Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PDF Solutions Manual To Accompany Elementary and Intermediate Algebra 4Th Edition 9780321726346 Online Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Solutions Manual To Accompany Elementary and Intermediate Algebra 4Th Edition 9780321726346 Online Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Solutions Manual To Accompany Elementary and Intermediate Algebra 4Th Edition 9780321726346 Online Ebook Full Chapter
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-to-accompany-
intermediate-algebra-for-college-students-8th-
edition-9780321620910/
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-to-accompany-
elementary-statistics-using-excel-4th-edition-0321564960/
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-to-accompany-
algebra-and-trigonometry-5th-by-blitzer-0321900537/
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-to-accompany-a-
graphical-approach-to-algebra-and-trigonometry-5th-
edition-9780321644725/
Solutions Manual to accompany Elementary Structures for
Architects and Builders 5th edition 9780131186552
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-to-accompany-
elementary-structures-for-architects-and-builders-5th-
edition-9780131186552/
http://testbankbell.com/product/beginning-and-intermediate-
algebra-6th-edition-lial-solutions-manual/
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-to-accompany-
matrix-analysis-and-applied-linear-algebra-1st-
edition-9780898714548/
http://testbankbell.com/product/elementary-linear-algebra-8th-
edition-larson-solutions-manual/
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-to-accompany-
algebra-for-college-students-3rd-edition-9780136129080/
Solutions Manual to accompany Elementary and
Intermediate Algebra 4th edition 9780321726346
44. ( 3 x + 2)( 3 x − 2) = ( 3 x
4 4
)
4 2
− 2 Product of sum
2
binomial
and difference = 9 x10 − 6 x 5 + 1
of the same two
terms
= 9 x8 − 4
( )
2
54. (4 x 3 + 1)2 = 4 x 3 + 2 ⋅ 4 x3 ⋅1 + 12 Square of a
binomial
45. (6a3 + 1)(6a 3 − 1) Product of the sum = 16 x 6 + 8 x 3 + 1
= (6a3 ) 2 − 12 and difference of
2 2
55. ⎛ a − ⎞ = a 2 − 2 ⋅ a ⋅ + ⎛ ⎞
= 36a 6 − 1 the same two terms 2 2 2
Square of a
⎝ 5⎠ 5 ⎝ 5⎠ binomial
4 4
46. ( t 2 − 0.2)( t 2 + 0.2) = ( t 2 ) − (0.2) 2 Product of the = a2 − a +
2
5 25
= ( x 4 ) 2 − (0.1) 2 and difference of
= x − 0.01
8 the same two terms ( )(
57. x 2 + 1 x 2 − x + 2 ) Multiplying a
binomial and a
trinomial
48. ( t 3 + 4)( t 3 − 4) = ( t 3 ) − 42
2
Product of the
sum and diffe- = x 4 − x3 + 2 x 2
rence of the same + x2 − x + 2
two terms
= t 6 − 16
= x 4 − x3 + 3x 2 − x + 2
49. ⎛⎜ t − 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ t + 3 ⎞⎟ = t 2 − ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟
2
Product of the
(
58. ( a + 3) a 2 + 6a + 1 ) Multiplying a
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ sum and diffe-
binomial and a
rence of the same trinomial
two terms = a 3 + 6a 2 + a
9 + 3a 2 + 18a + 3
= t2 −
16
a 3 + 9a 2 + 19a + 3
60. (5 − 2t 3 ) = 52 − 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2t 3 + ( 2t 3 )
2 2
Square of
71. −4 x ( x 2 + 6 x − 3)
a binomial = −4 x ⋅ x 2 − 4 x ⋅ 6 x + 4 x ⋅ 3 Multiplying
= 25 − 20t 3 + 4t 6
= −4 x3 − 24 x 2 + 12 x each term of
61. ( 5 + 6t 2 ) = 52 + 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6t 2 + ( 6t 2 )
2 2 a trinomial
Square of
a binomial by a monomial
= 25 + 60t 2 + 36t 4
72. 8 x ( − x 5 + 6 x 2 + 9 )
62. ( 3 p 2 − p ) = ( 3 p 2 ) − 2 ⋅ 3 p 2 ⋅ p + p 2 Square of
2 2
a binomial = −8 x ⋅ x5 + 8 x ⋅ 6 x 2 + 8 x ⋅ 9 Multiplying
= 9p − 6p + p
4 3 2
= −8 x 6 + 48 x 3 + 72 x each term of
a trinomial
63. ( 7 x − 0.3) = ( 7 x ) − 2 ⋅ 7 x ⋅ 0.3 + 0.32 Square of
2 2
a binomial by a monomial
= 49 x 2 − 4.2 x + 0.09
73. ( −t 3 + 1) 2 = ( −t 3 ) 2 Square of a binomial
64. (4a − 0.6) = (4a ) − 2 ⋅ 4a ⋅ 0.6 + 0.6
2 2 2
Square of + 2( −t ) (1) + 1
3 2
a binomial
= 16a 2 − 4.8a + 0.36 = t 6 − 2t 3 + 1
66. 9 x3 ( 2 x 2 − 5) = 9 x 3 ⋅ 2 x 2 − 9 x3 ⋅ 5 Multiplying (
75. 3t 2 5t 3 − t 2 + t )
= 3t ⋅ 5t + 3t 2 ( −t 2 ) + 3t 2 ⋅ t
each term of the 2 3
binomial by the Multiplying
monomial each term of
= 18 x 5 − 45 x 3 the trinomial
by the
monomial
67. (a − 3) ( a 2 + 2a − 4) = 15t 5 − 3t 4 + 3t 3
= a 3 + 2a 2 − 4a Multiplying horizontally
− 3a 2 − 6a + 12 and aligning like terms 76. −5 x3 ( x 2 + 8 x − 9 )
a 3 − a 2 − 10a + 12 = −5 x3 ⋅ x 2 − 5 x 3 ⋅8 x + 5 x3 ⋅ 9 Multiplying
= −5 x5 − 40 x 4 + 45 x3 each term of
68. ( x − 5)( x + x − 1)
2 2
a trinomial
= x 4 + x3 − x 2 Multiplying horizontally by a monomial
− 5 x 2 − 5 x + 5 and aligning like terms
= x 4 + x3 − 6 x 2 − 5 x + 5
77. (6 x 4 − 3 x)2 Square of
= (6 x ) − 2 ⋅ 6 x ⋅ 3x + (3x)
4 2 4 2 a binomial
69. (7 − 3x 4 )(7 − 3x 4 ) = (7 − 3 x 4 )
2
Square of a
= 36 x − 36 x + 9 x
8 5 2
bionomial
= 7 − 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 3x + (3 x
2 4
)
4 2
= 49 − 42 x + 9 x 4 8
⎝5⎠
1 1
= − 36 x8 , or − 36 x8 +
25 25
2
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ Square of a
82. ⎜ 3 + t 5 ⎟ ⎜ 3 + t 5 ⎟ = ⎜ 3 + t 5 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ bionomial
2
We can find the shaded area in two ways.
1 ⎛1 ⎞ Method 1: The figure is a square with side
= 3 + 2 ⋅ 3⋅ t5 + ⎜ t5 ⎟
2
2 ⎝2 ⎠ x + 3, so the area is ( x + 3) 2 = x 2 + 6 x + 9
1 1 Method 2: We add the areas of A, B, C,
= 9 + 3t 5 + t10 , or t10 + 3t 5 + 9 and D.
4 4
3 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ x + x ⋅ x = 3x + 9 + 3x + x2
(
83. (a + 1) a 2 − a + 1 ) = x 2 + 6 x + 9.
Either way, we find the total shaded area is
= a3 − a 2 + a Multiplying horizontally
x 2 + 6 x + 9.
a − a + 1 and aligning like terms
2
a3 +1 87.
84. ( x − 5) ( x 2 + 5 x + 25)
= x 3 + 5 x 2 + 25 x Multiplying horizontally
− 5 x − 25 x − 125 and aligning like terms
2
x3 − 125
92.
We can find the shaded area in two ways.
Method 1: The figure is a square with side
x + 7, so the area is ( x + 7) 2 = x 2 + 14 x + 49.
Method 2: We add the areas of A, B, C,
and D.
x ⋅ x + x ⋅ 7 + 7 ⋅ 7 + 7 ⋅ x = x 2 + 7 x + 49 + 7 x
= x 2 + 14 x + 49.
98. We draw a square with side x + 8. 103. Thinking and Writing Exercise. It’s a good
idea to study the other special products,
because they allow for faster computations
than the FOIL method.
99. We draw a square with side t + 9. 105. Familiarize. Let t = the number of watts used
by the washing machine. Then 21t = the
number of watts used by the refrigerator, and
11t = the number of watts used by the freezer.
Translate.
refrigerator freezer washer Total
watts + watts + watts = N watts
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
21t + 11t + t = 297
100. We draw a square with side a + 12.
Solve. We solve the equation.
21t + 11t + t = 297
33t = 297
t=9
The possible solution is:
washer, t: 9 kWh/mo
freezer, 11t :11⋅ 9, or 99 kWh / mo
refrigerator, 21t : 21 ⋅ 9, or 189 kWh / mo
101. We draw a square with side 3 + x. Check. The number of kWh/mo for the
freezer, 99, is 11 times 9, the number of the
washer. The number of kWh/mo for the
refrigerator, 189, is 21 times 9, the number
for the washer. Also, 9 + 99 + 189 = 297, the
total kWh/mo.
