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Publisher’s Notice
Please note that this version of the ebook does not include
access to any media or print supplements that are sold
packaged with the printed book.
W. W. NORTON & COMPANY has been independent since its
founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter
Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the
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Permission to use copyrighted material is included in the credits

section of this book, which begins on p. A47.

The Library of Congress has catalogued the printed edition as

follows:

Names: Champagne, Anthony, author. | Harpham, Edward J., author.

| Casellas, Jason Paul, 1977- author. author.

Title: Governing Texas / Anthony Champagne, Edward J. Harpham,

Jason P. Casellas.

Description: 5th edition. | New York, N.Y. : W. W. Norton & Company,

2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020053065 | ISBN 9780393427004 (paperback) |

ISBN
9780393539707 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Texas—Politics and government.

Classification: LCC JK4816 .C48 2021 | DDC 320.4764—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020053065

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.
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Ebook version: 5.1-retailer

Contents in Brief
1 • The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas 3
2 • The Texas Constitution 41
3 • Texas in the Federal System 81
4 • Political Parties 115
5 • Campaigns and Elections 151
6 • Interest Groups and Lobbying 185
7 • The Legislature 215
8 • The Executive Branch 253
9 • The Judiciary 295
10 • Local Government 333
11 • Public Finance 373
12 • Public Policy 407
13 • Crime, Corrections, and Public Safety 447
14 • Building the Future: Public Policies for a Changing Texas 487
Appendix A1
Endnotes A21
Answer Key A45
Credits A47
Glossary / Index A49
Contents
Preface XVI
Acknowledgments XXIII

1 • The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas 3

Texas Political Culture 5
One-Party Dominance 5
Provincialism 6
Business Dominance 6
The Land 7
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Confederate Monuments in Texas 8
The Gulf Coastal Plains 10
 The Interior Lowlands 11
The Great Plains 12
The Basin and Range Province 12
Economic Change in Texas 12
Cotton 12
Cattle 13
Oil 15
High-Tech Industry 17
NAFTA, USMCA, and the International Economy 18
The Military in Texas 20
Who Are Texans? 21
Whites 22
Latinos 23
WHO ARE TEXANS? How Is the Texas Population
Changing? 25
African Americans 26
Asian Americans 29
Age 29
Poverty and Wealth 29
Urbanization 29
Urban Political Life 30
TEXAS AND THE NATION How Does Texas’s Population
Compare to Other Major States’? 33
Political Culture and the Future of Texas 35
Study Guide 37
2 • The Texas Constitution 41
The Role of a State Constitution 43
The Texas Constitutions: 1836–1876 45
The Texas Founding 45
The Constitution of the Republic of Texas, 1836 47
The Texas State Constitution of 1845 50
The Constitution of 1861: Texas Joins the Confederacy 52
The Constitution of 1866: Texas Rejoins the Union 53
The Reconstruction Constitution of 1869 54
The Constitution of 1876 55
The Constitution of Texas Today 59
The Preamble 60
Article 1: Bill of Rights 60
Article 2: The Powers of Government 62
 Article 3: Legislative Department 63
Article 4: Executive Department 63
Article 5: Judicial Department 64
Article 6: Suffrage 64
Article 7: Education 64
Article 8: Taxation and Revenue 66
Articles 9 and 11: Local Government 66
Articles 10, 12, 13, and 14 66
TEXAS AND THE NATION Which State Has the Longest
Constitution? 67
Article 15: Impeachment 68
Article 16: General Provisions 68
Article 17: Amending the Constitution 69
Recent Attempts to Rewrite the Texas Constitution 69
Recent Amendments 69
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Votes in Texas Elections
Amending the Constitution? 71
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Prohibiting an Income Tax through the
Constitution 74
The Constitution and the Future of Texas 76
Study Guide 77
3 • Texas in the Federal System 81
What Is Federalism? 83
The Pros and Cons of Federalism 83
Federalism in the Constitution 85
State Power under the Articles of Confederation 86
The Federal System under the Constitution 87
Early Constitutional Debates over Federalism 89
The Civil War Amendments and Increased National Power
90
How Does Federalism Work? 92
Dual Federalism 92
Cooperative Federalism 94
TEXAS AND THE NATION Federal Funds to Texas versus
Other States 95
 Coercive Federalism 96
Independent State Grounds 98
WHO ARE TEXANS? How Do Federal Funds Flow to
Texas? 99
Current Issues Involving Federalism 100
State Regulation of Voting 100
The Affordable Care Act 101
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Federal Oversight of Texas Voting Rights 102
Immigration 105
The Coronavirus, Texas, and Federalism 107
Federalism and the Future of Texas 109
Study Guide 110

