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LabIntroduction

Content

Performancegarment/Sportsweardesign andevaluation

PerformanceGarmentdesign

THERMALSIMULATION

Dr. Junyan Hu Senior research fellow

Tel: 852 27664206 Fax: 852 27731432 Email: tcjxhu@polyu.edu.hk

FabricFunctionalPropertiesCharacterization

PhysiologicalinfluenceofFunctionalMaterial

ITC, The HKPolyU

Summary

1.BiofunctionalTextileResearchlab

ITFResearchProjects

HighPerformanceSportswear andDevices (ITP/014/08TP)

Heat production within active muscle and its transfer to skin and sportswear

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PhysiologicalWear Trials
Competition wear

Physiologicalstudyofcyclingwear

HPRW

HPCW

Commercial

CooperatewithHongKong eliteathletes

Hong Kong elite athletes in HPSW Olympic Game 2008

: 09.08.2008 : : 2008
http://www.hkolympic.org/imagecatalogue/c_popup_photo_gallery/3635

Photo took on 2nd Dec, 2009 at train center (Rowing)

EAG 2009 Hong Kong
Source: http://2009eagarchive.lcsd.gov.hk/tc/news/gallery.php?catid=160 http://www.daylife.com/photo/08vx9cDf8OffW

2.PerformanceGarmentdesign

Clothingsystem
Con duc ti on

Rad iati on

Requirements
Convection

A safe product
Thermal & Moisture exchange

An environmentally friendly product A sustainable product A comfort product

Human Body Physiological Reactions:
Shivering Voluntary exercise Sweating

Clothing System Environmental Condition

Physical P st timuli

Physical Ph i l process

Physical stimuli

Body
Decoding stimuli

Psychological Process

Collaboration of Technology and Fashion

Physiological process

Brain
Neuropsychological Process

Individual Psychological Perception

Overall Comfort

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Thermoregulatory controlsystem

In the aspect of thermal comfort:

-Heat losses In a neutral environment

During exercise, these percentages could be reversed.

The Interaction of Clothing and Thermoregulation, George Havenith, Human Thermal Environments Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU

Source: The skins role in human thermoregulation and comfort P. 563

Intheaspectoffitness:

Psychologicalsensorycomfort
Clothingcomfortdimensions

Keystretchpointsonthebody

Tactile
Itch Scratch Prickle Rough my am old Cl C

Thermal-wet Thermal-

Stiff Snug Loose

Soft Smooth

Da H St mp ot ick y

Pressure

Source: Textiles in Sports, P205

Thermal-wet comfort

Tactile comfort

Sensationsinvolvingtemperatureandmoisture sultry damp clingy clammy hot cold sticky... sticky Thermalreceptors Transportpropertiesofclothing heattransfer moisturetransfer airpermeability
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Directfabricskinmechanicalinteractions
prickly rough scratchy sticky itchy

Painreceptorsinskin Fabricsurface/mechanicalproperties
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Pressure comfort

InternationalStandardsforthermalcomfort clothing

ISO7243,Hotenvironments Estimationoftheheatstressonworkingman,basedontheWBGTindex(wetbulb globetemperature) ISO7726,Thermalenvironments Instrumentsandmethodsformeasuringphysicalquantities ISO7730,Moderatethermalenvironments DeterminationofthePMVandPPDindicesandspecificationofthe conditionsforthermalcomfort ISO8996,Ergonomics Determinationofmetabolicheatproduction ISO7933,Hotenvironments Analyticaldeterminationandinterpretationofthermalstressusingcalculationof requiredsweatrate required sweat rate ISO9886,Evaluationofthermalstrainbyphysiologicalmeasurements ISO9920,Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment Estimationofthethermalinsulationandevaporativeresistance ofaclothingensemble ISO10551,Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment Assessmentoftheinfluenceofthethermalenvironmentusing subjectivejudgmentscales ISO/TR11079,Evaluationofcoldenvironments Determinationofrequiredclothinginsulation(IREQ) ISO13732(allparts),Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment Methodsfortheassessmentofhumanresponsesto contactwithsurfaces ISO12894,Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironments Medicalsupervisionofindividualsexposedtoextremehotor coldenvironments ISO13731,Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment Vocabularyandsymbols

Thespaceallowancebetweenthebodyandthe garment Fabricbulkmechanicalbehavioursandoverallfitnessof garment Thepressurereceptorsinskin A numberofsynthetic sensations loose heavy lightweight soft stiff snug
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Coldenvironmentsandpeoplewithspecial requirements
Workingincoldenvironments
beexposedtosevereconditions inthehome, duringoutdooractivities, sportingactivitiesor duringtransportation.