State. The washer uses 9 kWh/mo, the freezer
uses 99 kWh/mo, and the refrigerator uses
189 kWh/mo.
( )
2
y=
8
Dividing both sides by 5x = 9t 2 − 4
5x
= 81t 4 − 72t 2 + 16
108. 3ab = c
118. (5a + 1)2 (5a − 1)2 = [(5a + 1)(5a − 1)]2
c
a=
= ( 25a 2 − 1)
Dividing both sides by 3b 2
3b
= 625a 4 − 50a 2 + 1
109. ax − by = c
ax = by + c Adding by to both sides
( ) (t )
4 4
119. t 3 − 1 3
+ 1 = [(t 3 − 1)(t 3 + 1)]4
by + c
x= Dividing both sides by a
( )
4
a = t6 −1
= [(t 6 − 1) 2 ]2
110. ax − by = c
( )
2
= t12 − 2t 6 + 1
−by = − ax + c Subtracting ax
− ax + c = (t 12
− 2t 6 + 1)( t 12
)
− 2t 6 + 1
y= Dividing by − b
−b = t − 2t + t − 2t + 4t
24 18 12 18 12
ax − c
y= Simplify − 2t 6 + t12 − 2t 6 + 1
b
= t 24 − 4t 18 + 6t 12 − 4t 6 + 1
111. Thinking and Writing Exercise. The
computation can be done more simply by 120. (32.41x + 5.37) 2 = (32.41x) 2 + 2 ⋅ (32.41x)
writing 19 ⋅ 21 as (20 − 1)(20 + 1). The
⋅ (5.37) + (5.37) 2
expression (20 − 1)(20 + 1) is the difference of
= 1050.4081x 2 + 348.0834 x
two squares and can be done mentally with a
little practice: + 28.8369
(20 − 1)(20 + 1) = 202 − 12 = 400 − 1 = 399
121. ( x + 2)( x − 5) = ( x + 1)( x − 3)
x − 5 x + 2 x − 10 = x 2 − 3 x + x − 3
2
112. Thinking and Writing Exercise. ( A + B )3 can
be viewed as the sum of the volumes of eight x 2 − 3x − 10 = x 2 − 2 x − 3
regions in a cube with side A + B. − 3 x − 10 = −2 x − 3 Adding − x 2
−3 x + 2 x = 10 − 3 Adding 2 x and 10
113. 18 × 22 = (20 − 2)(20 + 2) −x=7
= 20 − 2
2 2 x = −7
= 400 − 4 The solution is −7.
= 396
−3 x = 6 x Adding − 2 x 2 and 20
− 9x = 0 Adding − 6 x
x=0
125. If l = the length, then l + 1 = the height, and The area of the entire figure is F 2 . The area
l − 1 = the width. Recall that the volume of a of the un-shaded region, C, is
rectangular solid is given by length × width × ( F − 7)( F − 17). Then one expression for the
height.
area of the shaded region is
Volume = l (l − 1)(l + 1) = l (l 2 − 1) = l 3 − l
F 2 − ( F − 7)( F − 17).
To find a second expression we add the areas
126. If w = the width, then w + 1 = the length, and of regions A, B, and D. We have:
( w + 1) + 1, or w + 2 = the height. 17 ⋅ 7 + 7( F − 17) + 17( F − 7)
Volume = ( w + 1) ⋅ w ⋅ ( w + 2) = 119 + 7 F − 119 + 17 F − 119
= ( w2 + w)( w + 2) = 24 F − 119
= w3 + 3w2 + 2 w
= x 4 − 49 x 2
Mixed Review
10
The dimensions of the shaded area, regions A ⎛1⎞ 1
and D together, are y + 1 by y − 1 so the area 3. d −10 = ⎜ ⎟ , or 10
⎝d ⎠ d
is ( y + 1)( y − 1).
To find another expression we add the areas 3a11 3 ⋅ a10 ⋅ a a10 1
of regions A and D. The dimensions of region 4. = = , or a10
12a 3 ⋅4⋅ a 4 4
A are y by y − 1, and the dimensions of region
D are y − 1 by 1, so the sum of the areas is −1 1
⎛ y ⎞ ⎛ m3 ⎞ m 3
y ( y − 1) + ( y − 1)(1), or y ( y − 1) + y − 1. 5. (m −3 y ) −1 = ⎜ 3 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ =
It is possible to find other equivalent ⎝m ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ y
expressions also.
−48ab −7 48 a b6
130. Let x, x + 1, and x + 2 represent the three 6. 11 −6
= − ⋅ 11 ⋅ 7
18a b 18 a b
consecutive integers.
6 ⋅8 a b6
Sum of the 3 times square 65 =− ⋅ ⋅
squares is of smallest more 6 ⋅ 3 a ⋅ a10 b ⋅ b6
8 1 1 8
↓ ↓ ↓ = − ⋅ 10 ⋅ = − 10
x 2 + ( x + 1) 2 + ( x + 2) 2 = 3x2 + 65 3 a b 3a b
x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 + x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 3 x 2 + 65 7. (3 x 2 − 2 x + 6) + (5 x − 3)
3x + 6 x + 5 = 3 x + 65
2 2
= 3x2 − 2 x + 6 + 5 x − 3
6 x + 5 = 65
= 3 x 2 + (−2 + 5) x + 6 − 3
6 x = 60
= 3 x 2 + 3x + 3
x = 10
x + 1 = 10 + 1 = 11 8. (9 x + 6) − (2 x − 1)
x + 2 = 10 + 2 = 12 = 9x + 6 − 2x + 1
The integers are 10, 11, and 12.
= (9 − 2) x + 6 + 1 = 7 x + 7
Mid-Chapter Review
9. 6 x 3 (8 x 2 − 7)
Guided Solutions = 6 x3 ⋅ 8 x 2 − 6 x 3 ⋅ 7
= 48 x 3+ 2 − 42 x3
(
1. 2 x y 2
)
−5 −10
=2 −10
(x ) (y )
2 −10 −5 −10
= 48 x 5 − 42 x 3
−10 −20
=2 x y 50
50
y
=
2 x 20
10
= −6 x 2 + 2 x − 12 2. degree
6. three variables
13. (t + 3t − 8t ) + (5t − 3t + 8t )
9 6 2 7 6 2
7. like terms
= t 9 +3t 6 −8t 2 + 5t 7 −3t 6 +8t 2
8. binomial
= t 9 + 5t 7
9. We replace x with 5 and y with −2.
14. (2m − 1) 2 = (2m) 2 − 2 ⋅ (2m) ⋅ (1) + (1) 2
x 2 − 3 y 2 + 2 xy = 52 − 3( −2) 2 + 2 ⋅ 5( −2)
= 4m 2 − 4m + 1
= 25 − 12 − 20 = −7.
15. ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1) 10. We replace x with 5 and y with −2.
= x( x 2 + x + 1) − 1( x 2 + x + 1) x 2 + 5 y 2 − 4 xy = 52 + 5( −2)2 − 4 ⋅ 5( −2)
= x ⋅ x 2 + x ⋅ x + x ⋅1 − x 2 − x − 1 = 25 + 20 + 40 = 85
= x3 + x 2 + x − x 2 − x − 1
11. We replace x with 2, y with −3, and z with −4.
= x3 − 1
xyz 2 − z = 2( −3)( −4) 2 − ( −4)
16. (c + 3)(c − 3) = c 2 − 32 = c 2 − 9 = −96 + 4 = −92
1
24. 3m − mn − 8m 2 n3 − 4mn6
2
( ) (
34. 2r 3 + 3rs − 5s 2 − 5r 3 + rs + 4s 2 )
Term Coeff Degree = 2r + 3rs − 5s − 5r − rs − 4s 2
3 2 3
3m 3 1 Think: 3m = m 1
= (2 − 5)r 3 + (3 − 1)rs + ( −5 − 4) s 2
1
1
− mn −
1 2 Think: − mn = −3r 3 + 2rs − 9s 2
2 2 2
⎛ 1⎞ 1 1
= ⎜− ⎟ m n
⎝ 2⎠ ( ) (
35. 3a 4 − 5ab + 6ab 2 − 9a 4 + 3ab − ab 2 )
= 3a − 5ab + 6ab − 9a − 3ab + ab 2
4 2 4
−8m 2 n3 −8 5
= (3 − 9)a 4 + ( −5 − 3)ab + (6 + 1)ab 2
−4mn 6 −4 7 Think: − 4mn 6 = −4m1n 6
= −6a 4 − 8ab + 7ab 2
The degree of the polynomial equals the
degree of the highest order term, 7.
( ) (
36. 2r 2 t − 5rt + rt 2 − 7 r 2 t + rt − 5rt 2 )
25. 7a + b − 4a − 3b = (7 − 4)a + (1 − 3)b = 2r t − 5rt + rt − 7r t − rt + 5rt 2
2 2 2
There are no like terms, so none of the terms Observe that the polynomials 5r 2 − 4rt + t 2
can be combined.
and −5r 2 + 4rt − t 2 are opposites. Thus, their
sum is 0 and the sum in the exercise is the
28. m3 + 2m 2 n − 3m 2 + 3mn 2
There are no like terms, so none of the terms remaining polynomial, −6r 2 − 5rt − t 2 .
can be combined.