4 • Political Parties 115

The Roles and Structure of Political Parties in Texas 117
Texas Party Politics 118
Public Attitudes about Parties 119
The Contemporary Republican Party in Texas 120
The Contemporary Democratic Party in Texas 122
Democratic and Republican Party Organization 123
Third Parties in Texas 125
TEXAS AND THE NATION How Republican Is Texas? 127
The Tea Party Movement in Texas 129
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Which Party Reflects Your Political Beliefs?
130
Parties and Digital Media 132
Texas’s History as a One-Party State 132
WHO ARE TEXANS? When Did Texas Become
Republican? 133
The Era of Conservative Democrats 135
The Growth of the Republican Party 135
The Disappearance of Conservative Democrats 137
Texas Party Politics Today 139
Party Unity and Disunity 139
Urban, Rural, and Suburban Influences on Partisanship 140
African Americans in Texas Political Parties 143
Latinos in Texas Political Parties 144
Political Parties and the Future of Texas 146
Study Guide 148
5 • Campaigns and Elections 151
Features of Elections in Texas 153
Primary Elections 153
General Elections 155
Special Elections 156
Participation in Texas Elections 156
Who Can Vote? 156
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Voter Identification Laws 162
Redistricting: Where Do People Vote? 164
Turnout: Who Votes? 165
The Importance of the Republican Primary 168
Campaigns 169
Candidates: Who Runs? 169
Running as an Independent 169
 Money 170
Interest Groups 171
Parties 172
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Votes in Texas Statewide
Elections? 173
Strategy 174
TEXAS AND THE NATION How Did Texans Vote in 2020?
175
Public Opinion and Campaigns 176
Media 176
Important Issues in Recent Texas Campaigns 177
Campaigns, Elections, and the Future of Texas 180
Study Guide 181
6 • Interest Groups and Lobbying 185
Interest Groups in the Political Process 187
Resources and Strategies of Interest Groups 187
Interest Groups and Democracy 188
Interest Groups and Policy Makers 190
Types of Interest Groups and Lobbyists 192
Getting Access to Policy Makers 193
TEXAS AND THE NATION Registered Lobbyists: How Does
Texas Compare? 195
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Lobbying Reform 198
Who Represents Ordinary Texans? 201
How Interest Groups Impact Elections 201
Getting Out the Vote 202
Defeating Opponents 203
WHO ARE TEXANS? Which Interest Groups Contribute the
Most? 205
Individuals as Lobbyists 208
Interest Groups and the Future of Texas 210
Study Guide 211
7 • The Legislature 215
Structure of the Texas Legislature 217
Bicameralism 217
Sessions of the Legislature 218
How Much Do Legislators Get Paid? 220
Representation in the Texas Legislature 220
Redistricting 222
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Are the Members of the Texas
Legislature? 223
Power and Partisanship in the Redistricting Battle 224
Powers of the Legislature 225
Legislative Powers 225
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Your Role in the Legislature 226
Nonlegislative Powers 228
How a Bill Becomes a Law in Texas 229
Introduction 230
Referral 230
Committee Action 230
Floor Action 231
Conference Committee 235
The Governor 236
TEXAS AND THE NATION How Representative Is the
Texas Legislature Compared with Other States? 237
Additional Players in the Legislative Process 238
Power and Partisanship in the Legislature 241
Leadership 241
Centralizing Power: Sources of the Leadership’s Power 242
Partisan Voting in the Texas Legislature 245
The Legislature and the Future of Texas 247
Study Guide 249
8 • The Executive Branch 253
The Governor 255
Qualifications 256
TEXAS AND THE NATION Elected or Appointed Executive
Officials? 257
Election and Term of Office 258
Campaigns 259
Removal of a Governor 260
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Elected Governor Greg Abbott
in 2018? 261
Succession 262
Compensation 262
Staff 262
Executive Powers of the Governor 263
 Legislative Powers of the Governor 268
Judicial Powers of the Governor 269
The Plural Executive 271
Lieutenant Governor 273
Attorney General 275
Commissioner of the General Land Office 276
Agriculture Commissioner 277
Comptroller of Public Accounts 278
Secretary of State 279
The Plural Executive and the Governor 279
Boards, Commissions, and Regulatory Agencies 280
Multimember Appointed Boards 280
Appointed Single Executives 281
Multimember Elected Boards 281
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Plural versus Single Executive 282
Making Agencies Accountable 285
The Executive in the Age of COVID-19 286
The Executive Branch and the Future of Texas 289
Study Guide 291
9 • The Judiciary 295
The Legal Process 297
Civil Law 297
Criminal Law 298
Court Structure 301
Judicial Politics 307
Initial Appointment of Judges by the Governor 307
Judicial Elections Become Highly Partisan 308
Proposed Reforms of the Texas Judiciary 309
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Judicial Elections and Straight-Ticket Voting
310
TEXAS AND THE NATION Comparing How Texas Selects
Its Judges to the Rest of the Country 315
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Are Texas’s Judges? 319
 Issues in the Texas Court System Today 321
Having Experienced Judges and Funding the Courts 321
Civil Cases and Tort Reform 322
The Regulation of the Legal Profession 323
Judicial Conduct 324
The Courts and Coronavirus 326
The Judiciary and the Future of Texas 327
Study Guide 329

10 • Local Government 333

County Government in Texas 335
What Are the Functions of County Government? 335
Numerous County Offices: Checks and Balances or Built-In
Problems? 337
 The Challenges of County Government 338
City Government in Texas 343
General-Law versus Home-Rule Cities 343
Local Government and the Coronavirus 346
CITIZEN’S GUIDE State Preemption of Local Laws 348
Forms of Government in Texas Cities 350
Tales of Five Cities 351
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Governs Texas’s Cities? 355
Special Purpose Districts 357
Types of Special Purpose Districts 357
School Districts 358
Nonschool Special Purpose Districts 358
TEXAS AND THE NATION How Extensive Are Texas’s
Local Governments? 359
Problems with Special Purpose Districts 361
Councils of Government (COGs) 363
Financial Issues Facing Local Government 364
Capital Appreciation Bonds 364
Local Government Pensions 365
Local Government and the Future of Texas 367
Study Guide 369
11 • Public Finance 373
What Is the Budget? 375
Spending and Revenue in Texas 377
Trends in State Spending 378
Revenue in Texas 378
TEXAS AND THE NATION Do Democratic or Republican
States Pay More Taxes? 379
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Pays the Most State Taxes in
Texas? 381
The Question of the Income Tax in Texas 383
CITIZEN’S GUIDE The Texas Tax System 384
Other State Revenue 386
State Funds 387
The Texas Constitution and the Budget 390
 The Budgetary Process 394
Estimation and Planning 395
The Legislative Process 397
The Challenge of Budgeting in Texas 399
The Budget Process Today 401
Public Finance and the Future of Texas 401
Study Guide 403

