A

REPORT ON THE FIELD TRIP STUDY TOUR

AT

KADUNA NORTH WATER WORKS, MALALI

AND

AZUMI HERBAL CLINIC, NO. 8/9 GASKIYA DA GASKIYA PLAZA, KAWO ROAD, KAWO MARKET.

SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT,

FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY.

PRESENTED BY:

CONFIDENCE. I. IYADI

KASU/16/PHM/1044

DATE OF FIELD:

25TH OCTOBER 2023.

TABLE OF CONTENT

PART ONE:

-Introduction

PART TWO:

-Objectives

-General Objectives

-Specific Objectives

PART THREE:

-Field Trip Area

-Field Trip Activities

PART FOUR:

-Visit To the Herbarium

PART FIVE:

-Plants under Consideration

PART SIX:

-Conclusion

PART SEVEN:

-Reference
PART ONE:

INTRODUCTION.

Field trip is a visit to a place such as farm, factory or museum made by students and
teachers for purposes of firsthand observation. the field trip’s goal is to expose students
to new recreational opportunities to help develop healthful, active lifestyles, and as well in
developing cognitive learning skills in the participants (students) and researching non-
experimentally medicinal plants.

In the biological sciences, the field trip has long been recognized as a teaching device since
it presents the material studied in its natural environment and allows for direct observation
and interpretation of the material in its specific surroundings.

In the course of this study, the trip availed the students the opportunity for precise and
detailed identification, observation and study of different medicinal and ornamental plants
a t t h e K a d u n a s t a t e w a t e r w o r k and Azumi herbal clinic, Kawo, Kaduna state.

Traditional medicine

Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises

medical aspects of traditional medicines that developed over generations within the folk
beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the era of modern
medicine. the world health organization (who) defines traditional medicine as "the sum
total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and
experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the
maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment
of physical and mental illness". Traditional medicine is often contrasted with scientific
medicine.

In some Asian and African countries, up to 80% of the population relies on traditional
medicine for their primary health care needs. when adopted outside its traditional
culture, traditional medicine is often considered a form of alternative medicine.
Practices known as traditional medicines include traditional European medicine,
traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Korean medicine, traditional african medicine,
ayurveda, siddha medicine, unani, ancient Iranian medicine, traditional Iranian medicine,
medieval islamic medicine, muti, and ifá. Scientific disciplines that study traditional
medicine include herbalism, ethno medicine, ethno botany, and medical anthropology.

Definition of terms common to traditional medicine

Medicinal plant: a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs,
contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors
for the synthesis of useful drugs.

Herbs: an herb is a plant or plant part used for its scent, flavor, or therapeutic
properties.

Herberium: herbarium is a database of dried, pressed plant specimens, catalogued and

arranged systematically. it function as a teaching laboratory, comprehensive data bank
which draws the diversity and distribution of the region’s plant’s vegetation, serves as
an arbiter of correct names supposing to be currents, means of information for non
 systematic and means of identification of matching unnamed plants with already named
plants.

Plant identification: this is the process of matching a specimen of a plant to a known taxon.
it can be achieved with the guide of a taxonomist.

Plant collection: this process follows after plant identification. it involves the acquisition of
a plant that has been verified and authenticated by a taxonomist or botanist. during
collection of plant, the specimen should be a representative of the population and should
include the range of variation of the plants, roots, bulbs and other underground plants
should be carefully dug up and the soil removed with care. also, the plant specimen should
include flower and/or fruits, bulky plants can be halved or sliced before pressing. odd
fragments, bark, fruits or seeds should be kept in numbered or labelled envelops or pocket
with the main specimen. all these are done to enable proper identification of the plant
specimen concerned.

Plant preservation: this process involves the storage of plants or plant parts in the
condition that avoids spoilage and which permits easy retrieval of plant information.
preservation of plant follows plant drying.

The University’s Herbarium

Herbarium procedures:

Here, we were informed that the specimen may be whole plant or plant parts in
dried form mounted on a sheet of paper. Some herbaria now employ the use of
electronic database of images and records of organizing specimen for easier and faster
access.

Pressing equipment:

Here, the plant press is employed. a plant press is made up of pair of hard wood strips,
about 50 x 40cm. a blotter is then placed between the wooden frame, the tabloid size
newspaper containing the leaves are placed between the wooden frames and are
tightened.