( ) (
38. 2 x 2 − 3xy + y 2 + −4 x 2 − 6 xy − y 2 )
29. 2u 2 v − 3uv 2 + 6u 2 v − 2uv 2 + 7u 2 + (4x 2
+ 6 xy + y 2
)
= (2 + 6)u 2 v + ( −3 − 2)uv 2 + 7u 2
Observe that the last two polynomials in the
= 8u 2 v − 5uv 2 + 7u 2 sum are opposites. Thus, their sum is 0 and
the sum of the three given polynomials is the
30. 3x 2 + 6 xy + 3 y 2 − 5 x 2 − 10 xy first polynomial, 2 x 2 − 3 xy + y 2 .
= (3 − 5) x 2 + (6 − 10) xy + 3 y 2
= −2 x 2 − 4 xy + 3 y 2
( ) (
39. x 3 − y 3 − −2 x 3 + x 2 y − xy 2 + 2 y 3 ) 48. F O I L
(ab + 3)(ab − 5) = a b − 5ab + 3ab − 15
2 2
= x3 − y 3 + 2 x 3 − x 2 y + xy 2 − 2 y 3
= a 2 b 2 − 2ab − 15
= (1 + 2) x3 + ( −1 − 2) y 3 − x 2 y + xy 2
= 3x 3 − 3 y 3 − x 2 y + xy 2 , or
49. (2a − b)(2a + b) ( A + B)( A − B) = A2 − B 2
= 3x − x y + xy − 3 y
3 2 2 3
= (2a) 2 − (b) 2
= 4a 2 − b 2
( ) (
40. a 3 + b3 − −5a3 + 2a 2 b − ab 2 + 3b3 )
= a3 + b3 + 5a3 − 2a 2 b + ab 2 − 3b3 50. (a − 3b)(a + 3b) ( A + B )( A − B ) = A2 − B 2
= (1 + 5)a3 − 2a 2 b + ab 2 + (1 − 3)b3 = (a) 2 − (3b) 2
= 6a 3 − 2a 2 b + ab 2 − 2b3 = a 2 − 9b 2
( ) (
41. 2 y 4 x 2 − 5 y 3 x + 5 y 4 x 2 − y 3 x ) 51. F O I L
(5rt − 2)(3rt + 1) = 15r t + 5rt − 6rt − 2
+ (3 y x )
2 2
4 2
− 2 y3 x
= 15r 2 t 2 − rt −2
= (2 + 5 + 3) y 4 x 2 + ( −5 − 1 − 2) y 3 x
= 10 y 4 x 2 − 8 y 3 x 52. F O I L
(3 xy − 1)(4 xy + 2) = 12 x y + 6 xy − 4 xy − 2
2 2
( ) (
42. 5a 2 b + 7ab + 9a 2 b − 5ab + a 2 b − 6ab ) ( ) = 12 x 2 y 2 + 2 xy −2
= (5 + 9 + 1)a b + (7 − 5 − 6)ab
2
43. (4 x + 5 y ) + ( −5 x + 6 y ) − (7 x + 3 y ) =mn 6 2
+ 2m3n − 48
= 4x + 5 y − 5x + 6 y − 7 x − 3 y
= (4 − 5 − 7) x + (5 + 6 − 3) y 54. F O I L
= −8 x + 8 y ( 3 − c d )( 4 + c d ) = 12 + 3c d
2 2 2 2 2 2
− 4c d − c d 4
2 2 4
= 12 − c2d 2 − c4d 4
44. (2a + b) + (3a − 4b) − (5a + 2b)
= 2a + b + 3a − 4b − 5a − 2b 55. F O I L
= (2 + 3 − 5)a + (1 − 4 − 2)b (6 x − 2 y )(5 x − 3 y ) = 30 x 2 − 18 xy − 10 xy + 6 y 2
= 0a − 5b = 30 x 2 − 28 xy + 6 y2
= −5b
56. F O I L
(7 a − 6b)(5a + 4b) = 35a 2 + 28ab − 30ab − 24b 2
45. F O I L
= 35a 2 − 2ab − 24b 2
(3 z − u )(2 z + 3u ) = 6 z + 9uz − 2uz − 3u 2
2
47. F O I L
( xy + 7)( xy − 4) = x 2 y 2 − 4 xy + 7 xy − 28
= x 2 y 2 + 3xy − 28
84. a) f ( p + 1) = ( p + 1)2 + 7
= p2 + 2 p + 1 + 7
= p2 + 2 p + 8
80. We draw a rectangle with dimensions m + r b) f (a + h) − f (a)
by n + v
= [(a + h) 2 + 7] − (a 2 + 7)
= a 2 + 2ah + h 2 + 7 − a 2 − 7
= 2ah + h 2
( )
c) f (a) − f (a − h) = a 2 + 7 − [(a − h) 2 + 7]
= a +7 2
− (a 2 − 2ah + h 2 + 7)
= a 2 + 7 − a 2 + 2ah
81. We draw a rectangle with dimensions
a + b + c by a + d + f . − h2 − 7
= 2ah − h 2
87. x 2 − 3x − 7 x 2 − 3x − 7
=
−( 5x − 3 ) − 5x + 3
x2 − 8x − 4
88. 2 x3 − x + 3 2 x3 − x + 3
=
−( x2
− 1 ) − x2 + 1
2x − x − x + 4
3 2 The area of the larger square is x ⋅ x, or x 2 .
The area of the smaller square is
89. 3x 2 + x + 5 3x 2 + x + 5 ( x − 2 y )( x − 2 y ), or ( x − 2 y ) 2 .
=
− ( 3 x 2 + 3x ) − 3x 2 − 3x Area of Area of
− 2x + 5
shaded = Area of largers − smaller
square
region square
Area of
90. 4 x3 − 3 x 2 + x 4 x3 − 3x 2 + x shaded = x 2 − ( x − 2 y )2
=
− ( 4x − 8x
3 2 ) − 4 x3 + 8x 2 region
5x2 + x (
= x 2 − x 2 − 4 xy + 4 y 2 )
= x − x + 4 xy − 4 y
2 2 2
91. 5 x3 − 2 x 2 + 1 5 x3 − 2 x 2 + 1
− ( 5 x − 15 x
= = 4 xy − 4 y 2
3 2 ) − 5 x3 + 15 x 2
13 x 2 + 1
97. The shaded area is the area of a square with
side a less the areas of 4 squares with side b.
92. 2x2 + 5x − 3 2x2 + 5x − 3 Thus, the shaded area is
=
− ( 2x2 + 6 x ) − 2x2 − 6 x a 2 − 4 ⋅ b 2 , or a 2 − 4b 2 .
− x − 3
98. It is helpful to add additional labels to the
93. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Answers may figure.
vary. The leading term can be arbitrary or
ambiguous for polynomials of many
variables.
Check: We multiply.
12a 4 − 3a 2 12 4 3 2 4t 2 − 3t + 6
6. = a − a
6 6 6 5t
1 2
= 2a − a
4
20t − 15t + 30t
3 2
2
To check we multiply the quotient by 6:
⎛ 2a 4 − 1 a 2 ⎞ 6 = 12a 4 − 3a 2 ( ) ( )
11. 24t 5 − 40t 4 + 6t 3 ÷ 4t 3
⎝ 2 ⎠ 5 4
24t 40t 6t 3
The answer checks. = 3
− 3 + 3
4t 4t 4t
3
u − 2u 2 + u 7 u 2u 2 u 7 = 6t 2 − 10t +
7. = − + 2
u u u u Check: We multiply.
= 1 − 2u + u 6
3
6t 2 − 10t +
Check: We multiply. 2
1 − 2u + u 6 4t 3
u 24t 5 − 40t 4 + 6t 3
u − 2u 2 + u 7
( ) ( )
12. 18t 6 − 27t 5 − 3t 3 ÷ 9t 3 Check. We multiply.
2
18t 6 27t 5 3t 3 3x + 1 −
= − 3 − 3 3x
9t 3 9t 9t 3x
1
= 2t − 3t −
3 2
9 x 2 + 3x − 2
3
Check. We multiply.
1 9r 2 s 2 + 3r 2 s − 6rs 2 9r 2 s 2 3r 2 s 6rs 2
2t 3 − 3t 2 − 17. = + −
3 −3rs −3rs −3rs −3rs
9t 3 = −3rs − r + 2s
18t 6 − 27t 5 − 3t 3 Check: We multiply.
−3rs − r + 2s
− 3rs
15 x 7 − 21x 4 − 3 x 2
13. 2 2
+ 3r 2 s − 6rs 2
−3 x 2 9r s
15 x 7 −21x 4 −3x 2 4 x 4 y − 8 x 6 y 2 + 12 x8 y 6
= + + 18.
−3x 2 −3 x 2 −3x 2 4 x4 y
= −5 x 5 + 7 x 2 + 1 4 x 4 y 8 x 6 y 2 12 x8 y 6
Check. We multiply = − +
4 x4 y 4 x4 y 4 x4 y
−5 x5 + 7 x 2 + 1
= 1 − 2 x2 y + 3x4 y5
− 3x2
Check. We multiply.
