Lecture2 Lecture 2

CourseInstructor: Md.Safiqul Md. Safiqul Islam

Bandwidthsoftwolowpasschannels

BasebandTransmission Baseband Transmission

Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape of the digital signal is possible only if we have a lowpass channel with an infinite or very wide bandwidth.

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BroadbandTransmission Broadband Transmission

If the available channel is a bandpass channel, channel we cannot send the digital signal directly to the channel; we need to convert the digital signal to an analog signal before transmission.

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DIGITAL-TODIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of Digital-tochanging one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data. data.

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Digital to analog Digital-to-analog conversion

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Types of digital-to-analog conversion digital to analog

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Types of digital-to-analog conversion digital to analog

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DIGITAL-TODIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Bitrate
th thenumberofbitspersecond. b f bit d

Baudrate
thenumberofsignalelementspersecond.

Intheanalogtransmissionofdigitaldata,the baudrateislessthanorequaltothebitrate.
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DIGITAL-TODIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If 1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit rate. Solution In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can find the value of N from

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DIGITAL-TODIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

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Binary frequency shift keying

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Figure 5.9 Bi 5 9 Binary phase shift keying h hift k i

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Figure 5.12 C 5 12 Concept of a constellation diagram t f t ll ti di

Figure 5.13 Th constellation diagrams 5 13 Three t ll ti di

Quadrature amplitudemodulationisa combinationofASKandPSK. combination of ASK and PSK

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Figure 5.14 The 4-QAM and 8-QAM constellations

ANALOG-TOANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Analog-to-analog conversion Analog-to the representation of analog i f h i f l information b an i by analog signal. signal. O may ask why we need t modulate an analog One k h d to d l t l signal; signal; it is already analog. analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel is available to us. us.
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Figure 5.15 T 5 15 Types of analog-to-analog modulation f l t l d l ti

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Figure 5.16 A lit d modulation 5 16 Amplitude d l ti

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Figure 5.17 AM band allocation 5 17 b d ll ti

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Figure 5.18 F 5 18 Frequency modulation d l ti

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Figure 5.19 FM band allocation 5 19 b d ll ti

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ANALOG-TOANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
We have seen in Chapter 3 that a digital signal is p g g superior to an analog signal. The tendency today is to signal. change an analog signal to digital data. data.

Topicsdiscussedinthissection:
PulseCodeModulation(PCM)

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Figure4.21ComponentsofPCMencoder Figure 4 21 C t f PCM d

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Figure4.22ThreedifferentsamplingmethodsforPCM

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Note

According to the Nyquist theorem, the A di t th N i t th th sampling rate must be at least 2 ti tl t times th highest frequency the hi h t f contained in the signal.

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Figure4.26Quantizationandencodingofasampledsignal

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Figure4.23Nyquistsamplingrateforlowpassandbandpasssignals Figure 4 23 N i t li t f l db d i l

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4-3 TRANSMISSION MODES

The transmission of binary data across a link can be f y accomplished in either parallel or serial mode. In mode. parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock tick. tick. In serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock tick. tick. While there is only one way to send parallel data, there are three subclasses of serial transmission: transmission: asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous. isochronous. Topicsdiscussedinthissection:
ParallelTransmission SerialTransmission Serial Transmission
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Figure4.31Datatransmissionandmodes Figure 4 31 D t t i i d d

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Figure4.32Paralleltransmission Figure 4 32 P ll l t i i

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Figure4.33Serialtransmission Figure 4 33 S i l t i i

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Note

In I asynchronous transmission, we send h t i i d 1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or more stop bits (1 ) at th end of each t bit (1s) t the d f h byte. There may be a gap between each byte. hb t

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Note

Asynchronous here means A h h asynchronous at the byte level, but th bit b t the bits are still synchronized; till h i d their durations are the same.

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Figure4.34Asynchronoustransmission Figure 4 34 A h t i i

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Note

In I synchronous transmission, we send h t i i d bits one after another without start or stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility t bit i th ibilit of the receiver to group the bits.

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Figure4.35Synchronoustransmission Figure 4 35 S h t i i

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Reading Instructions
Section 4.2 and 4.3 Ch Chapter 5

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