Pressing techniques:

The plant specimen were carefully arranged to avoid overlapping. flowers are opened to
show both abaxial and adaxial and underside. Seeds were then sliced into half to speed up
drying process. The plant press is then tightened using rubber robes and the press open
daily as the blotters were replaced as the specimen dry. Immediately after drying, the
plant specimens are mounted on a cardboard sheet for preservation in the herbarium. the
plant press is designed so that plants can be dried quickly while remaining flat. it consists
of two cross- slated or wooden frames around the size of folded newspaper.
Plants in their newspaper folders are piled in layers of alternating padding. when laying
out the specimen is completed, the second frame is laid on top of the pile which is
compressed and strapped as tightly as possible with adjustable stalls. after 24 hours, the
papers would be changed to facilitate the drying process. the straps may be tightened
often as the plant material shrinks. after this, the specimen may be left undisturbed for
several weeks until they are completely dried.
Mounting:

Immediately after drying, the plant specimens are mounted on a cardboard sheet for
preservation in the herbarium. the plant press is designed so that plants can be dried
quickly while remaining flat. it consists of two cross-slatted wooded frames around the
size of folded newspaper. plants in their newspaper folder are piled in layers of
alternating padding. when lying out of the specimen is completed, the second frame is
laid on top of the pile which is compressed and strapped as tightly as possible with
adjustable straps. after 24 hours, the papers are changed to enhance drying process. the
straps have
 Pressing equipment:

Here, the plant press is employed. a plant press is made up of pair of hard wood strips,
about 50 x 40cm. a blotter is then placed between the wooden frame, the tabloid size
newspaper containing the leaves are placed between the wooden frames and are
tightened.

Pressing techniques:

The plant specimen were carefully arranged to avoid overlapping. flowers are opened to
show both abaxial and adaxial and underside. Seeds were then sliced into half to speed up
drying process. The plant press is then tightened using rubber robes and the press open
daily as the blotters were replaced as the specimen dry. Immediately after drying, the
plant specimens are mounted on a cardboard sheet for preservation in the herbarium. the
plant press is designed so that plants can be dried quickly while remaining flat. it consists
of two cross- slated or wooden frames around the size of folded newspaper.
Plants in their newspaper folders are piled in layers of alternating padding. when laying
out the specimen is completed, the second frame is laid on top of the pile which is
compressed and strapped as tightly as possible with adjustable stalls. after 24 hours, the
papers would be changed to facilitate the drying process. the straps may be tightened
often as the plant material shrinks. after this, the specimen may be left undisturbed for
several weeks until they are completely dried.

Mounting:

Immediately after drying, the plant specimens are mounted on a cardboard sheet for
preservation in the herbarium. the plant press is designed so that plants can be dried
quickly while remaining flat. it consists of two cross-slatted wooded frames around the
size of folded newspaper. plants in their newspaper folder are piled in layers of
alternating padding. when lying out of the specimen is completed, the second frame is
laid on top of the pile which is compressed and strapped as tightly as possible with
adjustable straps. after 24 hours, the papers are changed to enhance drying process. the
straps have
to be tightened periodically as the plant materials shrink. After this, the specimen may
be left undisturbed for several months or weeks until there are completely dried.

Mounting equipment:

Cardboard sheet (45cm by 31.9cm), flimsy sheet, top bond gum, tread and needle,
gum brush

Mounting procedure:

The five pieces of 45cm by 31.9cm cardboard sheet were cut off for the five
different specimens. each divided specimen was appropriately placed on the
cardboard sheet and glued. the specimens were placed in such a way that some of
the leave undersides were showcased. the fruits were fastened to the cardboard
depending on their respective sizes and were left to dry for some hours. thereafter,
a plant label was written and placed on the bottom right and side of the cardboard
sheet showing the details of the plant specimen. finally, a flimsy paper was used to
cover each herbarium sheet and thereafter place in an envelope.

Taxonomy

The ability to identify, name and classify a given plant name.

Types:

-Orthodox(conventional types of taxonomy)

-Biosystematics

Advantage of Orthodox over Biosystematics, it gives ethical knowledge to being

identify millions of plants in a day.

Role of Taxonomy

-It enhances communication in applied science

-Name of plants e.g; source of author, features and origin

-Taxonomy is as old as human being

-No 2 plants are alike in nature

-Taxonomy brings order to system

-The name of a plant is a source of its literature review.

PART TWO:

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

-To study plants in their habitat of the field trip.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

-To collect and identify flowering plants species found in the study area.

-To study the natural habitat and characters of the plants found in the area.

-To collect some plant species for herbarium preparation.

-To prepare plant to be kept for reference study.