15 x 7 − 21x 4 − 3 x 2 1 − 2 x 2 y + 3x 4 y 5
4x4 y
16 x 6 + 32 x5 − 8 x 2 16 x 6 32 x 5 8 x 2 4 x y − 8 x y + 12 x8 y 6
4 6 2
14. = + −
−8 x 2 −8 x 2 −8 x 2 −8 x 2
= −2 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 1
19. (10 x5 y 2 + 15 x 2 y 2 − 5 x 2 y ) ÷ ( 5 x 2 y )
Check. We multiply.
−2 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 1 10 x 5 y 2 15 x 2 y 2 5 x 2 y
= + −
− 8x2 5x2 y 5 x2 y 5x2 y
16 x 6 + 32 x5 − 8 x 2 = 2 x3 y + 3 y − 1
Check. Multiply
8 x 2 − 10 x + 1 8 x 2 10 x 1 2 x3 y + 3y − 1
15. = − + 5x y2
2x 2x 2x 2x
1 10 x y + 15 x y − 5 x 2 y
5 2 2 2
= 4x − 5 +
2x
Check. We multiply. 20. (12a3b 2 + 4a 4 b5 + 16ab 2 ) ÷ ( 4ab 2 )
1
4x − 5 +
12a 3b 2 4a 4 b5 16ab 2
2x = + +
2x 4ab 2 4ab 2 4ab 2
8 x 2 − 10 x + 1 = 3a 2 + a 3b3 + 4
Check. We multiply.
9 x 2 + 3x − 2 9 x 2 3x 2 3a 2 + a3b3 + 4
16. = + −
3x 3x 3x 3 x 4ab 2
2 12a 3b 2 + 4a 4 b5 + 16ab 2
= 3x + 1 −
3x
2x − 1
( y − 4)( y − 4)
22. (y 2
)
− 8 y + 16 ÷ ( y − 4) =
y−4
25. x + 6 2 x 2 + 11x − 5
− ( 2 x 2 + 12 x )
( y − 4 )( y − 4)
= − x−5
y−4 − (− x − 6 )
= y−4 1
Check. We multiply. 1
The answer is 2 x − 1, R 1, or 2x − 1 + .
( y − 4) 2
= y − 2( y )(4) + 4
2 2
x+6
Check. Multiply.
= y 2 − 8 y + 16
( x + 6) ⎡⎢ 2 x − 1 +
1 ⎤
a − 12 ⎣ x + 6 ⎥⎦
= ( x + 6)(2 x − 1) + ( x + 6) ⎛⎜
23. a + 4 a 2 − 8a − 16 1 ⎞
⎟
a + 4a
2 ⎝ x+6⎠
−12a − 16 (a 2
− 8a ) − ( a 2 + 4a ) = −12a = x 2 − x + 12 x − 6 + 1
−12a − 48 = x 2 + 11x − 5
32 ( −12a − 16) − ( −12a − 48) = 32
The answer is a − 12, R 32, or a − 12 +
32
. 3x + 4
a+4 26 x − 2 3x 2 − 2 x − 13
Check. We multiply
− ( 3x 2 − 6 x )
(a + 4) ⎡⎢(a − 12) +
32 ⎤
⎣ a + 4 ⎥⎦ 4 x − 13
− (4 x − 8)
= (a + 4)(a − 12) + (a + 4) ⎛
32 ⎞
⎝ a + 4⎠ −5
The answer is
= a 2 − 12a + 4a − 48 + 32
5
= a 2 − 8a − 16 3x + 4, R − 5, or 3x + 4 − .
x−2
Check. Multiply.
y −5
( x − 2) ⎡⎢3x + 4 −
5 ⎤
24. y − 5 y − 10 y − 25 ⎣ x − 2 ⎥⎦
2
= ( x − 2)(3x + 4) − ( x − 2) ⎛⎜
y2 − 5 y 5 ⎞
⎟
− 5 y − 25 ⎝ x−2⎠
−5 y + 25 = 3x2 + 4 x − 6 x − 8 − 5
− 50 = 3 x 2 − 2 x − 13
−50
The answer is y − 5, R − 50, or y − 5 + .
y−5
a 2 − 81
( )
28. a 2 − 81 ÷ (a − 9) =
a −9
t 3 − 3t 2 + 9t
t3 + 27
(a + 9)(a − 9)
= t+4
a −9
31. t − 4 t 2 + 0t − 13
(a + 9)( a − 9 )
= t 2 − 4t
a −9
4t − 13
= a+9 4t − 16
We could also find this quotient as follows.
3
a+9
Writing in the missing 3
a − 9 a 2 + 0a − 81 The answer is t + 4, R 3, or t + 4 +
term t−4
a 2 − 9a Check. We multiply.
9a − 81
(t − 4) ⎡⎢(t + 4) +
3 ⎤
9a − 81 ⎣ t − 4 ⎥⎦
0
= (t − 4)(t + 4) + (t − 4) ⎛
3 ⎞
Check. We multiply. ⎝ t − 4⎠
(a + 9)(a − 9) = a 2 − 92 = a 2 − 81
= t 2 − 42 + 3
a 2 − 2a + 4 = t 2 − 16 + 3
Writing in the = t 2 − 13
29. a + 2 a 3 + 0a 2 + 0a + 8
missing terms
a 3 + 2a 2 a+5
− 2a 2 + 0a 32. a − 5 a 2 + 0a − 21
−2a 2 − 4a
a 2 − 5a
4a + 8 5a − 21
4a + 8 5a − 25
0 4
4
The answer is a + 5, R 4, or a + 5 +
a −5
⎣ a − 5 ⎥⎦ − (5 x 2 + x)
− 15 x
= (a − 5)(a + 5) + (a − 5) ⎛
4 ⎞
⎝ a − 5⎠ − (−15 x − 3)
3
= a 2 − 52 + 4
3
= a 2 − 25 + 4 The answer is x − 3, R 3, or x − 3+
5x + 1
= a 2 − 21 Check. Multiply.
(5 x + 1) ⎡⎢ x − 3 +
3 ⎤
t 2 − 3t + 1 ⎣ 5 x + 1⎥⎦
33. 2t − 3 2t 3 − 9t 2 + 11t − 3
= (5 x + 1)( x − 3) + (5 x + 1) ⎜⎛
3 ⎞
⎟
2t − 3t
3 2
⎝ 5x + 1 ⎠
− 6t 2 + 11t = 5 x 2 − 15 x + x − 3 + 3
− 6t 2 + 9t = 5 x 2 − 14 x
2t − 3
x−2
2t − 3 36. 3x − 1 3x 2 − 7 x
0 − (3x 2 − x)
Check. We multiply. −6x
t 2 − 3t + 1 − (− 6 x + 2)
−2
2t − 3
2
− 3t + 9t − 3
2
The answer is x − 2, R − 2, or x − 2 −
3x − 1
2t 3 − 6t 2 + 2t Check. Multiply.
2t 3 − 9t 2 + 11t − 3
(3 x − 1) ⎡⎢ x − 2 −
2 ⎤
⎣ 3 x − 1 ⎥⎦
2t 2 − 7t + 4
= (3x − 1)( x − 2) − (3x − 1) ⎜⎛
2 ⎞
⎟
34. 4t + 3 8t 3 − 22t 2 − 5t + 12 ⎝ 3x − 1 ⎠
8t 3 + 6t 2 = 3x2 − 6 x − x + 2 − 2
− 28t 2 − 5t = 3x2 − 7 x
−28t 2 − 21t
16t + 12 ( )
37. t 3 + t − t 2 − 1 ÷ (t + 1),
16t + 12
0 (
or t − t + t − 1 ÷ (t + 1)
3 2
)
Check. We multiply. t − 2t + 3
2
2t 2 − 7t + 4 t + 1 t3 − t 2 + t −1
4t + 3 t3 + t2
6t 2 − 21t + 12
− 2t 2 + t
8t 3 − 28t 2 + 16t −2t 2 − 2t
8t 3 − 22t 2 − 5t + 12 3t − 1
3t + 3
−4
−4
The answer is t 2 − 2t + 3 + .
t +1
x3 − x 2 2x − 3 4x + 0x − 4x2 − x − 3
24 3
x −1
x −1 4x4 − 6 x2
0 2 x2 − x − 3
Check. We multiply. 2 x2 −3
( )
( x − 1) x 2 + 1 = x 3 + x − x 2 − 1 −x
= x3 − x 2 + x − 1 −x
The answer is 2 x 2 + 1 + .
2 x2 − 3
t2 −1 Check. We multiply.