Windchilliscommonlyencounteredincoldclimates; y Lowtemperatures coldstress

climaticconditionsunderwhichthebodyheatexchangeisjustequaltoortoolargefor heatbalanceattheexpenseofsignificantandsometimesuncompensable physiological strain(heatdebt)

1metis58.15W/m2. Asleepingpersonhasarateof0.7met,and recliningawakeis0.8met. Officeworkis1.2met:amostlyseatedactivity butonethatinvolvesoccasionalmovingabout. Walkingslowly(0.9m/s,or2mph)is2met, moderatewalking(1.2m/sor2.7mph)is2.6 met,andfastwalking(1.8m/sor4mph)is3.8 met(ASHRAEHandbookofFundamentals,2005). Swimmingrangesfrom4to8met,andjogging8 to12met(Brooksetal.,1996). Theworkefficiencyofmusclesisabout15%, The work efficiency of muscles is about 15%, with85%oftotalenergyreleasedasheat

Metabolicratesof differentactivities

Source: ISO 8996

ISO 11079:2007(E)

Requirementsforprotection

Amethod(andinternationalstandard)hasbeenproposedthatdeterminestherequiredclothing insulation(IREQ)asafunctionofambientclimateandactivity(ISO/DIS11079,2004).

Exposuretimeandatdifferentcombinationsof ambienttemperature

Ref: ISO 11079, Metabolic rate 110WM-2

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Coolingpowerofwind

Problemsofinwinterclothing

Insufficientthermalinsulationinwinter:
chillingofthebody Hypothermia
frostbite,discomfort,impairedjudgment,reducedcapacitytoworkandpoorer endurance. especiallyinthehandsandforearms,causesdeteriorationofmanualsensitivity andagility. hardertomemorizeandlearnnewthings

Overprotection:
Thickclothingobstructmovement. Heavy Sweating,heatstress

Coldenvironmentcomewithsnow,iceandwind

Source: ISO 11079

Insensibleevaporativeheatlosses
about100to150mlperdayperm2 ofskinsurface

Sweating

Themaximumsweatrate
1liter/hour an unacclimatized person seldom reaches. 23 liter/hour

3.THERMALSIMULATION

a well-acclimatized person

When evaporated,
removes about ten times the basal body heat production. (Guyton and Hall, 2000).

Running

Thermal physiological requirements

S-Smart

Thermal Function

Moisture Function

running

The Interaction of Clothing and Thermoregulation, George Havenith, Human Thermal Environments Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU

Sweat Dissemination

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Computer simulations for biomechanical performances

Fabricimportantproperties
Stretch
toensurer clothingdoesn'trestrictbodymovementandperformance.

Moisturemanagement
toensureskinstaysdry,thusminimizing: (a)evaporationfromtheskinwhichresultsinrapidheatandenergyloss; (b)frictionbetweenclothingandthebodyandthereforereducedirritation.

Waterproofness and breathability andbreathability

forprotectionfromtheelementswhilemaintainingacomfortablepersonal microclimate.

Temperaturecontrol
bufferingagainsttemperatureswingsbetweenperiodsofactivityandrest.

Lightweight
toenhanceperformanceandconserveenergyaslessweightiscarried.

Highstrengthanddurability
toprotectthewearerandtheirclothes.

PureCottonMoistureManagementFabricwithNano Technology

Normal pure cotton fabric

4.FabricFunctionalPropertiesCharacterization

4.1Evaluationofmoisturetransferproperties

Moisture management pure cotton fabric

Standardsmaking Designprinciple

0.20g 0 20g

Influenced by : components of the water

water content in the fabric

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Typicalmoisturetransferbehavior
/ Water Proof / Repellent fabric Slow absorbing, slow spreading and very poor moisture management fabric Quick absorption and poor one-way transport Fabric Absorbent and quick dry fabric Good absorbent moisture management fabric Excellent absorbent moisture management fabric

61#

17#

58#

4.2FabricTactile ComfortTester
T=10 C

4.3 Characterization of fabric thermal radiation properties

1.2

0.8 IR intensity(v)

0.6

0.4

0.2

t t1 tt2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time(min) 6

t t3
7 8 9 10

1 .2

tr1
0 .8

tr2

tr3

IR intensity(v)

0 .6

0 .4

0 .2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

T i m e( m in )

41 Y Li, JY Hu, Lubos Hes, Textile Fabric Testing, US. 6,601,457 B2

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4.4 Characterization of fabric thermal and moisture transfer properties

Typical measurement results on the skin surface

M easurem ents on Sk in S u rface 20 0 18 0

t1

t2
W e ig h t

t3 t4 t5
H e a t flu x

115 0

114 0

14 0 12 0 10 0 80 60 40

113 0

112 0

Fan, J. Fan J and Y S Chen Measurement Y.S. Chen,. Science Technology, 2002. 13: p. 1115-1123.