PART THREE:

FIELD TRIP AREA

Kaduna Water Works and Azumi Herbal Clinic.

FIELD TRIP ACTIVITIES

Visit To Kaduna Water Work;

At about 9am, on the said date the 500level students of the faculty of pharmaceutical sciences, of
the Kaduna State University left the school premises to Kaduna South L.G.A and arrived at about
9:30am. We the students were under the supervision of Pharm. Mallam Shehu Sani and Pharm.
Uwais Mal. Zakiyya from the department of pharmacognosy and Taxonomist Mal. Umar Gala where
he laid emphasis on the importance of medical plants. He also encouraged we the students to make
use of all the knowledge we gained with confidence.

Taxonomist Mal. Umar Gala with the company of the other lecturers took us round the area. We
were asked to select three(3) separate plant species which we identified with the aid of Mal. Umar
Gala. With his help we appreciated and identified so many other plant species that were found in the
area. So many of which included; Macuna Urens, Morida Citrifolia, Sida Acuta, Hibiscus Esculentus,
Eucalyptus Calmadulensis and so many others.

A total of 3 hours was spent at the Kaduna Water Works before our next visit to Azumi Herbal Clinic
located at Gaskiya plaza, Kawo road, Kawo market, Kaduna.

Visit to Azumi Herbal Clinic;

At the herbal clinic we learnt more about the importance of herbal medicine in the pharmaceutical
industry. How herbal medicine has aided in curing so many different diseases, the economic values of
herbal medicines and clinics and we also came to appreciate the importance, benefits, uses and how
herbal medicine play a major role in pharmacy.

PART FOUR:

Visit to the Herbarium;

After our return from the field trip at about 2pm, we headed to the university Herbarium. There we
were lectured, shown and taught some practical examples of the work presentation expected in the
course of the field trip.

Mal. Umar Gala, introduced and guided us on the procedures involved in plant presentation,
mounting and precautions to be taken during mounting. At the herbarium, we were also introduced
to the use of plant press and other materials used for the preparation of plant specimen. We were
taught on how the dimension of the field press should be (50cm by 40cm) and dimension of the card
board sheet(45.5cm by 27.5cm).

PART FIVE:

Neem Plant.

Order………………….Rutale

Sub-order……………Rutinae

Family…………………Maliaceae(mahogany family)

Sub-family…………..Melioideae

Tribe……………………Melieae

Germs…………………Azadiraelita

Specie…………………Indica
Common names…..Indica lilae, miracle tree, dogon yaro akum

Family Meliaceae:

Meliacea, the mahogany family is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs in the other
Sapindales. They are characterized by alternate usually pinnate leaves without spinules and by
synearpous, apparently bisorcual flowers borne in panicles, cymes spikes or clusters. Leaves from this
family are evergreen trees or shrubs, barks sometimes with milky latex; indumentum simple or
stellate. Leaves alternate, usually 1-pinnate, rarely 2-3 pinnate or rarely simple, margins mostly
entire. In florescence usually axiallary pinnacles, rarely race mose, spicate or whorled.

Azodiraclita indica(Neem plant):

Also known as Nim or Margosa, fast growing tree of the mahogany family(maliaceae),valued as a
medicinal plant. Neem is likely native to the Indian subcontinent and to dry areas throughout South
Asia. Neem trees can reach 15-30meters in height have altractive roumded crowns and thick
furrowed bark. The compound leaves have toothed leaflets and are typically evergreen but do drop
during periods of extreme drought. The small fragrant white flowers are biscual or staminate(male)
and are borne in clusters in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a smooth yellow green drupe and has a
sweet flavoured pulp.

Chemical Constituents:

Azadirachtin, nimbolitin, nimbin, nimbidin, sodium, salannin, quercetin.

Echno Medicinal Uses:

Nearly all parts of the Neem tree are useful and many of its antibacterial and antifungal properties.

Neem is commonly used:

-In shampoos for treating dandruff.

-In soaps or creams for the treatment of skin conditions such as acne, psoriasis and athletes foot.

-Treatment of diabetes.

-Oil extracted from seeds can be used directly as an insect and mite repelant.

Note: Neem oil, neem bark and leaves are unsafe for consumption by pregnant women. And can
cause miscarriages.

Eucalyptus Calmadulensis.