−x ⎤
39. t + 5 t 4 + 0t 3 + 4t 2 + 3t − 6
2
( ⎣
)(
2 x 2 − 3 ⎡⎢ 2 x 2 + 1 + 2
2 x − 3 ⎥⎦
)
t 4
+ 5t 2
−x ⎞
− t 2 + 3t − 6 ( )(
= 2x2 − 3 2x2 + 1 + 2 x2 − 3 ⎛ 2
⎝ 2 x − 3⎠ ) ( )
− t2 −5
= 4 x4 + 2 x2 − 6 x2 − 3 − x
3t − 1
= 4 x4 − 4 x2 − x − 3
3t − 1
The answer is t − 1 + 2 . 2
t +5
Check. We multiply. (
42. x + 6 x 4 − 4 − 3x 2 ÷ 1 + 2 x 2 , ) ( )
( 3t − 1 ⎤
t 2 + 5 ⎡⎢ t 2 − 1 + 2 )( ) (
or 6 x 4 − 3x 2 + x − 4 ÷ 2 x 2 + 1 ) ( )
⎣ t + 5 ⎥⎦
3x −3 2
3t − 1 ⎞
(
= t + 5 t −1 + t + 5 ⎛ 2
2
)(
⎝ t + 5⎠
2
) ( 2
) 2 x + 1 6 x + 0 x − 3x 2 + x − 4
2 4 3
6 x4 + 3x 2
= t 4 − t 2 + 5t 2 − 5 + 3t − 1
− 6 x2 + x − 4
= t + 4t + 3t − 6
4 2
− 6 x2 −3
x −1
t2 + 1
x −1
40. t − 3 t + 0t − 2t 2 + 4t − 5
2 4 3
The answer is 3x 2 − 3 + .
2 x2 + 1
t4 − 3t 2 Check. We multiply.
t + 4t − 5 x −1
( )(
2 x 2 + 1 ⎡⎢ 3 x 2 − 3 + 2 ⎤⎥ )
2
t2 −3 ⎣ 2 x + 1⎦
4t − 2 x −1
4t − 2
( )(
= 2 x 2 + 1 3x 2 − 3 + 2 x 2 + 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ) (
⎝ 2 x + 1⎠ )
The answer is t 2 + 1 + 2 .
t −3 = 6 x 4 − 6 x 2 + 3x 2 − 3 + x − 1
Check. We multiply.
= 6 x4 − 3x2 + x − 4
( )
43. x 3 − 2 x 2 + 2 x − 7 ÷ ( x + 1) The answer is x 2 − 5 x − 23, R − 43, or
( )
= x 3 − 2 x 2 + 2 x − 7 ÷ [ x − ( −1)] x 2 − 5 x − 23 +
−43
x−2
.
–1 1 −2 2 −7
−1 3 −5 48. Begin by writing the dividend in descending
1 −3 5 | −12 order:
1 1 −2 2 −7
1 −9 5 | −7
1 −1 1
1 −1 1 | −6 −7
x 2 − 9 x + 5, R − 7, or x 2 − 9 x + 5 +
x+2
−6
x 2 − x + 1, R − 6, or x 2 − x + 1 +
x −1 (
49. 3x 3 + 7 x 2 − 4 x + 3 ÷ ( x + 3) )
( )
45. a 2 + 8a + 11 ÷ (a + 3) (
= 3x + 7 x − 4 x + 3 ÷ [ x − ( −3)]
3 2
)
−3 3 7 −4
( )
= a 2 + 8a + 11 ÷ [a − ( −3)]
−9 6 −6
3
−3 1 8 11
3 −2 2 | −3
−3 −15
1 5 | −4 The answer is 3x 2 − 2 x + 2, R − 3, or
−3
−4 3x 2 − 2 x + 2 + .
The answer is a + 5, R − 4, or a + 5 + . x+3
a+3
( )
46. a 2 + 8a + 11 ÷ (a + 5) 50. (3 x3 + 7 x 2 − 4 x + 3) ÷ ( x − 3)
( )
= a 2 + 8a + 11 ÷ [a − ( −5)] 3 3 7 −4 3
−5 1 8 11 9 48 132
−5 −15 3 16 44 | 135
1 3 | −4 3x 2 + 16 x + 44, R 135, or
−4 3x 2 + 16 x + 44 +
135
a + 3, R − 4, or a + 3 +
a+5 x−3
1 −5 −23 | −43
( )
coefficient of x and the coefficient of y go
= y 5 + 0 y 4 + 0 y 3 + 0 y 2 + 0 y − 1 ÷ ( y − 1) into 12 evenly. It is easy to find the x and y
1 1 0 0 0 0 −1 intercepts as a result. Setting x = 0 gives the
1 1 1 1 1 y-intercept:
12
1 1 1 1 1| 0 3(0) − 4 y = 12 : 0 − 4 y = 12 : y = = −3 ,
−4
y 4 + y3 + y2 + y + 1 (0, −3 ) is the y- intercept. Setting y = 0 gives
the x-intercept:
(
53. 3x3 + 1 − x + 7 x 2 ÷ ⎛ x + ⎞
⎝
1
3⎠
) 3x − 4(0) = 12 : 3x − 0 = 12 : x =
12
=4
3
⎡ 1 ⎤
( ⎣ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦
)
= 3x3 + 7 x 2 − x + 1 ÷ ⎢ x − ⎛ − ⎞ ⎥
(4, 0) is the x-intercept. Plotting the points
(0, − 3) and (4, 0) and graphing the line
passing through them gives the graph of the
− 13 3 7 −1 1
line defined by 3 x − 4 y = 12.
−1 −2 1
3 6 −3 | 2
2
3x 2 + 6 x − 3, R2 , or 3x 2 + 6 x − 3 + .
x + 13
(
54. 8 x 3 − 1 + 7 x − 6 x 2 ÷ ⎛ x − ⎞
⎝
1
2⎠
)
(
= 8x3 − 6 x 2 + 7 x − 1 ÷ ⎛ x − ⎞
⎝
1
2⎠
) 2
58. y = − x + 4. The equation is given in the
3
1
2
8 −6 7 −1 slope-intercept form of y = mx + b.
4 −1 3 Therefore, we can immediately recognize the
8 −2 |
6 2 point (0, b) = (0, 4) is on the graph. (This is
easily verified by setting x = 0. ) We can use
2
8 x 2 − 2 x + 6, R 2, or 8 x 2 − 2 x + 6 + 2 −2
x − 12 the slope, m = − = to find a second
3 3
point. The slope indicates that starting from
55. Thinking and Writing Exercise. The any point on the line and moving 3 in x and
distributive law is used in each step when a −2 in y will give a second point. Starting
term of the quotient is multiplied by the from (0, 4) a second point will be (0+3, 4 − 2)
divisor. The distributive law is also used = (3, 2). Plotting the points (0, 4) and (3, 2)
when the quotient is checked. and graphing the line passing through them
gives the graph of the line defined
56. Thinking and Writing Exercise. Katia did not
2
divide each term of the polynomial by the by y = − x + 4.
divisor. The first term was divided by 3x, but 3
the second was not. Multiplying Katia’s
“quotient” by the divisor 3x we get
12 x3 − 18 x 2 ≠ 12 x3 − 6 x. This should
convince her that a mistake has been made.
(
68. 45a8k + 30a 6 k − 60a 4 k ÷ 3a 2 k ) ( ) 5y + 2
72. 3 y − 5 y − 2 15 y 3 − 19 y 2 − 30 y + 7
2
45a8 k + 30a 6 k − 60a 4 k
= 15 y 3 − 25 y 2 − 10 y
3a 2 k
45a 8k
30a 6 k 60a 4 k 6 y 2 − 20 y + 7
= 2k
+ − 6 y 2 − 10 y − 4
3a 3a 2 k 3a 2 k
= 15a8 k − 2 k + 10a 6 k − 2 k − 20a 4 k − 2 k − 10 y + 11
−10 y + 11
= 15a 6 k + 10a 4 k − 20a 2 k The answer is 5 y + 2 + 2 .
3y − 5y − 2
3t 2 h + 2t h − 5
69. 2t + 3 6t 3h + 13t 2 h − 4t h − 15
h (
73. 4 x 5 − 14 x 3 − x 2 + 3 )
6t 3h + 9t 2 h (
+ 2 x 5 + 3x 4 + x3 − 3x 2 + 5 x )
4t 2 h − 4t h = 6 x + 3 x − 13 x − 4 x + 5 x + 3
5 4 3 2
4t 2 h + 6t h 2 x2 + x − 3
− 10t h − 15 3x − 2 x − 1 6 x 5 + 3x 4 − 13x 3 − 4 x 2 + 5 x + 3
3
−10t h − 15 6 x5 − 4 x3 − 2 x 2
0 3x 4 − 9 x3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x
The answer is 3 t 2 h + 2 t h − 5. 3x 4 − 2 x2 − x
− 9x 3
+ 6x + 3
−9 x 3 + 6x + 3
x 3 − ax 2 + a 2 x − a3
0
70. x + a x 4 + 0 x 3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x + a 2
The answer is 2 x 2 + x − 3.
x 4 + ax3
74. ( x − 3) + (5 x − 8) = x − 6 x + 9 + 5 x − 8
2 2
− ax3
= x2 − x + 1
− ax 3 − a 2 x 2
5 x5 + 5 x 4 − 8 x 2 − 8 x + 2
a2 x2 x 2 − x + 1 5 x 7 + 0 x 6 + 0 x 5 − 3 x 4 + 0 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 10 x + 2
a2 x2 + a3 x 5 x7 − 5 x6 + 5 x5
− a3 x + a 2 5 x 6 − 5 x 5 − 3x 4
− a3 x − a4 5 x 6 − 5 x5 + 5x 4
− 8x 4 + 2 x2
a2 + a4 −8 x + 8 x − 8 x 2
4 3
a2 + a4 − 8 x 3 + 10 x 2 − 10 x
The answer is x 3 − ax 2 + a 2 x − a3 + .
x+a −8 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 8 x
2 x2 − 2 x + 2
a+3 2 x2 − 2 x + 2
71. 5a 2 − 7a − 2 5a 3 + 8a 2 − 23a − 1 0
5a 3 − 7a 2 − 2a The answer is 5 x 5 + 5 x 4 − 8 x 2 − 8 x + 2.
