1. Why are flowers considered essential for sexual reproduction in plants?

2. What are some of the values associated with flowers for humans?
3. Can you name five ornamental flowers commonly cultivated?
4. Describe the structures involved in pre-fertilisation in flowering plants.
5. What are the two main reproductive structures in a flower?
6. Explain the structure of a stamen in a flower.
7. How are microsporangia formed in an anther?
8. What is the role of tapetum in the development of pollen grains?
9. Describe the process of microsporogenesis.
10. What is the significance of pollen grains in sexual reproduction?
11. How are pollen grains preserved as fossils?
12. What are the components of a pollen grain wall?
13. Explain the structure of the inner wall of a pollen grain.
14. What are the characteristics of the generative cell in a pollen grain?
15. How do pollen grains cause allergies in some individuals?
16. What is the importance of pollen landing on the stigma for fertilisation?
17. How long can pollen grains remain viable?
18. How can pollen grains be stored for long periods?
19. What is the purpose of storing pollen grains in liquid nitrogen?
20. Can you explain the significance of pollen banks in crop breeding programs?

1. How does the nucleus of the functional megaspore divide to form the 2-nucleate
embryo sac?
2. What are the characteristics of the egg apparatus within the embryo sac?
3. What is the role of the filiform apparatus in the synergids?
4. How are pollen grains transferred to the stigma of a pistil during pollination?
5. What are the three types of pollination based on the source of pollen?
6. Why is cleistogamy advantageous to plants?
7. What is geitonogamy and how is it different from autogamy?
8. What is xenogamy and why is it important for pollination?
9. How can a breeder ensure controlled pollination in crossing experiments?
10. What is the significance of emasculation and bagging techniques in hybridization?
11. Why does endosperm development precede embryo development?
12. What is the result of double fertilization in flowering plants?
13. Describe the structure of the pistil in a flower.
14. How are megaspores formed from the megaspore mother cell?
15. What is the ploidy of the cells of the nucellus, MMC, functional megaspore, and
female gametophyte?
16. What are some common pollinating agents in flowering plants?
17. How do flowers attract animal pollinators?
18. What are some examples of plants that are pollinated by water?
19. How do wind-pollinated flowers differ from insect-pollinated flowers?
20. What is the role of the pistil in recognizing and accepting pollen during pollination?

1. How do seeds provide nourishment to young seedlings?

2. Why are seeds important in agriculture and how do they contribute to genetic variation?
3. How does dehydration and dormancy of mature seeds aid in their storage and future crop
production?
4. Can you provide examples of seeds with varying viability periods?
5. Describe the reproductive capacity of flowering plants and ask questions related to egg
cells, ovules, and ovaries.
6. What are some plants with fruits containing a large number of seeds?
7. Explain apomixis and polyembryony in flowering plants.
8. How do apomictic seeds develop without fertilization?
9. What are the advantages of apomixis in hybrid seed production?
10. Describe the structure of a dicot embryo and the parts of the embryonal axis.
11. What are the components of a seed in angiosperms?
12. Differentiate between non-albuminous and albuminous seeds.
13. How do seeds disperse to new habitats?
14. Explain the relationship between ovules in an ovary and the number of seeds in a fruit.
15. What are false fruits and how do they differ from true fruits?
16. Describe the process of endosperm development and its role in seed nutrition.
17. How does the embryo develop in angiosperms?
18. Compare the early stages of embryo development in monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
19. What is the significance of the epicotyl and hypocotyl in embryo development?
20. How does the root tip of an embryo differ in dicots and monocots?
21. What is the role of the coleoptile in the development of a grass embryo?
22. Explain the process of double fertilization in flowering plants.
23. What is the purpose of endosperm in seed development?
24. How does the endosperm differ in free-nuclear and cellular stages?
25. Can you provide examples of seeds where the endosperm is persistent and where it is
consumed during seed maturation?
26. How long can seeds remain alive after dispersal?
27. What are some records of very old yet viable seeds?
28. How does apomixis mimic sexual reproduction in flowering plants?
29. What are some examples of plants that produce seeds without fertilization?
30. How does apomixis benefit hybrid seed production?
31. What is the genetic nature of apomictic embryos?
32. How does the development of apomictic seeds differ from fertilized seeds?
33. What are the advantages of apomixis in maintaining hybrid characters in crops?
34. What are the stages of embryogeny in a dicotyledonous embryo?
35. How do monocotyledonous embryos differ from dicotyledonous embryos?
36. What are the components of a typical dicot embryo?
37. How do seeds develop inside fruits in angiosperms?
38. What are the characteristics of seed coats in angiosperms?
39. How does the water content of seeds change as they mature?
40. How does the transformation of ovules into seeds and ovaries into fruits occur
simultaneously in angiosperms?
41. What is the structure of seeds and how do they provide nourishment to young seedlings?
42. Why are seeds important in agriculture and how do they contribute to genetic variation?
43. How does dehydration and dormancy of mature seeds aid in their storage and future crop
production?
44. Can you provide examples of seeds with varying viability periods?
45. Describe the reproductive capacity of flowering plants and ask questions related to egg
cells, ovules, and ovaries.
46. What are some plants with fruits containing a large number of seeds?
47. Explain apomixis and polyembryony in flowering plants.
48. How do apomictic seeds develop without fertilization?
49. What are the advantages of apomixis in hybrid seed production?
50. Describe the structure of a dicot embryo and the parts of the embryonal axis.