Kingdom…………………..Plantae

Phylum…………………….Trachcophyta

Class………………………..Magnoliopsida

Order……………………….Myrtales

Family……………………..Myrtaceae
Genus……………………..Eucalyptus

Specie……………………..Eucalyptus Camaldulensis

Common names………River red gum, Gun trees, stringy bark

Family Myrtaceae:

The myrtle family is a family dicotyledonous plants placed within the order myrtales. Myrtle, bay rum
tree, clove, guava, acca, allspice and eucalyptus are some notable members of this group. All species
are woody, contain essential oils and have flower parts in multiples of four or fives.

Eucalyptus Camaldulensis:

This is a specie of flowering plants in the family of Myrtaceae, and is endemic to Australia. It is a tree
with smooth white or cream coloured bark, lanced shaped or curved adult leaves flowers buds in
groups of seven or nine,white flowers and hemispherical fruits with the valves extending beyond rim.
A familiar and iconic tree. It is seen along many water courses across inland Australia, providing
shade in the extreme temperatures of Central Australia.

Chemical constituents of Eucalyptus Camadulensis:

1.8-cineol(49.07 – 83.59%)

Pinene(1.27 – 26.35%)

Phellandrene(0.09%)

Globulol(5.33%)

Aromadendrene(1.6%).

Ethnomedicinal Uses:

The oil was used in traditional aboriginal medicines to heal wounds and fungal infections. Teas made
from eucalyptus leaves were also used to reduce fevers.

In modern medicine it is used to -relief stuffy nose.

-clear respiratory complaints.

-ease sore muscles and joint pains.

-post-surgery pain reliever.

-boost immunity.

Note; When applied to the skin it possibly unsafe to use pure eucalyptus oil. It can cause serious
problem with the nervous system.

Blumea Lacera

Kingdom………………………..Plantae
Phylum…………………………..Tracheophyla

Class……………………………….Magnoliopsida

Order……………………………Asterales

Family…………………………..Asteraceae

Genus…………………………..Blumea

Species…………………………Blumea lacera

Common names……………Lettuce leaf, blumea.

Family Asteraceae:

The Asteraceae family is one of the largest flowering plant families with over 1600 genera and 2500
species worldwide. Some of its well known types are lettuce, chicory, articholme, daisy and
dandelion. The flowers are bell-shaped and comprise of small flowers known as florets. These
compound flowers have leaflets or bracts surrounding the florets. The florets form a bell-shaped disk
at the center. From this center the petals come out as rays to form a circular shape.

Blumea Lacera.

This is an annual herb which is from the family of Asteraceae and endemic to India specifically in the
wet and hilly areas. Its stems glandular or hairy, simple or branched, erect and about 30 – 60cm in
height. Its leaves oblanceolate to obvate at the margins(rarely) lobulated or toothed, 2 – 6cm in
width, 5 – 12cm in length and smaller at the top. Its flowering head are borne on axillary eymes,
flowers are about 8mm across and bright yellow in color. They are collected in terminal and spike like
pinnacles. Involuere bracts hairy and narrow. Acheres not ribbed, glabrous and quandrangled.

Chemical constituents of Blumea Lacera:

(2)lachnophyllum ester(25.5%)

(2)lachnogophyllic acid(17.0%0

Germacrene(11.0%)

PART SIX:

CONCLUSION.

The field trip was of great important to me as a pharmacy student. I was involved and participated
well in every aspect of the trip. I was priviledged to gain more knowledge on the importance of
taxonomy, medicinal plants, their benefits and uses.
We had a knowledgable experience with the field trip, learning, communicating and gaining more
exposure.

PART SEVEN:

REFERENCE.

-Burki. H. M.(1985) The plants of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens; Kew.

-Paul-Andre Calatayud.(2011) Blumea lacera(Astaraceae). A source of protein toxic to phenacoccus

herreni(stemorryncha: psedococcidae). The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 94, no 3(September, 2011),
pp. 649 – 654)

-Malar Retna A. Ethalsha P. (2013). A review of the taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemistry and
pharmacology of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis(Myrtaceae). International Journal of Engineering
Research and Technology(IJERT). ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 10, October 2013

-Padmaa Paarakh M.., et al (2019). *Azadiratcha Indica(Meliaceae)_A Review*. Acta Scientific

Pharmaceutical Sciences 3. 10 (2019): 19-24.

-Juliana Felix-Silva, Raquel Brandt Giordani, Arnobio Antonio da Silva Jr. Silvana Maria Zucolotto, and
Matheus de Freitas Fernaandes-Pedrosa (2014). Eucalyptus camaldulensis(Astaraceae): A review of
traditional uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of this medicinal plant. Hindawi
publishing corporation. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. Volume 2014,
Article ID 369204, 32 pages.

-Wikipedia

http://www.prota.org