15a 2 − 21a − 1
15a 2 − 21a − 6
5
5
The answer is a + 3 + .
5a 2 − 7 a − 2
2. subtract
( −3c + 2) x − 8
( −3c + 2) x − ( −3c + 2)
3. evaluate
− 8 + ( −3c + 2)
We set the remainder equal to 0: 4. common to
−8 − 3c + 2 = 0
−3c − 6 = 0 5. excluding
−3c = 6
6. sum
c = −2
Thus, c must be −2. 7. f (2) + g (2)
f (2) = −3 ⋅ 2 + 1 = −5
c 2 x + (2c + c 2 )
g (2) = 22 + 2 = 6
77. x − 1 c 2 x 2 + 2cx + 1
f (2) + g (2) = −5 + 6 = 1
c2 x2 − c2 x
We could also use this method.
(2c + c 2 ) x + 1
(2c + c 2 ) x − (2c + c 2 )
(
f ( x) + g ( x) = ( −3x + 1) + x 2 + 2 )
1 + (2c + c 2 ) = x − 3x + 3
2
g ( −1) = ( −1) 2 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 3
16. g (2) / f (2)
( f ⋅ g )( −1) = 4 ⋅ 3 = 12
g (2) = 22 + 2 = 4 + 2 = 6
We could also use this method.
f (2) = −3 ⋅ 2 + 1 = −6 + 1 = −5
(
f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) = ( −3x + 1) x 2 + 2 ) 6 6
= −3 x − 6 x + x + 2
3 2 g (2) / f (2) = − = −
5 5
= −3 x3 + x 2 − 6 x + 2
( f ⋅ g )( −1) = −3( −1)3 + ( −1) 2 − 6( −1) + 2 (
17. ( f + g )( x) = ( −3x + 1) + x 2 + 2 )
= −3( −1) + 1 − 6( −1) + 2 = x − 3x + 3
2
= 3 +1+ 6 + 2
= 12 18. ( g − f )( x) = ( x 2 + 2) − (−3x + 1)
= x 2 + 2 + 3x − 1
12. f ( −2) ⋅ g ( −2)
= x2 + 3x + 1
f ( −2) = −3( −2) + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
g ( −2) = ( −2) 2 + 2 = 4 + 2 = 6
f ( −2) ⋅ g ( −2) = 7 ⋅ 6 = 42
(
19. ( f ⋅ g )( x) = ( −3x + 1) x 2 + 2 ) 28. ( F ⋅ G )(−4)
= −3 x 3 − 6 x + x 2 + 2 F (−4) = (−4) 2 − 2 = 16 − 2 = 14
G (−4) = 5 − (−4) = 5 + 4 = 9
= −3 x 3 + x 2 − 6 x + 2
( F ⋅ G ) = −4 = 14 ⋅ 9 = 126
( )
20. ( g / f ) x = x 2 + 2 ÷ ( −3x + 1)
x +2 29. ( F / G )( x) = ( x 2 − 2) ÷ (5 − x)
2
1
= ;x ≠
−3 x + 1 3
x2 − 2
= ;
21. ( F + G )( x) = ( x 2 − 2) + (5 − x ) 5− x
x≠5
= x2 − x + 3
30. ( F ⋅ G )( x) = ( x 2 − 2) (5 − x)
22. From Exercise 21 we have an expression for
the sum; we substitute a for x. = 5 x 2 − x 3 − 10 + 2 x
( F + G )( x) = x 2 − x + 3 = − x 3 + 5 x 2 + 2 x − 10
( F + G )(a ) = a 2 − a + 3
31. ( F − G )( x) = ( x 2 − 2) − (5 − x )
23. ( F + G )( x) = x 2 − x + 3 = x2 − 2 − 5 + x
( F + G )(−4) = (−4) − (−4) + 3
2
= x2 + x − 7
= 16 + 4 + 3
32. (G − F )( x) = (5 − x) − ( x 2 − 2)
= 23
= 5 − x − x2 + 2
24. ( F + G )( x) = x 2 − x + 3 = − x2 − x + 7
( F + G )(−5) = (−5) 2 − (−5) + 3
33. ( F / G )(−2)
= 25 + 5 + 3
= 33 f (−2) = (−2) 2 − 2 = 4 − 2 = 2
g (−2) = 5 − (−2) = 5 + 2 = 7
25. ( F − G )(3) 2
( F / G )(−2) =
F (3) = 32 − 2 = 9 − 2 = 7 7
G (3) = 5 − 3 = 2
34. ( F / G )(−1)
( F − G )(3) = 7 − 2 = 5
f (−1) = (−1) 2 − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1
26. ( F − G )(2) g (−1) = 5 − (−1) = 5 + 1 = 6
F (2) = 22 − 2 = 4 − 2 = 2 −1
( F / G )(−1) =
6
G (2) = 5 − 2 = 3
( F − G )(2) = 2 − 3 = −1 35. Locate 2 on the horizontal axis then move
vertically to the graph of P, the blue graph.
27. ( F ⋅ G )(−3) P(2) ≈ 26.5. Locate 2 on the horizontal axis
F (−3) = (−3)2 − 2 = 9 − 2 = 7 then move vertically to the graph of L, the red
graph.
G (−3) = 5 − (−3) = 5 + 3 = 8
L(2) ≈ 22.5; ( P − L)(2) ≈ 26.5 − 22.5 ≈ 4%
( F ⋅ G )(−3) = 7 ⋅ 8 = 56
56. f ( x) = 2 x3 ; g ( x) = 5 − x
2
51. f ( x) = x + ; g ( x) = 3x 3
x −1 Domain of f is R; domain of g is R.
Domain of f = {x | x is a real number, and
2 x3
x ≠ 1} f /g=
5− x
Domain of g is R. The domain of The domain of f / g = {x | x is a real number
f + g , f − g , and f ⋅ g = {x | x is a real and x ≠ 5}
number and x ≠ 1}.
57. f ( x) = 3x − 2; g ( x) = 2 x − 8
3 Domain of f is R; domain of g is R.
52. f ( x) = 9 − x 2 ; g ( x) = + 2x
x−6 3x − 2
f /g=
Domain f is R. Domain of g = {x | x is a real 2x − 8
number and x ≠ 6}. The domains of
2x − 8 = 0
f + g , f − g , and f ⋅ g = {x | x is a real
2x = 8
number and x ≠ 6}.
x = 4 So, x ≠ 4.
Domain of f / g = {x | x is a real number and
x 5
53. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = x ≠ 4}
2x − 9 1− x
9
Domain of f = {x | x in R, x ≠ }
2
Domain of g = {x | x in R, x ≠ 1}.
3 f /g= x−2
59. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 5 − x 3x + 7
x−4 3x + 7 = 0
Domain of f = {x | x is a real number and 3x = −7
x ≠ 4} −7
x=
Domain of g is R. 3
−7
f /g=
3
So, x ≠ 5 So, x ≠
x−4 3
Domain of f / g = { x | x is a real number and
5− x
1 63. f ( x) = 8 x 3 + 27; g ( x) = 2 x + 3
60. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 7 − x
2−x 8 x 3 + 27 −3
F ( x) = ; x≠
Domain of f = {x | x is a real number and 2x + 3 2
x ≠ 2} 4 x2 − 6 x + 9
Domain of g is R. 2 x + 3 8 x 3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x + 27
1 8 x 3 + 12 x 2
f /g= So, x ≠ 7
2− x
− 12 x 2 + 0 x
7−x
−12 x 2 − 18 x
Domain of f / g is {x | x is a real number and
18 x + 27
x ≠ 2 and x ≠ 7}.
18 x + 27
0
2x
61. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 2 x + 5 −3
x +1 F ( x) = 4 x 2 − 6 x + 9; x ≠
2
Domain of f = {x | x is a real number and
x ≠ −1}
Domain of g is R.
2x
f /g= x +1
2x + 5
2x + 5 = 0
2 x = −5
−5
x=
2
−5
So, x ≠
2.
77. 15 x + 20 y + 5 = 5 ⋅ 3x + 5 ⋅ 4 y + 5 ⋅ 1
= 5(3 x + 4 y + 1)
74. We determine some value of G − F and
graph these points. We join these point with a
smooth curve. 78. 12m + 4n + 8 = 4 ⋅ 3m + 4 ⋅ n + 4 ⋅ 2
= 4(3m + n + 2)
x G−F
3 1 − 2 = −1 79. x+5=0
5 3 −1 = 2 x+5−5= 0−5
7 4 +1 = 5 x = −5
9 2 −1 = 1
80. 4x + 9 = 0
4x + 9 − 9 = 0 − 9
4 x = −9
4x 9
=−
4 4
9
x=−
4
75. Thinking and Writing Exercise. To determine
the values where S > M + W + J we have to 81. 3x − 1 = 0
estimate where the sum on the right is equal 3x − 1 + 1 = 0 + 1
to the value of S. This can be done a little 3x = 1
more simply by writing the inequality as 3x 1
=
S − M > W + J which visually means that the 3 3
vertical distance between S and M has to be 1
x=
greater than the sum of vertical distances of 3
W and J from the horizontal axis. This
appears to be the case around 1985. 82. 4 x = 0
Check: 4x 0
S (1985) − M (1985) ≈ 41 − 27 = 14 =
4 4
W (1985) + J (1985) ≈ 8 + 5 = 13 x=0
So the values are close. Similarly, it appears
to be the case around 2003. 83. Thinking and Writing Exercise. We would
Check: change the vertical axis to correspond to
S (2003) − M (2003) ≈ 52 − 21 = 31 absorption of Advil and graph the points
W (2003) + J (2003) ≈ 21 + 9 = 30 accordingly.