12 • Public Policy 407

The Policy-Making Process 409
Rationality in Policy Making 410
Education Policy 412
The Roots of Education Policy in Texas 412
Desegregation 414
 Equity in Funding 415
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Attends Public School in Texas?
417
Educational Excellence and Accountability in Texas 418
Education Policy in a New Era 420
Welfare Policy 424
Poverty in Texas 424
Welfare in Texas, 1935–1996 426
The Idea of Dependency and Welfare Reform in the 1990s
427
Evaluating Welfare Reforms 429
Medicaid and Health Care Policy 431
Medicaid 431
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Abortion Policy in Texas 434
Broader Health Care Issues in Texas 436
The Affordable Care Act 436
TEXAS AND THE NATION What Are the Trade-Offs in
Texas Public Policy? 437
Public Policy and the Future of Texas 440
Study Guide 442
13 • Crime, Corrections, and Public Safety 447
Policing in Texas 449
Police Departments 449
Texas Commission on Law Enforcement 450
Controversies Surrounding Policing in Texas 450
Categorizing Crime in Texas 454
Felonies and Misdemeanors 454
Punishing Crime 456
The Criminal Justice Process 457
Arraignment and Posting Bail 457
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Bail Reform in Texas 458
Grand Jury Indictment 460
Pretrial Hearings 460
Plea Bargaining 460
 Trial and Sentencing 461
Does the Criminal Justice System Create Criminals? 461
Crime and Texas District Attorneys 463
Crime and Criminal Defense 464
Crime, Corrections, and the Texas Prison System 465
History of the Prison System 466
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Is in Prison in Texas? 467
The Prison System Today 468
The Death Penalty 471
TEXAS AND THE NATION How Does Criminal Justice in
Texas Compare with Other States? 473
Self-Defense and Concealed/Open Carry of Handguns 475
The Integrity of the Texas Criminal Justice System 476
How Fair Is the Criminal Justice System? 476
Reforms 478
COVID-19 and Criminal Justice in Texas 480
Criminal Justice and the Future of Texas 481
Study Guide 482
14 • Building the Future: Public Policies for a Changing Texas 487
Transportation Policy in Texas 489
Texas Roads and Highways 489
The Problem with Texas Roads and Highways 490
Highways and the Future 492
Public Transit in Texas 495
Demographic Change in Texas 497
Who Are Texas’s Immigrants? 497
Immigration Policy in Texas 499
WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Is Eligible for DACA? 505
Higher Education Policy in Texas 507
CITIZEN’S GUIDE Higher Education and Immigration 508
Building a System of Higher Education in Texas 511
Financing Higher Education 513
 The Coronavirus Challenge to Higher Education 514
TEXAS AND THE NATION Higher Education Spending and
Outcomes 515
Setting Goals for the Future: 60x30TX 516
Water Policy in Texas 518
Water Law in Texas 519
Planning Authorities and Water Policy 520
Facing Texas’s Future 523
Study Guide 525
Appendix A1
Endnotes A21
Answer Key A45
Credits A47
Glossary / Index A49
Preface
OUR GOAL in this text is to offer readers a broad understanding of the
factors that are reshaping political processes and institutions in the Lone
Star State in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. We are
particularly concerned with explaining how the principles underlying
constitutional government in Texas are being reworked in the face of new
political, economic, and demographic changes. By supplementing our
institutional analysis with concrete examples from everyday political life in
Texas, we hope to show the reader that politics and government in Texas
are not only important to their lives but endlessly fascinating as well.
Texas has been dramatically affected by a pandemic that has caused
tensions between the state and local governments, conflicts within and
between the political parties, and disagreements among state officials.
The pandemic has also caused major economic problems for Texans and
for state and local governments. This text explores the effect of this public
health crisis on Texans, the state’s politics, and Texas political institutions.

In recent years, how we talk about racial and ethnic minorities has
received increased attention. Debates about which words to use to
describe groups are ongoing and fluid, and for the sake of clarity, we
would like to explain which terms we use in this book and why. In the past,
we used the terms “African American” and “black” to describe individuals
who have descended from Africa. In recent style guide changes, the
Associated Press, the New York Times, Fox News, the Washington Post,
and others have decided to capitalize “Black” when describing this group.
We have decided to adopt this standard as well. Accordingly, we also
describe Whites with a capital letter. When describing individuals with
descent from Latin America or Spain, we will continue to use “Latinos,” as
this is a term that is widely used by people from this community. We do
recognize other terms have emerged to describe this group to take into
account all aspects of gender expressions. When we use “Latinos,”
however, we are thinking of the term as widely encompassing all gender
expressions. In accordance with new guidance, we will also change the
terms “slave,” “slaves,” and “slaveholder” to “enslaved person,” “enslaved
people,” and “slaveowner,” respectively, to acknowledge the humanity of
those whose freedom was denied during this history and to more
accurately describe the institution of slavery.
Features of the Fifth Edition
Another, related goal of the book is to provide students with extensive
pedagogical support throughout each chapter. In every chapter, several
features engage students’ interest and help them master the learning
objectives for the topic.

NEW Citizen’s Guide features in every chapter highlight critical

issues and provide students with questions and resources to become
more informed voters on, and participants in, these issues. Periodic
online updates highlight the new developments on the issues and
provide instructors with helpful current events assignments for
students.
What Do Texans Think? features in every chapter highlight
fascinating public opinion data in Texas. The features allow students
to compare their opinions on major issues with those of people
across the state and the nation. Accompanying PowerPoint slides
make it easy for instructors to poll their own classrooms on hot button
topics in Texas government and politics.
Updated “What Government Does and Why It Matters” chapter
introductions draw students into the chapter by showing them why
they should care about the chapter’s topic.
Chapter Goals appear at the start of the chapter and then recur at
the start of the relevant sections throughout the chapter to create a
more focused, active reading experience.
Core Objectives are woven into every chapter, helping students
gain proficiency with critical thinking, effective communication,
personal and social responsibility, and quantitative reasoning.
Updated Who Are Texans? infographics engage visually oriented
students with a “statistical snapshot” of the state related to each
chapter’s topic. Through accompanying quantitative reasoning
questions, these features help students grasp the political
implications of demographic, political, economic, and regional
diversity in Texas. Related exercises in the online coursepacks and
slides in the instructor PowerPoints make it easy for instructors to
bring these graphics into their online or face-to-face classrooms.
Updated Texas and the Nation infographics enable students to
compare Texas’s government and politics to other states’. Critical
thinking questions accompany each Texas and the Nation graphic
and encourage students to engage deeply with the graphics and draw
their own conclusions. InQuizitive features a dedicated learning
objective to the Who Are Texans? and Texas and the Nation graphics,
and slides in the PowerPoints make it easy for instructors to bring
these graphics into their online or face-to-face classrooms.
“Future of Texas” sections at the end of every chapter examine
how Texas government and politics are likely to change in light of
Texas’s shifting demographics and economy.
Extensive end-of-chapter review sections organized around
Chapter Goals include section outlines, practice quiz questions, and
key terms. Students have everything they need to master the material
in each section of the chapter.
Revisions to the Fifth Edition
In the Fifth Edition of Governing Texas, we have tried to provide students
with the most up-to-date account of Texas government and politics. Every
chapter was scrutinized with help from dozens of outside reviewers, and
we have tried to provide the most current examples and data throughout
the text. Highlights of the Fifth Edition include the following:

