Chapterfour:

Resultsanddiscussion
Introduction
Thischapterentailtheresultsofmeasurementsfromthevarioustreatments.Thisresultsshallincludet
heeffectofdifferenttreatmentslikevariety,typeoffertilizer,season,rainfallandtemperatureandhow
thesetreatmentsaffectthevariateslikeyieldandgrowthparameters.Theanalyticaltoolsusedinclude
ANOVA,descriptivestatistics,andcorrelations.Theresultsshallberepresentedasfigures,percentage
sandvisualizedlikegraphs,tables,andpiecharts.Theresultsshallalsobediscussedinthesamechapter
alongsidetheseresults.
Effectsofvarietyandfertilizertypeusedontheyieldoftomatoes.
Tomatoyieldwasobtainedbyweighingharvestsfromeachplantwithintheplotandaveragedtogetyiel
d(kg)perplant.Thiswasextrapolatedbymultiplyingby27000(averagenumberofplantsinahectareata
spacingof60cmby60cm)
ResultsfromthestudyfoundoutthataverageyieldsfromRiograndeVarietyandTengeruwere30.65an
d32.50tonesperhectarerespectively.Theseyieldsweresignificantlydifferentfromeachotherwithadiff
erenceof1.85whichisbiggerthantheLSDwhichis1.803.Theeffectofvarietyonyieldwasalsosignifican
tat5%confidenceintervalwithanFprobabilityof0.044.Thisisbecausedifferenttomatoesvarietiesarege
neticallydifferent,yetgenesareoneofthemostimportantfactorsthatdetermineyieldpotentialofanygive
ncropcultivar.TheresultsshowedthatTengeru(withyieldpotentialof60-80mt/
ha)ismuchsuperiorwhencomparedtoRiogrande((withyieldpotentialof30-40mt/
ha)underidealconditions.StudiesbyTshialaandOlwoch(2010)observedthattheuseofcertifiedseedsis
agoodadaptationstrategythatimprovestomatoyieldsamongfarmers.
Thefindingsalsoshowedthataverageyieldfromthedifferentfertilizerapplicationsofcontrol,syntheti
candorganicwere30.94,32.25and31.54tonesperhectarerespectively.Theseyieldswerehowevernotsi
gnificantlydifferentfromeachotherallhavingdifferenceslessthantheLSDof2.208.Theeffectoffertiliz
erapplicationdidnotsignificantlyaffectyieldhavingaFprobabilityof0.504.fertilizerapplicationincrea
sesnutrientquantitiesinthesoilwhichisexpectedtoincreaseyields.Itseffectsmightnotbesignificantwh
ensoilsarefertile,orpHislimitsnutrientavailabilityorintakebycrops.Theadditionofmanuretosoilimpr
ovessoilqualitybyreducingtheriskofsoilerosionandincreasingcropyieldsandplaysacrucialroleinsust
ainingandimprovingthechemical,physical,andbiologicalpropertiesofthesoilbyprovidingmineralnut
rientsandprotectingthesoil’swatercontentandmayinfluenceplantwateruptake(Carvalhoetal.,2017:C
herubinetal.,2018&Armadaetal.,2014).Manureissafefortheenvironmentandsoilhealth,anditisessen
tialforatmosphericnitrogenfixationandphosphorussolubilization,whichleadstoincreasednutrientupt
akeandtolerancetodroughtandmoisturestress(Meenaetal.,2017).Applicationofmanuresdecreasedt
henegativeeffectsofdroughtstressthrough,significantincreasesinshootbiomassandfruitnumberp
erplant(Tahirietal.,2022).
Theinteractionbetweenfertilizertypeappliedandvarietyoftomatoesdidnothaveasignificanteffectont
heyieldoftomatoes.
ANOVATable(Variate:Yield(tons/hectare))
Sourceofvariation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. Fpr.
Fertiliser 2 62.17 31.08 0.69 0.504
Variety 1 184.81 184.81 4.09 0.044*
Fertiliser*Variety 2 79.85 39.93 0.88 0.415
Residual 208 9392.96 45.16
Total 215 9796.55

Tableshowingmeanyield(tons/hectare)
Parameter Treatments Meanyield(tons/Ha) LSD
Fertilizerapplication Control 30.94 2.208
Organic 32.25
Synthetic 31.54
Variety Tengeru 30.65 1.803
Riogrande 32.5