So, x ≠ ±1. { 3
m / n = x | −1 < x < 5 and x ≠ .
2 }
Therefore, the domain of f / g = {x | x is a
real number and x ≠ −5
, x ≠ −3, and x ≠ ±1} 90. ( f + g )( −2); ( f ⋅ g )(0); ( f / g )(1)
2
f (−2) = 1 and g (−2) = 4
1 x2 − 4 ( f + g )(−2) = 1 + 4 = 5
86. F ( x) = and G( x) = f (0) = 3 and g (0) = 5
x−4 x−3
Domain of F = {x | x is a real number and ( f ⋅ g ) (0) = 3 ⋅ 5 = 15
x ≠ 4} f (1) = 4 and g (1) = 6
4 2
Domain of G = {x | x is a real number and ( f / g) = 1 = =
6 3
x ≠ 3}
91. Answers may vary.
1 x2 − 4 1 1
F /G = f ( x) = ; g ( x) =
x−4 x−3 x+2 x −5
x 2 − 4 ≠ 0, since the divisor must be non-
zero.
x2 − 4 = 0
( x + 2)( x − 2) = 0
x = −2 or x = 2
So, x ≠ ±2.
2. (−5)0 = 1
20. 2 − 3x − x 2 = 2 − 3(−1) − (−1) 2 @ x = −1
= 2 − (−3) − (1) = 2 + 3 − 1 = 4
3. x5 x11 = x5 +11 = x16
9 21. (9 x 2 − 3 x) + (4 x − x 2 ) = 9 x 2 − 3 x + 4 x − x 2
4. 82 = 89 − 2 = 87
8 = (9 − 1) x 2 + (−3 + 4) x
= 8x2 + x
5. (y )5 3
=y 5⋅ 3
=y
15
22. (9 x 2 − 3 x) − (4 x − x 2 ) = 9 x 2 − 3 x − 4 x + x 2
= (9 + 1) x 2 + (−3 − 4) x
6. ( x 3 y ) = x 3⋅10 y1⋅10 = x 30 y10
10
= 10 x 2 + (−7) x
= 10 x 2 − 7 x
= x ⋅ x2 − x ⋅ x − x ⋅ 2 − 1⋅ x2 + 1⋅ x + 1 ⋅ 2 − ( x2 + x )
− 2x + 4
= x3 − x 2 − 2 x − x 2 + x + 2
− (−2 x − 2)
= x3 − 2 x 2 − x + 2 6
6
24. ( x + 4)(2 x + 3) x − 2, R 6, or x − 2 + .
x +1
= x (2 x + 3) + 4(2 x + 3)
= x ⋅ 2x + x ⋅ 3 + 4 ⋅ 2x + 4 ⋅ 3 35. ( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= 2 x 2 + 3 x + 8 x + 12 = ( x − 2) + ( x − 7)
= 2 x 2 + 11x + 12 = x−2+ x−7
= 2x − 9
25. (5 + 3x)(5 − 3x) = 52 − (3x) 2 = 25 − 9 x 2
36. ( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x)
26. ( x + 9)2 = ( x) 2 + 2 ⋅ ( x) ⋅ (9) + (9)2 = ( x − 2) − ( x − 7)
= x + 18 x + 81
2
= x−2−x+7
=5
27. (8 x − 1)2 = (8 x) 2 − 2 ⋅ (8 x) ⋅ (1) + (1)2
= 64 x 2 − 16 x + 1 37. ( f ⋅ g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x − 2)( x − 7)
28. xy − y − 4 x 2
= x 2 − 7 x − 2 x + 14
= ( −2)(3) − (3) 2 − 4( −2) for (x, y ) = ( −2,3) = x 2 − 9 x + 14
= −6 − 9 − ( −8) = −15 + 8 = −7
⎛ f⎞ f ( x) x−2
38. ⎜ ⎟ ( x) = = , x≠7
29. 4mn = 4m n so the degree is 1+5 = 6.
5 1 5 ⎝ g⎠ g ( x) x − 7
30. (3cd 2 + 2c) + (4cd − 9c) = 3cd 2 + 2c + 4cd − 9c Chapter 5 Review Exercises
= 3cd + 4cd − 7c
2
1. False
31. (8 pw − p w) − ( p w + 8 pw)
2 2
2. True
= 8 pw − p 2 w − p 2 w −8 pw = −2 p 2 w
3. True
32. (7 xy − x 2 ) 2 = (7 xy )2 − 2 ⋅ (7 xy ) ⋅ ( x 2 ) + ( x 2 ) 2
4. False
= 49 x 2 y 2 − 14 x3 y + x 4
5. True
4 y 5 − 8 y 3 + 16 y 2 4 y 5 8 y 3 16 y 2
33. = 2− 2+
4 y2 4y 4y 4 y2 6. False
4y ⋅ y
2 3
4y ⋅ 2y
2
4y ⋅ 4
2
= − + 7. True
4 y2 4 y2 4 y2
= y3 − 2 y + 4 8. True
9. y 7 ⋅ y 3 ⋅ y = y 7 + 3+1 = y11
31. −4 y 5 + 7 y 2 − 3 y − 2
The terms are −4 y 5 , 7 y 2 , − 3 y, and − 2.
3
The coefficients are 4, 1, −5, and 53 . 43. P( x) = x 2 − 3x + 6
P( −1) = ( −1) 2 − 3( −1) + 6
34. 4t + 6 + 15t
2 3
= 1+ 3 + 6
a) Term 4t 2 6 15t 3 = 10
Degree 2 0 3
b) The highest degree term is 15t 3. This is 44. 3 − 5 x, for x = −5
the leading term, and the leading 3 − 5( −5) = 3 + 25 = 28
coefficient is 15.
c) Since the highest degree term is 15t 3 ,
45. Graph p( x) = 2 − x 2 in a standard viewing
the degree of the polynomial is 3.
window.
35. −2 x 5 + x 4 − 3 x 2 + x
a) Term −2x 5 x4 −3x 2 x
Degree 5 4 2 1
b) The term of highest degree is −2 x . This
5
−3 x 5 + x 4 − 4 x 3 − 2 x 2 + x − 3 = x 2 − 0.8 x + 0.15
− x5 + x 4 − 5 x3 − 2 x 2 + 2 x 65. x4 − 2 x + 3
x3 + x − 1
55.
− x4 + 2x − 3
x 5
− 2 x + 3x
2
x 7
− 2 x + 3x
4 3
x 7 + x5 − 3x 4 + 3x 3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3
a. The perimeter is the sum of the lengths of
the sides.
P = ( w + 3) + w + ( w + 3) + w 66. (3 x 4 − 5)2 = (3x 4 ) 2 − 2(3x 4 )(5) + (5) 2
= 4w + 6 = 9 x8 − 30 x 4 + 25
b. The area of a rectangle is length × width
P = ( w + 3) w 67. (2t 2 + 3)(t 2 − 7) = 2t 4 − 14t 2 + 3t 2 − 21
= w2 + 3w = 2t 4 − 11t 2 − 21
= a2 + ⎛ − ⎞ a −
4 3 1
57. (7 x + 1) = (7 x) + 2(7 x) ⋅1 + 1
2 2 2 ⎝ 6 6⎠ 3
= 49 x 2 + 14 x + 1 1 1
= a2 + −
6a 3
= 49 p 3 + p 2 q + pq 2
p3 − q3
71. x 5 y − 7 xy + 9 x 2 − 8
Term Coefficient Degree
78. (5ab − cd 2 ) = (5ab) 2 − 2(5ab)(cd 2 ) + (cd 2 ) 2
2
x5 y 1 6
−7xy −7 2 = 25a 2 b 2 − 10abcd 2 + c 2 d 4
2
9x 9 2
−8 −8 0 79. The area of a triangle is 1
2 ⋅ base ⋅ height.