Chapter 1 (The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas) has

been fully updated with the most recent available economic and
demographic data. Material has also been added to help students
understand the complexity of political culture in Texas and the impact
of changing demographics and the coronavirus pandemic in the state.
Chapter 2 (The Texas Constitution) has been updated and refined to
include more material on the Texas Founding and the transformation
of the Texas Constitution.
Chapter 3 (Texas in the Federal System) has been revised to discuss
how federalism is structured in the United States and how it has
evolved in Texas over time, including recent decisions in the Texas
legislature.
Chapter 4 (Political Parties) has been updated throughout with
particular attention to the influence of the Tea Party in state
Republican Party politics. The chapter also highlights the role of the
Latino community in changing Texas and Democratic Party
competition.
Chapter 5 (Campaigns and Elections) includes a new opener
highlighting congressional races in 2020, emphasizing why students
should care about what happens in elections. This chapter also
includes a revamped and updated section on recent changes to
electoral practices, including redistricting, voter ID litigation, early
voting, straight-ticket voting, and the role of mail-in voting during the
coronavirus pandemic.
Chapter 6 (Interest Groups and Lobbying) includes many updated
examples and stories to highlight the changing role of interest groups
in state politics, and devotes considerable attention to recent
attempts at ethics reform.
 Chapter 7 (The Legislature) begins with a new opener highlighting the
changing composition of the Texas legislature after the 2018
elections. It includes updated data to reflect the 2020 elections and
Dennis Bonnen’s speakership.
Chapter 8 (The Executive Branch) has been significantly rewritten to
take into account all the officials in the Executive Branch and recent
executive actions during the 2019 legislative session and the
coronavirus pandemic. Considerable discussion is directed toward
the expansion of executive power during the COVID-19 crisis.
Chapter 9 (The Judiciary) begins with a new opener highlighting the
new judges elected to the Harris County judiciary in 2018. It has been
updated throughout, with new content added regarding judicial ethics
and misconduct, and the role of the judiciary during the coronavirus
pandemic.
Chapter 10 (Local Government) has been significantly updated to
account for changes in local governments and local officials, and the
impact of COVID-19 on local governments.
Chapter 11 (Public Finance) has been fully updated with the data
made available to political leaders for the 2019 legislative session. An
enhanced discussion of the challenges of both budgetary surpluses
and deficits is also included, especially with regard to the coronavirus
pandemic.
Chapter 12 (Public Policy) has been fully updated. New discussions
of the problems facing policy makers in education and health care
have been added focusing on the importance of recent court
decisions. Explicit linkages have also been made between theories of
the policy-making process and the substantive policy areas.
Chapter 13 (Crime, Corrections, and Public Safety) has been
extensively revised to include more on policing in Texas—including
controversies around recent instances of alleged racial profiling and
police brutality in Texas and around the country—and open carry
laws.
Chapter 14 (Building the Future: Public Policies for a Changing
Texas) includes new updates on policy areas like transportation,
higher education, immigration, and water resources in Texas.

We believe that these changes will assist professors in teaching students

the nuts and bolts of Texas government and politics, as well as the broad
themes and issues that will shape the Lone Star State in the coming
decades.
A Cohesive, Flexible Set of Teaching and
Learning Resources
Norton’s study tools, featuring InQuizitive, help students understand the
reading, master key concepts from each chapter, and apply what they’ve
learned. This ensures they arrive better prepared for lecture. Assessing
students on the Texas Student Learning Objectives (SLOs) is easy with
the Texas SLO test bank, InQuizitive (with questions tagged to SLOs), and
a variety of activities built specifically to complement the book. And
creating dynamic classroom and online presentations is easy with the
variety of instructor resources written by instructors who teach this course.

InQuizitive is Norton’s award-winning, easy-to-use adaptive learning

tool that personalizes the learning experience for students and helps
them master—and retain—key learning objectives. It helps students
think critically about recent political events and controversies.
InQuizitive is proven to increase students’ scores on exams. Norton
recently conducted a within-subjects efficacy study (designed by
Dustin Tingley, Harvard University) of InQuizitive for American
government, and among the students who did not earn a perfect
score on the pretest, Norton saw an average InQuizitive Effect of +17
points on the posttest.
InQuizitive personalizes student learning paths based on their
success in answering questions linked to learning objectives.
Answer-specific feedback and the opportunity for students to keep
working until they reach their desired mastery level makes InQuizitive
a fun, efficient, low-stakes learning environment.
New Learning Objectives focused on the Who Are Texans? and
Texas and the Nation infographics give students more practice with
analyzing the data presented in these features.
InQuizitive skills modules like How to Read Charts and Graphs, as
well as the NEW How to Evaluate Sources allow students to
practice fundamental skills necessary to succeed in the Texas politics
course.
Each question in InQuizitive is tied to one of the Texas SLOs, and
instructors can run a report that measures class performance on the
SLOs.
The InQuizitive course for Governing Texas, Fifth Edition, expands
upon the Fourth Edition’s by offering more questions that focus on the
following:
Concepts and term comprehension
Concept application
Critical thinking (linked to text features)
The convenience of learning management system (LMS) integration
saves you time by allowing InQuizitive scores to report right to your
LMS gradebook. (LMS integration with InQuizitive is provided by a
Norton specialist for qualified adoptions.)
After students complete a chapter’s InQuizitive assignment (Cory
Colby, Lone Star College), instructors can further assess and
enhance their learning by assigning book-specific activities right
from their LMS. Each activity is aligned with at least one Texas SLO
and Core Objective. A chart of these alignments is provided for
instructors. Activities include the following:
Simulations, with related assessments, explore the perspectives
of political actors and participants in Texas politics.
NEW Texas News Analysis Activities will be available every
other week. Using news articles, videos, and podcasts from a
variety of Texas media sources, the Texas News Analysis
Activities provide a current look at an issue in the news and
helps students connect it to their everyday lives.
Animated Who Are Texans? and Texas and the Nation
infographics examine Texas demographics and how Texas
politics compare with the politics of other states.
NEW “A Citizen’s Guide to the Future of Texas” short-answer
questions ask students to understand and apply current debates
in Texas government and politics. These questions and hundreds
of other questions from the test bank can be easily customized
and exported to an instructor’s learning management system.
What Do Texans Think? features allow students to answer
polling questions via learning management system survey tools.
The test bank (Rachel Walker, University of Texas, Tyler), available
within a learning management system in addition to traditional
formats, is sorted by Texas SLOs and Bloom’s taxonomy. It was
thoroughly revised for the Fifth Edition and includes more conceptual
questions.
To round out students’ experience in lecture, Norton provides high-
quality teaching resources for instructors. A new Interactive
Instructor’s Guide (Emily Erdmann, Blinn College) offers a wealth of
teaching materials, including discussion questions, suggested
multimedia lecture launchers, and tips for teaching with InQuizitive or
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Buy me every chance you get!
Do you good? Just try me!
Lick me light and stick me tight!
Buy me! Buy me! Buy me!
All good luck and Christmas cheer,
All good will I carry,
I’m your friend and—never fear—
Truly sanitary.