RH T e m p e ra tu re

111 0

110 0

109 0 20 0 0 500 0 100 00 150 00 Tim e (s) 200 00 25 0 00 3000 0 108 0 3 500 0

Stan, a thermal manikin at Kansas State University, is used to measure the insulation provided by cold weather clothing. http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/S O_2009/f2360_so09.html

1hr

3hr

6hr
R Hs Ts H Fs w eight

1. Dynamic contact process;

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2. Insensitive perspiration steady state;

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3. Dynamic sweating process; 4. Dynamic wetting process; 5. Steady wetted state; 6. Drying process

Typical measurement results on the fabric bottom surface

Mrasurements on Fbaric Bottom Surface

Typical measurement results on the fabric upper surface

Measurements on Fabric Upper Surface

105 95 85 Temperature ( ), RH (%) 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 0 5000 10000 15000 Time (s) RHfb1 Tfb1 weight 20000 25000 30000

1150

120

1150

Weight
Weight RH
1140
100 1140

Weight change of skin model (g g)

1130

1130 Temperature ( ) RH (5) 80

1120

RH
60

1120

1110

1110

Temperature
40 1100 20

Temperature

1100

1090

1090

1080 35000

5000

10000

15000 Time (s) RHfu1 Tfu1

20000

25000

30000

1080 35000

weight

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Weight change of skin model (g) (

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Effect of Phase Change Material of Energy Consumption of Clothing Assembly

5.Physiologicalinfluence ofFunctionalMaterial

Skin 33 Environment -15

Environment temperature: -15 Layer-4 Layer-3 Layer-2 Layer-1

Cotton The Second Layer Waterproof Nonwoven Breathable Polyester Fabric

WearTrials

Skin temperature 33

Humidity Sensor Temperature Sensor

Structure of the clothing assembly

Sensor location

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Weight change of skin model (g)

16 0 %), Temperature ( ), RH (% Heatflux W/m^2

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Bronzeaward atIENA2006
35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 T Temperature() 15.00 10.00 WV_C 5.00 WV_A 0.00 0.00 -5.00 -10.00 -15.00 Thickness(mm) DL1 5.00 DL2 10.00 LW_A Di1 15.00 Di2 IW_A 20.00 Frozen point 0 25.00 LW_C IW_C the clothing assembly A the clothing assembly C Dew point 25.5

Comparison of temperature distributions in clothing assemblies A (Nonwoven fabric + conductive fabric without heating) and C (Nonwoven fabric + conductive fabric with heating)
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Bronzeaward atIENA2006,ITPC IntelligentThermalProtectiveClothing System,25Nov2006,Nuremberg,Germany

CorrelationsbetweenOMMCandclammy

CorrelationsbetweenOMMCanddampness

IRimagesanalysis
:

Results
Stage one: Running at 4 miles/hr
:4 /
Warm liquid arrive out surface No evaporation

ExperimentalProtocol
Environment:
Temperature:33C RH:40% IRcamera:NikonLairdS270 PhysicalexerciseRate 4miles/hr/

MMF Normal

MMF Normal

MMF Normal

SpecialdesignedTshirt(leftpartisknittedMMF,rightpart isnormalpurecottonknittedfabricwithsamestructure.)
T (, )

Beginning

began to sweat

More area of evaporation

Heavy sweating

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Time (min)

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Result(2)
Stage two: Standing rest after 30 minutes running :30,

Results(3)
Skin temperature distribution when take off shirt after 80 minutes rest 80,T Dry & Warm

Dry & Warm

MMF Normal MMF Normal

Damp, Cold 75 45 Time (min) 85 55 (rest)

Back view at take off shirt T

Damp, Cold
Back view after 70 seconds T70

Summary
CollaborationofTechnologyandFashion

Clothingsystemdesign

Contactinformation Dr. Junyan HU

Tel: 852 27664206 Fax: 852 27731432 Email: tcjxhu@polyu.edu.hk MN104, MN104, Institute of Textiles and Clothing

Comfortrequirement

Acknowledgement
WewouldliketothankHK InnovationTechnologyCommission andHKPOLYUforthefundingofthisresearchthroughprojects ITS05102, ITP00107TP andITP03108TP

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