5
The term of highest degree is x y. Its degree 1
A= ⋅b⋅ h
is 6, so the degree of the polynomial is 6. 2
1
= ( x + y )( x − y )
72. x 2 y 5 z 9 − y 40 + x13 z10 2
1 2
Term Coefficient Degree = (x − y2 )
x2 y5 z9 1 16 2
1 1
− y 40 −1 40 = x2 − y2
2 2
13 10
x z 1 23
The term of highest degree is − y . Its
40
10 x3 x 2 6 x
80. (10 x 3 − x 2 + 6 x) ÷ (2 x) = − +
degree is 40, so the degree of the polynomial 2x 2x 2x
is 40. 1
= 5x2 − x + 3
2
73. y + w − 2 y + 8w − 5 = (1 − 2) y + (1 + 8) w − 5
= − y + 9w − 5 81. (6 x3 − 5 x 2 − 13 x + 13) ÷ (2 x + 3)
3x 2 − 7 x + 4
74. 6m + 3m n + 4mn + m n − 5mn
3 2 2 2 2
2 x + 3 6 x 3 − 5 x 2 − 13x + 13
= 6m3 + (3 + 1)m 2 n + (4 − 5)mn 2 6 x3 + 9 x 2
= 6m3 + 4m 2 n − mn 2 − 14 x 2 − 13x
− 14 x 2 − 21x
75. (5 x 2 − 7 xy + y 2 ) + ( −6 x 2 − 3 xy − y 2 ) 8 x + 13
= (5 − 6) x 2 + ( −7 − 3) xy + (1 − 1) y 2 8 x + 12
1
= − x 2 − 10 xy
The answer is 3x 2 − 7 x + 4, R1 or
76. (6 x3 y 2 − 4 x 2 y − 6 x)
1
− ( −5 x 3 y 2 + 4 x 2 y + 6 x 2 − 6) 3x 2 − 7 x + 4 +
2x + 3
83. ( g ⋅ h)(4)
91. 5 x3 = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x whereas
g (4) = 3 ⋅ 4 − 6 = 12 − 6 = 6
(5x)3 = 5 x ⋅ 5 x ⋅ 5 x
h(4) = 42 + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17
= (5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5)( x ⋅ x ⋅ x )
( g ⋅ h)(4) = 6 ⋅17 = 102
= 125 x3
The powers of x are equal, but the
84. ( g − h)( −2) coefficients are not.
g ( −2) = 3( −2) − 6 = −6 − 6 = −12
h( −2) = ( −2) 2 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5 92. No. There are exactly two binomials that,
when squared, give x 2 − 6 x + 9.
( g − h)( −2) = −12 − 5 = −17
( x − 3) 2 = x 2 − 6 x + 9 and
85. ( g / h)( −1)
(3 − x) 2 = 9 − 6 x + x 2 = x 2 − 6 x + 9.
g ( −1) = 3( −1) − 6 = −3 − 6 = −9
The problem is that ( x − 3) = − (3 − x), but when
h( −1) = ( −1) 2 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 opposites are squared, they give the same
−9 result.
( g / h)( −1) =
2
93. a) The degree of a product will be the sum of
86. ( g + h)( x) = g ( x) + h( x) the degrees of each factor. Therefore the
degree of ( x5 − 6 x 2 + 3)( x + x 7 + 11) is
= (3x − 6) + ( x 2 + 1)
5 + 7 = 12.
= x 2 + 3x − 5 b) The degree of a power will be the degree
of the base times the power. Therefore the
87. ( g ⋅ h)( x) = g ( x) ⋅ h( x) degree of ( x3 − 1)5 is 3 ⋅ 5 = 15.
= (3x − 6) + ( x 2 + 1)
= 3x3 + 3x − 6 x 2 − 6 94. −3 x5 ⋅ 3x 3 − x 6 (2 x) 2 + (3 x 4 )2
= 3x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x − 6 + (2 x 2 ) 4 − 40 x 2 ( x3 ) 2
= −3x 5 ⋅ 3x 3 − x 6 ⋅ 22 ⋅ x 2 + 32 x 4⋅2
x +1 2
88. (h / g )( x) = + 24 x 2⋅4 − 40 x 2 x 3⋅2
3x − 6
Note: 3x − 6 ≠ 0 = −3 x 5 ⋅ 3 x 3 − x 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ x 2 + 9 x 8
3x ≠ 6 + 16 x8 − 40 x 2 x 6
x≠2 = −9 x8 − 4 x8 + 9 x8 + 16 x8 − 40 x8
= (−9 − 4 + 9 + 16 − 40) x8
89. The domains of g + h and g ⋅ h are those
= −28 x8
numbers common to the domains of g and h.
The domain of g is ⺢, and the domain of h is
⺢. The domains of g + h and g ⋅ h equal ⺢.
18.
1 5
x −x+7 26. (2 x 4 + x 3 − 8 x 2 − 6 x − 3) − (6 x 4 − 8 x 2 + 2 x)
3
= 2 x 4 + x3 − 8 x 2 − 6 x − 3 − 6 x 4 + 8 x 2 − 2 x
The coefficients are 13 , − 1, and 7.
= (2 − 6) x 4 + x3 + (−8 + 8) x 2 + (−6 − 2) x − 3
19. 2t 3 − t + 7t 5 + 4 = −4 x 4 + x 3 − 8 x − 3
Term 2t 3 −t 7t 5 4
Degree 3 1 5 0 27. (t 3 − 0.3t 2 − 20) − (t 4 − 1.5t 3 + 0.3t 2 − 11)
5
The term of highest degree is 7t . This is the (t 3 − 0.3t 2 − 20) − (t 4 − 1.5t 3 + 0.3t 2 − 11)
leading term. Then the leading coefficient is = t 3 − 0.3t 2 − 20 − t 4 + 1.5t 3 − 0.3t 2 + 11
7, and the degree of the polynomial is 5. = −t 4 + (1 + 1.5)t 3 − (0.3 + 0.3)t 2 − 9
20. p ( x) = x 2 + 5 x − 1
= −t 4 + 2.5t 3 − 0.6t 2 − 9
p( −2) = ( −2) + 5( −2) − 1
2
= 4 − 10 − 1 28. −3 x 2 (4 x 2 − 3 x − 5)
= −7 = −3x 2 ⋅ 4 x 2 − 3x 2 ( −3x) − 3x 2 ( −5)
= −12 x 4 + 9 x3 + 15 x 2
21. 4a 2 − 6 + a 2 = (4 + 1)a 2 − 6 = 5a 2 − 6
2
⎛ 1⎞
2
1 1
3 2 ⎛ 3⎞ 2 29. ⎜ x − ⎟ = x 2 − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ +
22. y 2 − 3 y − y + y = 1+ y + ( −3 − 1) y ⎝ 3⎠ 3 3
4 ⎝ 4⎠
2 1
= x2 − x+
= ⎛ + ⎞ y 2 + ( −3 − 1) y
4 3
⎝ 4 4⎠ 3 9
The following lines are taken from Lord Holland’s verses ‘To a lady
on her Birthday, Florence, March 25, 1795.’[389]
When twice twelve times the rolling earth
Brought back the period of her birth,
Thus to the Genius of the day
A certain Dame was heard to pray:
‘Give me, indulgent Genius, give
’Midst learned cabinets to live,
’Midst curiosities, collections,
Specimens, medals, and dissections,
With books of every tongue and land
All difficult to understand,
With instruments of various sorts,
Telescopes, air pumps, tubes, retorts,
With friends, fair wisdom to pursue,
Fontana, Macie, Blagden, Drew.’
* * * * *
Such are thy wishes, but if kind
The Gods, and of a mortal’s mind,
These sacrifices they will spare,
And long preserve you what you are;
And when obdurate time besprinkles
Your head with grey, your face with wrinkles,
When sickness and when age shall come
And wither transient beauty’s bloom,
Still shall the beauties of your mind,
By reading and by time refin’d,
Still shall thy wit and polish’d ease
In spite of fickle nature please;
And then th’ enchanted world shall see
Rochefoucauld’s laws belied in thee,
See female merit youth outlive,
And loveliness thy charms survive.
So when old Time’s relentless page
At full threescore shall mark thy age,
With equal truth but better verse
Some Bard thy merits shall rehearse,
And like myself be proud to pay
A tribute to this happy day.
Baia, i. 23–4
Balbi, Comtesse de, i. 7, 86
Bathurst, Rt. Hon. Charles Bragge, ii. 222, 223
Beauchamp, Lady (afterwards Lady Hertford, q.v.), i. 96
Beauclerk, Charles George, i. 124, 233, 234, 235, 244;
his disposition, i. 121, 122, 256; ii. 34, 80
Beauclerk, Mrs., i. 232, 233; ii. 34, 50, 80;
character, i. 234, 235, 256;
marriage, i. 244
Bedford, Francis Russell, 5th Duke of, i. 98; ii. 74, 87;
his manner and qualities, i. 270;
on the Divorce Bill, ii. 78–9;
builds Russell Square, ii. 106 and note;
his death, ii. 149
Bedford, John Russell, 6th Duke of, in Ireland, ii. 199, 200, 225
Belgrave, Robert Grosvenor, Viscount (afterwards 1st Marquess
of Westminster), and Sunday newspapers, i. 258
Belsham, William, his History of Great Britain, ii. 236, 244–5
Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish, ii. 290, 291
Berington, Father Joseph, ii. 247–8
Berkeley, Frederick Augustus, 5th Earl of, i. 262; ii. 82
Berthier, General, i. 200–1
Bessborough, Lady, i. 54–5, 122, 124, 126;
and Lady Ann Hatton, ii. 69
Biddulph, Mr., his Committee on Public Expenditure, ii. 206–7
Bojanowitz, Mme., and Lord Thanet, i. 233, 248; ii. 102
Bonaparte, Jerome, ii. 178
Bonaparte, Joseph, i. 175, 200; ii. 246