I’m the Red Cross Christmas Stamp,

This that I propose is
To summon wealth to fight for health
And beat tuberculosis.
Beat the greatest plague of all,
Oust a pall of sadness,
Treat despair with food and air,
And lift it into gladness.

Buy me! Buy me! I’m your friend.

Help me win my battle!
Help me bring a scourge to end,
Men are more than cattle!
Help me help the suffering!
I’m their supplication
Skill that’s brotherly shall bring
Healing to the nation.

THE RED CROSS STAMP

BY IRVING SAYFORD.
Who’ll pay a cent with a square intent?
Red for their blood—and life is sweet;
White for the gleam of their winding sheet;
Green for their graves—and death, be fleet!
Who’ll pay a cent for a chance to cheat
The great white plague of its winding sheet?
One stamp for a penny—you’ll take how many?
Red’s for the glow of the Christmas cheer;
White’s for the peace of the brand-new year;
Green’s for the brow, not for the bier;
Who’ll drop a penny instead of a tear
To lessen the list in the brand-new year?

THE LITTLE CHRISTMAS STAMP

BY ARTHUR G. BURGOYNE.
(Air: “Wearing of the Green.”)

Nowadays for letter-writing

Here’s the popular receipt:
First with chit-chat that’s inviting
Coyer deftly ev’ry sheet.
Seal it neatly and address it;
Blot the superscription damp.
Then don’t mail the note unless it
Has a little Christmas Stamp.

Refrain:

Oh, the little Christmas Stamp!

Oh, the cheery Christmas Stamp,
With its message to the fireside and the workshop and the
camp!
Trav’ling over vale and mountain, over lake and plain and
swamp,
As a messenger of mercy goes the little Christmas Stamp.

Postal bureaus are not able

In their wisdom to invent
Any brighter, fairer label
On our letters to be sent.
They may try a new creation,
 Or the old designs revamp,
But the meanwhile the population
Craves the little Christmas Stamp.

Stamps of England show the florid

Bearded visage of King Ed.
Stamps from Egypt’s deserts torrid,
Show the Sphynx’s grinning head.
Other stamps show deer and fishes,
Or a pictured urn or lamp,
But the one that bears good wishes
Is the little Christmas Stamp.

Russia sports her eagles mighty

On her postal guarantees;
Spain depicts her monarch flighty,
Germany her own main squeeze.
Other pow’rs use landscapes charming,
Which in narrow space they cramp,
But the one design heart-warming
Marks the little Christmas Stamp.

Now this stamp won’t pay for transit

On our own or other soil,
But ’tis plain to him that scans it
That it pays for Red Cross toil.
And to keep the white plague under
And upon that pest to tramp,
Buy the latest postal wonder,
Buy the little Christmas Stamp.
 THE STORY OF THE RED CROSS
THE HARVEST OF DEATH
Throughout the entire action the Emperor Francis Joseph remained
calm and composed. Towards the evening the Austrian centre
having yielded the left wing, not daring to face the position of the
Allies, a general retreat was decided upon and the head of the
House of Hapsburg, who throughout the day had watched the bullets
raining around him, withdrew with a part of his staff in the direction of
Volta. The Austrian officers had fought like lions, many in their
despair gave themselves up to death by the enemy’s hands, but not
without selling dearly their lives. Most of those who returned to their
regiments were covered with the blood of their own wounds or those
of their enemies.
The roads were filled with army wagons, carts and reserve
artillery. The first convoys of Austrian wounded, consisting of the less
serious cases, commenced to come into Villa-Franca, the more
seriously wounded followed. The Austrian medical staff dressed the
wounds hastily and in a perfunctory manner gave a little nourishment
to the sufferers, and then sent them on by rail to Verona, where the
crowding was most fearful. Although in the retreat the Austrian Army
sought to carry away all the wounded possible, and this at the price
of much extra suffering to the poor men, thousands were left behind
lying on the ground, still drenched with their blood.
 Victor Emanuel, King of Sardinia, later King of Italy.