GraphShowingyieldofdifferentfertilizerapplications.
32.5

32
Yield (Tons/Ha)

31.5

31

30.5

30
Control Synthetic Synthetic
Fertiliser Type

GraphShowingyieldofthetwovarietiesoftomatoes.
 33
32.5
32
31.5
Yield (Ton/Ha)

31
30.5
30
29.5
29
28.5
28
Riogrande Tengeru
Variety

Effectofseasons,rainfall,andtemperatureontheyieldoftomatoes
Theseasonsweremainlyclassifiedaswetanddryseasons.Thisdatawascollectedin2yearsand4growin
gseasons(2dryand2wetseasons).Theaverageyieldforthedryseasonandwetseasonwere28.75and3
4.40tons/
harespectively.Theseyielddifferencesweresignificantlydifferentastheirdifferences(5.65)ishighert
hattheLSDof1.67.TheeffectofseasonontheyieldwasalsosignificantatCIof1%withaFprobabilityofles
sthan0.001.Seasonsmainlyaffectsyieldintwowaysrainfallamountandmeantemperature.Therainy
seasonischaracteristicallywetandwarmwhereasthedryseasonishotanddry.Theaveragetemperatu
reforthedryandwetseasonwere30.2°Cand25.45°Crespectively.Thecumulativerainfallforthedryse
asonsandwetseasonsoverthetwoyearperiodwas2001.7(1312.2+689.5)mmand6646(2931.6+371
4.4)mmrespectivelyprovidinganannualaverageof1000.85mmand3323mm.Boththerainfallandte
mperaturemeasurementsweresignificantlydifferenteachoftheseasons.
YieldandrainfallhadaPearsonCorrelationof0.402whichwassignificantat0.01level(2-
tailed),implyingtheyieldoftomatoesincreasedasrainfallreceivedincreased.TemperaturehadaPear
sonCorrelationof-.382whichwassignificantat0.01level.Rainfallisassociatedwithincreasedgrowthrate
andyieldoftomatoessincetherearemoreavailablenutrients,andfruitsarefleshierwhendevelopedin
therainyseasoncomparedtothedryseasonwherethereiswaterstressbecauseofhighevapotranspira
tionmakingsomenutrientsunavailableintheprocessandresultingintosmallerfruitsizes.Thisresultag
reeswithMasahumietal.,2011andLobell,2010whosestudiesfoundthathightemperaturesandwater
shortagessignificantlyreducedtomatoyields.ThisresultshoweverdisagreeswithfindingsfromKarie
nyeetal.,2018whosestudyresultsshoweddecliningharvestwithincreaseinrainfallpossiblyduetorai
nfallbeingexcessiveleadingtoexcessivevegetativegrowthandhighprevalenceoffungaldiseasesthat
couldloweryields.
Agriculturalproductivityhasbeensignificantlyaffectedbywaterconstraintsaroundtheglobe()andth
eplant'sinternalwatercontentisaffectedbylowsoilwateravailability,whichinhibitsitsphysiologicala
ndbiochemicalfunctionsmakingitsusceptibletodroughtstress,especiallyduringitsbloomingandfrui
tenlargementphases(Abbasietal.,2020Jangidetal.,2016),whichpreventsseedgermination,slowsd
ownplantdevelopment,andlowersfruityields(Liuetal.,2017).Tahirietal.
(2022)indicatedthat,waterstressnegativelyaffectedplantgrowthandyieldtraits,andunbalancedth
eantioxidantenzymes.
ANOVAshowingeffectofSeasononyield.

Sourceofvariation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. Fpr.

