Biology TWO Study Guide 2022

1. Describe Watson and Crick's model of the DNA molecule.

2. What are the four kinds of bases found in DNA?
3. Where and in what form is eukaryotic DNA found?
4. List the three main types of RNA.
5. What happens during transcription? Where does it occur?
6. What happens during translation? Where does it occur?
7. Describe the three main differences between RNA and DNA.
8. What is a mutation?
9. What is the significance of mutations to living things?
10. Describe the components and structure of a DNA nucleotide.
11. What is meant by the term base pairing?
12. How is base pairing involved in DNA replication?
13. Describe the appearance of DNA in a typical prokaryotic cell.
14. Explain the process of replication.
15. When a DNA molecule is replicated, how do the new molecules relate to the original
molecule?
16. What is a codon? Where is it located?
17. What is an anticodon? Where is it located?
18. Name two major types of mutations. What do they have in common? How are they
different? Give an example of each.
19. List the six different levels of organization that ecologists study, in order from smallest to
largest.
20. What are the two main forms of energy that power living systems?
21. Briefly describe the flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.
22. What proportion of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next in an
ecosystem?
23. Explain the relationships in this food chain: omnivore, herbivore, and autotroph. How does
the way that matter flows through an ecosystem differ from the way that energy flows?
24. Explain how a nutrient can be a limiting factor in an ecosystem.
25. What is the greenhouse effect?
26. Describe Earth’s three main climate zones.
27. What are the main factors that determine Earth’s climate?
28. What is the difference between an abiotic factor and an abiotic factor?
29. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
30. How is an organism’s niche determined?
31. List the major biomes and give one characteristic feature of each.
32. How are biomes classified?
33. How might a mountain range affect the types of plants and animals found in an area?
34. List three characteristics that determine the structure of aquatic ecosystems.
35. List six distinct ecological zones that can be found in the ocean.
36. List three characteristics that are used to describe a population.
37. What factors can change a population's size?
38. What is the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth?
39. What is meant by population density?
40. Define carrying capacity.
41. What is the relationship between competition and population size?
 Biology TWO Study Guide 2022

42. Identify how a limited resource can affect the size of a population. Give an example that
illustrates this situation
43. Describe the general trend of human population growth that has occurred over time.
44. What factors explain why populations in different countries grow at different rates?
45. What is demography?
46. List three types of human activities that can affect the biosphere. For each activity, give
one environmental cost and one benefit.
47. What did agriculture provide that changed the course of human history?
48. Identify two ways in which the Industrial Revolution has affected living things.
49. What is the difference between a renewable and a nonrenewable resource?
50. Identify two ways in which environmental resources are important to human health.
51. Why is biodiversity worth preserving?
52. List four activities that can threaten biodiversity.
53. Explain the relationship between habitat size and species diversity.
54. What are two major global changes affecting the biosphere today?
55. Why is the ozone layer important to living things?.
56. How could a worldwide increase in temperature affect organisms?
57. What actions can people take in their daily lives to make wise choices in the use and
conservation of resources?
58. What pattern did Darwin observe among organisms of the Galápagos Islands?
59. What did Darwin's travels reveal to him about the number and variety of living species?
60. What is evolution?
61. What is a fossil?
62. How did Hutton and Lyell describe geological change?
63. According to Malthus, what factors limited population growth
64. How is natural variation used in artificial selection?
65. How is natural selection related to a species' fitness?
66. What types of evidence did Darwin use to support his theory of change over time?
67. How are living things organized for study?
68. Describe the system for naming species that Linnaeus developed.
69. What are the seven taxonomic categories of Linnaeus's classification system? Rank these
taxa in hierarchical order, beginning with the largest level and ending with the smallest.
70. Why do scientists avoid using common names when discussing organisms?
71. What is binomial nomenclature?
72. How are genes used to help scientists classify organisms?
73. How do you read a cladogram?
74. How do you make a cladogram?