Towards the close of the day, when the twilight shadows were
creeping over this vast field of carnage, more than one French
officer, more than one French soldier wandered here and there,
seeking some missing friend or compatriot, beside whom, when
found, he knelt endeavoring to restore him to consciousness, to
staunch the flow of blood, to dress the terrible wounds, to bind his
handkerchief around a fractured limb or to vainly seek for water to
quench the agonizing thirst. What silent tears must have been shed
on that unhappy night!
During the battle flying ambulances were stationed on farms, in
churches, convents, in the open air, or under the shade of the trees,
which received firstly wounded officers and non-commissioned
officers, attending to them in great haste, and afterwards came the
rank and file if the medical staff had time to spare for them. Such as
could walk betook themselves to the ambulances; others were
carried on stretchers and hand-barrows.
During the fight a pennant planted on a slight elevation marked the
position of the dressing stations for wounded and the field hospitals
of the regiments in action. But, unfortunately, the troops seldom
knew their own hospital pennants nor those of the enemy, with the
result that shells rained down, sparing neither doctors, attendants,
wounded nor the wagons conveying supplies of food and lint.
The heights extending from Castiglione to Volta were dotted with
the twinkling lights of thousands of fires fed with the debris of the
Austrian gun carriages, supplemented with the branches of trees
broken off by the cannon balls or during the storm. Round these fires
the soldiers made an effort to dry their soaking garments, then tired
out they stretched themselves on the stony ground to sleep.
There were whole battalions without a particle of food. Water, too,
was lacking and their thirst was so intense that soldiers and even
officers were content to drink from the muddy rain-pools, oft-times
stained with blood. Everywhere wounded men were crying piteously
for “Water!” In the silence of the night could be heard the groans, the
stifled cries of anguish, the despairing appeals for help. What pen
can describe the agonies of that horrible night!
The sun of June 25th, 1859, rose on one of the most frightful
spectacles that the most vivid imagination can conceive. The
battlefield was strewn with the bodies of men and horses, and with
the battered forms of men in whom the spark of life still remained,
they filled up the roads, they choked the trenches and the ravines,
they lay piled in heaps in the bushes and the fields, everywhere for
miles around the village of Solferino.
The crops were utterly destroyed, the corn was trodden under foot,
hedges were piled up, orchards ravaged. Here and there were pools
of blood, formerly prosperous villages, now deserted, bore the marks
of shot and shell; apparently deserted houses, whose walls were
riddled with bullets, stood shattered, gashed and ruined. Their
inhabitants, who for the most part had passed the twenty-four hours
during which the conflict raged in their cellars without food or light,
now began to issue forth from their hiding places, the vacant
expression and blank countenances of these poor peasants
witnessing eloquently to the reality of the fright they had endured.
The ground was covered with wreckage of all kinds, broken
weapons, accoutrements, camp furniture, and blood-stained articles
of clothing. The unfortunate wounded who lay around were pale,
livid, and utterly exhausted with their sufferings. Some, very badly
wounded, had an imbecile expression, seemed not to understand
when spoken to, staring with haggard eyes at those who brought
them succor, and others in a state of nervous excitement shivered
with a convulsive ague. Yet others, with deep, gaping wounds, in
which inflammation had already set in, were delirious from their pain,
and implored that they might be put out of their misery, and with
drawn faces twisted themselves into indescribable positions in their
supreme agony. Besides these there were unfortunate men, who
had been struck by cannon balls and grape shot, or whose arms and
legs had been shattered by pieces of artillery.
In many cases the bodies of the dead and wounded were robbed
by marauders, and thousands of poor fellows, who still lived, were
thus despoiled of all their savings, to say nothing of the little trinkets,
the gifts of mothers, wives and sweethearts.
Besides these tragic scenes were many dramatic incidents
witnessed by Monsieur Dunant himself of which he tells; there an old
officer on the retired list, General Breton, wandering over the
battlefield in search of his wounded son-in-law; here Colonel
Maleville, wounded at Casa-Nova quietly breathing his last, Colonel
Genlis with a terrible wound that has produced a high fever,
Lieutenant de Selve, just out of St. Cyr, whose arm has been shot
away; a poor sergeant-major, whose two arms have been shattered,
and of whom he writes: “I saw him again at a hospital at Brescia, but
he died in passing Mont Cenis.” Officer after officer gave up his life
because of wounds in which gangrene set in through lack of
attention.
The scarcity of water was acutely felt, for the burning summer sun
had dried up almost all the moisture. Wherever the smallest spring
was found sentries were placed, who, with fixed bayonets, guarded it
for the need of the most urgent cases.
Wounded horses, that had lost their riders, wandered pitiably
about through the night. Whenever opportunity afforded they were
mercifully shot.
Among the dead were some whose features bore a calm and
serene expression, these were those who had been killed outright.
But those who had not immediately succumbed had their faces
drawn and distorted by the agony they had endured, their hands
clutched the ground, their haggard eyes were wide open and their
teeth clenched.
Three days and three nights were occupied in burying the dead on
the field of slaughter. Some few bodies, hidden in the thickets, were
left unburied, not having been discovered until a fearful stench
polluted the air. Terrible as it may seem it is highly probable that in
this haste some of the living were interred in the same common
grave with the dead.
Monsieur Dunant takes us over this dreadful scene. Here is a
youth, the idol of his parents, carefully brought up and well educated,
whose mother all his life had watched his slightest illness; there lies
a gallant officer, beloved of his family, who has left a wife and little
children at home; over yonder is a young soldier, who so short a time
ago said farewell to all his dear ones. Behold them, stretched out
stark and stiff in the mud and dirt, and drenched with blood. Knocked
on the head, the face of one is absolutely unrecognizable; he has
expired after cruel sufferings and his body, black, swollen, hideous,
is cast into a hastily dug trench, and barely covered with a little earth.
Hands and feet protrude and on these the birds of prey presently
descend. The bodies of the Austrians in their capots besmeared with
mud and their white tunics dyed with crimson stains, were strewn by
thousands on the hills and valleys, and hovering above them were
clouds of crows ready to feast upon these victims of man’s insensate
enmity. Poor mothers in Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, how terrible
your grief when first you learned of the death of your dear sons in the
enemy’s country without care or aid, without a caressing hand or any
words of consolation.
 REPORT OF CHAIRMAN OF THE
CENTRAL COMMITTEE
Fortunately, most of the emergencies arising during the year were
not of a magnitude very much greater than were easily met and
suffering relieved locally. In several cases, however, national relief
was asked, and was freely and very promptly rendered.
A brief summary of the principal events respecting catastrophies
occurring during the year resulting in losses of life, personal injuries,
destitution and destruction of property may be thus stated:

December 2nd.
A mine explosion at Monongah, West Virginia, killed 359 men, who
left about 700 dependents. For many weeks the Red Cross had an
agent there assisting the local committee and studying and planning
for the future of the widows and children, this help being gratefully
acknowledged by the local committee.

April 12th.
The Chelsea fire occurred, when the homes of 18,000 of its
population were destroyed. Miss Loring, the Secretary of the
Massachusetts Branch, took charge of the department of supplies
and distributed about 120,000 articles. The local relief committee
asked, and secured, the services of Mr. Bicknell, our National
Director, to advise on the completion of the relief operation.

