upward due to the
pressure differences.
2. Drag: the force of the air pressing against the body of the bird or
plane (slowing)
3. Thurst: the force that moves the bird forward.
4. Propulsion: the push or drive to move an object forward (push)
 FLYING BIRD VS AIRCRAFT
FUNCTION PARTS OF BIRD PARTS OF AIRCRAFT
• LIFT • MUSCLES • PROPELLER AIRFOIL
• DRAG • LIGHT AND HOLLOW BONES • STREAMLINE SHAPE
AND STREAMLINE SHAPE

• THRUST • FLAPPING OF WINGS • MOVEMENTS OF AIRCRAFT AND

WINGS OF ENGINE

• PROPULSION • MUSCLE • ENGINE

• CONTROL • WINGS AND TAILS • WINGS
MAJOR BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN 18TH
CENTURY
• HUMBOLDT AND BOPLAND: Collects data about Flora anf Fauna
across Europe (4305)
• CAROLUS LINNAEUS: TAXONOMY (proposes a system for classifying
and nomenclature of plants and animals
• LAVOISIER: FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY; OXYGEN AND
HYDROGEN identification
 MAJOR BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN 18TH
CENTURY
• BROWNIAN MOTION
ROBERT BROWN(1827) : Takes the pollen in water and noticed random
movement of the pollen in water. He concuded that pollen is living
thing so it moves
But this phenomena occurs in the case of inorganic substances. He was
not abled to conclude.
In 1905, Einstein proves mathematically the Brownian motion.
Brownian motion laid the foundation of kinetic theory of matter and
study the thermodynamics; especially the 2nd Law: Entropy of the
closed system always increases over time.
MAJOR BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN 18TH
CENTURY
• JULIUS MAYOR: SWISS PHYSIOLOGIST
• DOING EXPERIMENTS ON FROG MUSCLE
• OBSERVED THAT THE RELEASED HEAT IS PROPORTIONAL TO AMOUNT
OF WORK DONE BY THE MUSCLE.
• ORIGIN OF THERMODYNAMICS 1ST LAW: ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATE
OR DESTROYED, IT CHANGES FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER FORM.