Repstratum 2 76.75 38.37 1.02
season 1 1723.82 1723.82 45.7 <.001
21
Residual 2 7995.98 37.72
21
Total 5 9796.55

Averageyield(tons/Ha)inthevariousseasons

28.75

34.4

Dry Wet

Averagerainfallandtemperatureinthewetanddryseasons
 31 3500
30 3000
29

Rainfall (mm/annum)
2500
Temperature (°C)

28
2000
27
1500
26
1000
25
24 500

23 0
Dry Wet Dry Wet
Season Season

Effectofdifferentfertilizerapplicationsonthegrowthrateoftomatoes

Fertilizerapplicationsimprovecropperformancemainlyyieldandgrowthduetoincreasingthenutrientavailabi
lityorthecrops.Growthparametersmeasuredinthisstudywereheight(cm)andnumberofleaveswhichwasdon
eoveruptothesixthweekaftertransplanting.Theresultsofthefinalmeasureswereasfollows

TableshowingmeanvalueforgrowthparametersandtheircorrespondingLSD

MeanV
Variate Parameter Treatment alue LSD
NumberofLeaves FertilizerType Organic 18.74 0.977
Synthetic 18.64
Control 18.4
Variety Riogrande 18.52 0.798
Tengeru 18.67
Height(cm) FertilizerType Organic 25.83 0.768
Synthetic 26.61
Control 25.78
Variety Riogrande 26.16 0.627
Tengeru 25.99

TableshowingANOVAresultsfortheVariatesofLeavesandheightatweeksix.

a) Variate:NumberofLeaves

Sourceofvariation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. Fpr.

Fertiliser 2 4.231 2.116 0.24 0.788
Variety 1 1.185 1.185 0.13 0.715
Fertiliser*Variety 2 0.287 0.144 0.02 0.984
 Residual 208 1840.046 8.846
Total 215 1848.148

b) Variate:Height(cm)

Sourceofvariation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. Fpr.

Fertiliser 2 31.259 15.63 2.86 0.059
Variety 1 1.5 1.5 0.27 0.601
Fertiliser*Variety 2 6.333 3.167 0.58 0.561
20 1136.26
Residual 5.463
8 9
21 1178.81
Total 5 5

Effectonfertilizerongrowthrateoftomatoes

Effectofseasonsonthegrowthrateoftomatoes

Paramet Treatme Mean

Variate er nt Value LSD
NumberofLe 15.92 0.324
aves Season Dry 6 2
21.25
Wet 9
Height Season Dry 24.7 0.511
Wet 27.44

ANOVA-Variate:numberofLeaves

Sourceofvariatio d.f
n . s.s. m.s. v.r. Fpr.
Repstratum 2 2.398 1.199 0.82
1051.2
season 1 1536 1536 7 <.001
21
Residual 2 309.75 1.461
21 1848.14
Total 5 8

Variate:height(cm)

d.f
Sourceofvariation . s.s. m.s. v.r. Fpr.
Repstratum 2 3.454 1.727 0.48
 season 1 405.63 405.63 111.72 <.001
21
Residual 2 769.731 3.631
21 1178.81
Total 5 5

Correlationbetweenrainfallplustemperatureandgrowthparametersoftomatoes

Rio-Grandeisanopen-
pollinateddeterminatetomatovariety(hasdefinitefloweringandfruiting)withovalfruitssuitableforallmarket
s.Thisvarietyoffersaperfectbalancebetweenfirmnessandjuicecontentmakingitsuitableforavarietyofuses.T
hefruitsmaturein75-80daysfromtransplantingandweighonaverage90–
100gramsgivinganestimatedyieldof12-
16tonnesperacreataspacingof35cmx100cm.Thesefruitshaveaverygoodshelflifeandeasytotransportlongdi
stanceswithminimallossesandisfastatgerminatingwithvigorousplants.Theplantsarewelladaptedtohotdays
andcoldnights(withstandsextremesintemperature).

RioGrandeVFwasdevelopedbyUniversityofCaliforniaandreleasedin1994(Amkhaseeds,Online).Itlargelypro
ducedtheEastAfricaSeedCompanyinUganda.

Tengeru97isanwhichweredevelopedbytheHorticulturalResearchandTrainingInstitute(HORTI)-
TengeruandTheWorldVegetableCenter(AVRDC)andreleasedin1997.ItisaKimanOPvandsemi-
indeterminatecultivar(Ojiewo,etal.,2010).Tengeru97isahighyieldingvariety.Itisroundtooblateinshapeweig
hing100-
125gramswithgoodshelflifeofabout2weeks.Itisresistanttorootknot,nematodes,TomatoMosaicVirusandfu
sariumwilt.Itmaturesin100daysandyieldsabout60-80mt/ha.Spacing:60cm*45cm,

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Amkhaseeds,online.Link:https://www.amkhaseed.com/products/tomato-rio-grande-solanum-
lycopersicum