April 25th.
A cyclone of great violence wrought extensive havoc in certain
localities in Mississippi and other Southern States. Major C. A.
Devol, and later Major Wendell L. Simpson, of the Army, both of
whom had much experience with the relief operations in San
Francisco, were sent to the scene of the disaster by the War
Department and kindly offered to act for the Red Cross. Needing
$2,000.00 for immediate use, this sum was at once telegraphed and
his requisition for twelve trained nurses instantly filled; this number
soon after raised to eighteen and supplied by the New York,
Pennsylvania and District of Columbia Branches. Hospitals were
established, and the injured and helpless, both white and colored,
properly cared for. The local authorities expressed their grateful
acknowledgments for the assistance rendered, which being more
promptly available than was the government relief, was especially
appreciated.

May 25th.
A flood in the Trinity River, Texas, swept away many homes. Our
Texas Branch installed two emergency hospitals and secured locally
the necessary doctors and nurses to care for those requiring aid.
This Branch annually installs a hospital and tents at the State Fair
Grounds. This year 1,000 persons injured or taken suddenly ill were
treated in this emergency hospital.

June 23rd.
Upon a telegraphic call from the U. S. Consul at Canton, $2,000
was cabled to the local committee for use in relieving the distress
caused by flood in South China. Later a surplus balance of $34,000
in the hands of the United States and British Consuls at Shanghai,
pertaining to the North China Famine Fund, which was partly derived
from Red Cross contributions made last year, was forwarded to
South China for relief of the sufferers from the June inundations.

August 5th.
Fires in the Canadian forests wrought great distress to the
inhabitants whose homes were burned. The Red Cross made a
contribution of $1,000 to their aid and received the thanks of the
authorities.
Floods in the Carolinas and Georgia swept away the homes and
crops of many. The Red Cross promptly responded to calls for help.
 The San Francisco Home for the Aged, Infirm, Poor and Helpless
Refugees, built and equipped by the Relief Corporation of that City at
an expense of $377,000 was on August 5th, 1908, formally
transferred to the City of San Francisco. This institution is dedicated
“TO THE NATIONAL RED CROSS AND THE PEOPLE OF ALL
NATIONALITIES WHO, BY THEIR GENEROSITY, RELIEVED
SUFFERING AFTER THE GREAT FIRE OF 1906.” It has a capacity
for the accommodation of 1,200 persons.

October 1st.
The Committee secured the services of an expert in relief work,
who, in the character of National Director, is able to proceed at once
to the scene of any disaster and concert with the local relief agencies
those measures which may be deemed requisite to meet the
emergency conditions. The lack of an agent to act for the Red Cross
on such occasions has often been felt. The Committee considered
itself especially fortunate in having been able to secure the services,
as National Director, of Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell, who for several years
has been at the head of the charity work in the city of Chicago.
Mr. Bicknell’s engagement dated from October 1st, and his initial
work was a visit to Minnesota and Michigan to carefully study the
situation in the territory devasted by forest fires. It is Mr. Bicknell’s
belief that the States and local agencies may be depended upon to
render such assistance as the conditions require.
The Central Committee has given much attention to a
development of an organization so as to better adapt it to the
purposes for which the Association was created.
The preparations required for the relief of suffering caused by war
will be generally confined to the elaboration by the War Relief Board
of plans for providing the requisite personnel, apparatus and
supplies and their application under the direction of military and
naval authorities. For emergency relief the instrumentalities of the
Red Cross will unfortunately be frequently called into activity, and we
should be ready instantly the catastrophe has occurred to have our
agents on the spot with the requisite personnel, supplies and
resources to undertake the emergency work which Congress has
assigned to the Red Cross of America.
It is always the case that local, state and municipal authorities are
ready to either assume entire management of relief measures within
their jurisdiction, or to co-operate with those who bring help from
abroad. Sometimes the outside aid required is many times greater in
magnitude than the localities are able to provide. For two
independent relief agencies to operate for a common purpose at any
scene of want and suffering means duplication and waste and
possible friction. It is to avoid such situations that the Central
Committee plans to elect the stronger and more efficient charity
organization societies as institutional members for the purpose of
securing their trained personnel to take charge under the National
Director of the necessary relief measure combined.
In furtherance of this general idea of better efficiency, and to
provide an authorized official channel through which the aid of the
philanthropic and charitable may flow, and be so applied as to yield
the maximum benefit, the Committee has organized an emergency
relief board of fifteen persons to be appointed by the President of the
Red Cross and empowered to study, prepare for and supervise
emergency relief throughout the States of the Union and exterior
possessions.
Carrying out this general idea of specializing in work of the Red
Cross, it is expedient to commit to a separate board the study,
preparation for and supervision of relief applied in foreign countries.
The organization of such a Board at an early date is contemplated.
It was found by experience that the By-Laws adopted on February
8, 1905, require amendment in several important particulars.
Accordingly the necessary amendments were adopted at the annual
meeting December 8th.
The general membership has been somewhat increased during
the year. This is largely due to the generous co-operation of several
of our members who contributed considerable amounts to a fund
from which the expenses of a propaganda were guaranteed. Large
accessions, it was hoped, would be secured by means of printed
circulars and historical data generally distributed. While the
propaganda resulted in the accession of several thousand new
members, the net result of the efforts did not justify the hopes that
had been entertained of a very large increase in membership. The
cost of this work was paid from the fund created by the donors and
without any inroads upon the resources of the Association.
At the International Conference, held in London last year, it was
agreed that the Red Cross throughout the world should assist in the
campaign against what has been aptly called “The Great White
Plague,” i. e., Tuberculosis. Several Day Camps have been
established by our Branches and are efficiently applying with most
gratifying results the curative and preventative means for combatting
this disease that have been advised by expert practitioners.
A Red Cross Christmas Stamp has been designed and will be sold
during the holidays at one cent each, the profits thereby secured to
be applied in aiding the tuberculosis campaign in localities where the
stamps were sold.
A prominent military surgeon, who is a member of the Red Cross,
has prepared a handbook for the Association on First Aid to the
Injured and this book has been placed on sale. It is hoped that the Y.
M. C. A. will adopt this work as a text book, a wish there is reason to
believe may be realized and that every family in the country will be
glad to have one. At the request of a prominent railroad official, we
are preparing, for travelers and railroad employees, to be hung up in
stations, a card containing suggestions for preventatives and
remedial measures in respect to accidents.
Special instructions of relief columns have also been commenced.
A plan is being developed through which the Federation of Trained
Nurses may become affiliated with the Red Cross so as to provide
qualified nurses as may be needed in cases of calamity, epidemics,
etc.
The evidence is overwhelmingly convincing that where a great
disaster has occurred contributions of the people are willingly and
generously given to relieve suffering, but unlike the people of some
foreign countries, our own do not seem to be as ready to join the
Association in great numbers and by their annual dues supply the
means for maintaining our organization in a constant state of
readiness to respond instantly on call for help. Fortunately, the
ordinary general expenses of conducting the business of the
Association in Washington are small, since we have no rent to pay
and no salaries to pay, save to the National Director, the Secretary
and Treasurer, and for one or two clerks, but the stationery, Quarterly
Bulletin, printing, telegraphing and postal charges are considerable.
The annual revenues available for administration, derived from the
half of the yearly dues, are not sufficient to properly conduct the work
entrusted to the Association. The income from the Endowment Fund
is also small because the fund is small and to the increase of this
fund it seems to the Committee special effort should be directed.
Considering to what proportion the endowments of certain public
institutions and beneficent organizations have grown through
donations and legacies, it does not seem to be an unjustified
expectation that the Red Cross Endowment should certainly reach a
million dollars, yielding at least $40,000 a year, which sum, with
other income, would be sufficient and ample to meet all
administrative expenses and leave a considerable balance for
application to emergency relief, before measures could be matured
for securing gifts from the general public directly appliable to such
relief.
With respect to this matter the Committee does not ask for
enlarged powers, since the Central Committee a year since took
action looking to the appointment of a Committee on Endowment,
but for reasons all appreciate the time was not deemed propitious for
undertaking the propaganda to this end, but members of the Board
of Incorporators can, in their individual capacities, do much to
forward the interests of the Association by their suggestion and
personal influence.
The statement presented by the Treasurer will show the financial
history of the Corporation for the year 1908.
 REPORT OF THE TREASURER
For the Fiscal Year Ended November 30, 1908.

