Study Material for the Derivatives or Differentiations:

Let y = f(x) be a functional equation

Suppose ∆ x be a small change in x (independent variable )

Then ∆ y be corresponding value of y (dependent variable)

Then y + ∆ y=f ( x +∆ x ) ⟹ ∆ y =f ( x +∆ x )− y

∆ y =f ( x +∆ x )−f (x )

∆ y f ( x+ ∆ x )−f (x)
=
∆x ∆x

∆ y f ( x +∆ x )−f (x )
lim =
∆ x→ 0 ∆x ∆x

∆ y dy
lim = =Derivative of y w .r . t x
∆ x→ 0 ∆ x dx

Instantaneous rate of change of y w . r . t x

Differential coefficient of y w . r .t x

This process is called ab initio method for finding Derivative of y w .r .t x

OR finding derivative of y w .r. t x by first principle .

dy
Apply above method to find of y=f ( x )=x 2
dx
2 2
dy (x +∆ x ) −x
= lim
dx ∆ x→ 0 ∆x
2 2 2
x +2 x ∆ x+ ∆ x −x
¿ lim
∆ x→ 0 ∆x
2
2 x ∆ x +∆ x
¿ lim
∆ x→ 0 ∆x

¿ lim (2 x + ∆ x )
∆ x→ 0

d 2
x =2 x
dx
This function 2 x measures instantaneous rate of change of x 2 I e at x =1 its instantaneous rate of
change is 2 at x = 2 its instantaneous rate of change is 4 etc .

Consider the function y=f ( x )=x n where n ∈Q

dy d n n−1 d
Then = x =n x Here is called differential operator with respect to x.
dx dx dx

d n n−1
Simple power law of derivative x =n x
dx

Generalized power Law of derivative

d n−1 d
[f (x)] =n [ f ( x ) ]
n
f (x)
dx dx

Important Laws of Derivatives:

d
1. dx c=0 where c is a constant number
d d
2. dx cf ( x )=c dx f ( x )
d d d
3. dx [ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ]= dx f ( x ) + dx g (x)
d d d
4. dx [ f ( x )−g ( x ) ]= dx f ( x ) − dx g (x)
d d d
5. dx [ f ( x ) . g ( x ) ]=f ( x ) dx g ( x ) + g ( x ) dx f ( x )
d d
g (x ) f ( x )−f ( x ) g(x)
6. d f (x ) = dx dx
dx g (x) [g( x)]
2

Derivative Formulas For trigonometric functions

d
1. dx sinx=cosx
d
2. dx cosx=−sinx
d 2
3. dx tanx=sec x
d
4. dx cosecx=−cosecx . cotx
 d
5. dx secx=secx .tanx
d 2
6. dx cotx=−cosec x
Derivative formula for Exponential function:
d x x
a =a lna where a>1
dx
d x x
3 =3 ln 3
dx
d x x
e =e
dx

Generalized Formula for Exponential Functions:

d f (x) f (x) d
[a ] =[ a ] lna f (x) .
dx dx

d 3 x−1 3 x−1
For example dx 5 =5 ( ln 5 ) .3

Derivative Formula for Logarithmic functions:

d 1
lnx=
dx x

Generalized formula for logarithmic function:

d 1 d
ln ( f ( x ) ) = f (x)
dx f ( x ) dx

d 1 d 2
ln ( 2 x−1 )= ( 2 x−1 )=
dx 2 x −1 dx 2 x−1

Derivative formulas for inverse trigonometric functions

d −1 1
sin x=
dx √1−x 2

d −1 −1
cos x=
dx √ 1−x 2
 d −1 1
tan x=
dx 1+ x
2

d −1 1
cot x=
dx 1+ x
2

d −1 1
sec x=
dx x √ x 2−1

d −1 −1
cosec x=
dx x √ x 2−1
Examples of Parametric Functions:

x=cosθ∧ y=sinθ Are the parametric functions of unit circle, if we square and add
the two equations we get 2 2
x + y =1
which is Cartesian equation of a unit circle.

Formula for Parametric derivative of Unit circle:

dy
dy dθ
=
dx dx
dθ

Consider x=cosθ Consider y=sinθ

dx d dx dy d
= cosθ , =−sinθ = sinθ
dθ dθ dθ dθ dθ

dy
=cosθ
dθ

dy
dy dθ cosθ −x
= = =
dx dx −sinθ y
dθ

If we consider the Cartesian equation of circle x 2+ y 2=1

Differentiating with respect to x

d 2 2 d d 2 d 2
( x + y )= 1 x+ y =0
dx dx dx dx

dy
2 x+ 2 y =0
dx

dy −x
= which is the same result as above
dx y
As different functions have different parameters such as t, θ etc So set above
formula accordingly.

Note: Based on above learning material students are instructed to solve

1. Examples 1, 2 and 3 from page 66 of your text book.

2. Exercise 2.4 Q3 and Q4 all parts from your text book.

Example of implicit functions:

x y + x y =1 in this case we cannot separate y from x.

2 2

That is we cannot write y in terms of x i. e explicitly.

Implicit Derivative of y with respect to x:

x y + x y =1 Differentiating with respect to x.

2 2

d 2
( x y + x y 2 )= d 1
dx dx

2 dy dy 2
x + y ( 2 x ) + x ( 2 y ) + y (1 )=0
dx dx

dy
By separating dx on LHS we get

dy − y 2+ 2 xy
dx
= 2
x +2 xy

Note: Based on above learning material students are instructed to solve

1. Examples 3 and 4 page 69

2. Exercise 2.4 Q2 all parts.

Differentiating one function with respect to another function.

Q. Differentiate y=sinx w .r . t cosx

 dy
Let u=cosx thenrequred is du =?

u=cosx

du d
= cosx
dx dx

du
=−sinx
dx

As y=sinx then
dy d dy
= sinx This implies that =cosx
dx dx dx

By chain Rule
dy dy dx
= Putting the values from above we get.
du dx du

dx 1
dy −1 =
du
=cosx . sinx Formula du du
dx

dy
=−cotx
du

Note: Based on above learning material students are instructed to solve

Exercise 2.4 Q5 all parts