Beekman Winthrop, Treasurer.

ENDOWMENT FUND.

Receipts.
Balance December 1, 1907 $ 2,516.25
Contributions from:
Mrs. Russell Sage $ 25,000.00
Mr. F. A. Keep 1,000.00
Admiral Robley D. Evans 400.00
Miscellaneous 121.00
26,521.00
Life membership dues:
Through propaganda $ 875.00
Through Branches 3,875.00
4,750.00
Interest on investments:
West Shore R. R. 4% 1st.
Mortgage Bonds $ 720.00
Lehigh Valley R. R. 4% 1st.
Mortgage Bonds 40.00
Provident Loan Society
Certificates 54.17
Bank Balances 82.83
847.00
Total $ 34,634.25
 Disbursements.
Invested in Provident Loan Society
Certificates $ 25,000.00
Interest on investments and bank
balances transferred to
Administration Fund 847.00
Total $ 25,847.00
Balance December 1, 1908 8,787.25
$ 34,634.25

Note—The Endowment Fund on December 1, 1908, is thus stated:

Invested in $18,000, par value, 4% West Shore R.

R. Bonds, cost $ 18,771.50
Invested in $1,000, par value, 4% Lehigh Valley R.
R. Bonds, cost 1,000.00
Invested in $25,000, par value, Provident Loan
Society Certificates, cost 25,000.00
Cash 8,787.25
$ 53,558.75

GENERAL EMERGENCY FUND.

Receipts.
Balance December 1, 1907 $ 52.04
Contributions:
*Mississippi Cyclone Relief 695.25
*Georgia and South Carolina Flood Relief 1,146.96
Miscellaneous 241.17
Repayments 1,850.93
Balance of Chinese Famine Fund (closed) 5,047.53
Balance of Russian Famine Fund (closed) 862.43
Balance of Monongah Relief Fund (closed) 7.58
 $ 9,903.89

Disbursements.
Mississippi Cyclone Relief $ 2,767.38
South Carolina and Georgia Flood Relief 942.05
Chinese Flood Relief (Canton) 2,000.00
Canadian Forest Fire Relief 1,000.00
Michigan and Minnesota Forest Fire Relief 300.00
Total $ 7,009.43
Balance December 1, 1908 2,894.46
$ 9,903.89

* These contributions to special objects of relief are credited here

instead of to Special Emergency, because disbursements from
General Emergency Funds began before contributions were
received. These emergencies were, therefore, treated as
general instead of special.

SPECIAL EMERGENCY FUND.

Receipts.
Balance San Francisco Relief contributions $432,037.33
Balance Chinese Famine Fund 5,046.78
Balance Russian Famine Fund 862.43
Balance interest accumulations 46,841.90
Contributions:
Chinese Famine Fund .75
Calabrian Earthquake Fund 233.60
Monongah Mines Fund 3,789.69
Interest on bank balances, all special funds 12,876.70
Total $521,689.18

Disbursements.
 San Francisco Relief $199,835.00
Calabrian Earthquake Relief 233.60
Monongah Mines Relief 3,782.11
By transfer to General Emergency Fund:
Chinese Famine Relief Fund (closed) 5,047.53
Russian Famine Relief Fund (closed) 862.43
Monongah Mines Relief Fund (closed) 7.58
Total $209,768.25
Balance December 1, 1908 311,920.93
$521,689.18

ADMINISTRATION FUND.

Receipts.
Balance December 1, 1907 $ 4,651.53
Membership dues:
Proceeds special propaganda—
Life $ 875.00
Proceeds special propaganda—
Annual 3,530.87
4,405.87
Remitted by Branches 3,590.55
Interest on investments of Endowment
Fund 847.00
Repayments 1.43
Donations 1,350.00
Proceeds, sale of Christmas Stamps 1,627.95
Proceeds, sale of badges, text-books,
etc. 57.95
Total $ 16,532.28

Disbursements.
Salaries $ 2,979.08
Clerical services 382.75
Traveling expenses 72.57
Publication of Bulletin (part) 1,936.36
Printing and stationery 554.05
Postage and minor office expenses 450.00
Telephone service 65.36
Telegraph service 85.84
Badges, text-books, etc. 105.00
Refundments 116.73
Transfer to “Guarantee Fund,” for
special propaganda 2,500.00
Life dues received through special
propaganda, transferred to
Endowment Fund 875.00
Total $ 10,122.74
Balance December 1, 1908 6,409.54
$ 16,532.28