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Role Of Investigation O cer In A Criminal Justice Of Pakistan

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Critical Analysis of the Role of Investigation Officer in the Criminal

Justice system of Pakistan.
Researcher: Research Supervisor:

Shan Zafar Mr. Syed Shoaib Altaf
Roll No. FA19I4BA077 Assistant Professor
Semester: 10th (B) Department of Law
Session: Fall 2019-24
A Research / Thesis Report submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of LLB (Hons)
DEPARTMENT OF LAW
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
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1 Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2924858244
STUDENT'S DECLARATION
I, Shan Zafar, an LLB (Hons.) student, officially affirm that this research project “ Critical
Analysis of the Role of Investigation Officer in the Criminal Justice system of Pakistan ”
was completed solely by me under the supervision of Syed Shoaib Altaf (Assistant Professor)
Department of law. I affirm that the work presented in this research paper is the result of my own
work or that I didn’t provide any plagiarized material. I also affirm that I attentively listened to
and followed all of my supervisor's instructions. The substance of this research is the product of
my efforts, which began with the approval of this research project. I reassure you that I will also
follow the guidelines for presenting this report. I accept and consent to the aforementioned.
Shan Zafar

SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION
It is hereby certified that work presented by Shan Zafar in the research report titled project
“Critical Analysis of the Role of Investigation Officer in the Criminal Justice system of
Pakistan” is based on the results of research study conducted by candidate under my supervision.
No portion of this work has been formerly been offered for higher degree in this university or any
other institute of learning and to best of the author's knowledge, no material has been used in this
research report which is not his own work, except where due acknowledgement has been made.
He has fulfilled all the requirements and is qualified to submit this research report in partial
fulfillment for the degree of LLB (Hons, 5-year) in the Department of Law, Faculty of Law, The
Islamia University of Bahawalpur.
Syed Shoaib Altaf

(Assistant Professor) Department of law

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This research report entitled “Critical Analysis of the Role of Investigation Officer in the
Criminal Justice system of Pakistan” submitted by Shan Zafar in partial fulfillment of the
requirement, for the degree of Bachelor of Law LLB (Hons), Department of Law, The Islamia
University of Bahawalpur, is hereby approved.
Syed Shoaib Altaf

(Assistant Professor) Department of law
Supervisor _____________________
External Examiner _____________________
Chairman Department of Law _____________________
Dated: _____________________

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................7
Chapter1: Introduction .....................................................................................................................8
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................8
1.2 Research Questions ..........................................................................................................9
1.3 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................9
1.4 Literature Review: ..........................................................................................................10
1.5 Research Methodology:..................................................................................................12
1.6 Scheme of the Study ............................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: .......................................................................................................................................13
Legal Framework Regarding the Role of Investigation Officer in Punjab ....................................13
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................13
2.2 Duties of IO: ....................................................................................................................13
2.2.1 Investigative Responsibilities: .................................................................................13
2.2.2 Building a Compelling Case: ...................................................................................13
2.2.3 Unique Role in the Pakistani Context: .....................................................................14
2.2 Constitutional Framework ..............................................................................................14
2.3 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Cr.PC) 1898 ..............................................................14
• Registration of First Information Report (FIR): ..............................................................14
• Investigation: ...................................................................................................................15
• Examination of Witnesses: ..............................................................................................15
• Arrest: ..............................................................................................................................15
• Police Report: ..................................................................................................................15
2.4 Police Order 2002...........................................................................................................15
Defining Roles and Responsibilities (Section 4): ..................................................................15

Balancing Power and Safeguards (Section 5): .......................................................................15
2.5 Evidence Act, 1872. .......................................................................................................16
Defining the Landscape (Section 3): ......................................................................................16
Focus on Admissibility (Section 24): .....................................................................................16
Implications for IOs: ..............................................................................................................16
2.6 Case Law and Judicial Interpretation .............................................................................17
2.7 Departmental Guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) .........................17
2.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................18
Chapter 3: Critical analysis of Legal framework regarding the role of investigation officer in
Punjab. ...........................................................................................................................................19
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................19
3.2 Constitutional Framework ..............................................................................................19
3.3 Police Order 2002............................................................................................................20
3.4 Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) 1898 .........................................................................21
3.5 Evidence Act 1872 .........................................................................................................22
3.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................23
Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendations ..............................................................................26
4.1 Conclusion:.....................................................................................................................26
4.2 Recommendations or Suggestions: ................................................................................27
Enhancing Resources: ............................................................................................................28
Training and Professional Development: ...............................................................................28
Technological Integration: .....................................................................................................28
Collaboration and Information Sharing: ................................................................................28
Strengthening Legal Framework: ...........................................................................................28
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................30


ABSTRACT
The role of investigation officers in the criminal justice system of Pakistan is crucial for
maintaining law and order, ensuring justice, and upholding the rule of law. Investigation officers
are responsible for conducting thorough and unbiased investigations into criminal cases, gathering
evidence, and presenting it before the courts. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the
significant role played by investigation officers in Pakistan's criminal justice system, exploring
their responsibilities, challenges, and the importance of their work. The article begins by
highlighting the primary role and responsibilities of investigation officers. They serve as the first
responders to a crime scene, where their primary responsibility is to secure the area, protect
evidence, and conduct a detailed examination. Investigation officers meticulously document and
collect physical evidence such as fingerprints, DNA samples, and any other relevant material. They
also gather information by conducting interviews with witnesses, victims, and suspects. Effective
communication and interpersonal skills are essential for extracting crucial details and identifying
potential leads. Furthermore, investigation officers are responsible for the collection and analysis
of evidence. Once the evidence is collected, investigation officers work closely with forensic
experts, ballistics specialists, and other professionals to process the evidence and establish its
relevance to the case. They also have the authority to arrest and interrogate suspects based on the
evidence gathered. Throughout the investigation process, investigation officers must adhere to
legal and ethical standards to ensure fairness and protect the rights of the accused. Preparing
comprehensive case files is another crucial responsibility of investigation officers. These case files
include all relevant information, evidence, and statements, serving as the foundation for the
prosecution and defense teams during trial proceedings. Investigation officers must meticulously
organize and document the gathered evidence and information to ensure a comprehensive and
accurate presentation before the courts. However, investigation officers in Pakistan face numerous
challenges in carrying out their duties effectively. Limited resources pose significant constraints,
including insufficient manpower, outdated technology, and limited forensic facilities. These
challenges hinder their ability to conduct thorough investigations and can result in delayed justice.
Additionally, corruption and external influences within the criminal justice system pose significant
challenges. Investigation officers often face political pressure, bribery, and other forms of external
interference that can compromise the integrity of their investigations. Overcoming these obstacles
requires immense dedication, professionalism, and a commitment to upholding the principles of
fairness and justice.

Chapter1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
The role of investigation officers in the criminal justice system of Pakistan is of paramount
importance in maintaining law and order, ensuring justice, and upholding the rule of law.
Investigation officers are tasked with conducting thorough and unbiased investigations into
criminal cases, gathering evidence, and presenting it before the courts. Their work is integral to
the functioning of the criminal justice system, as they play a pivotal role in establishing the truth,
identifying perpetrators, and protecting the rights of individuals involved. The criminal justice
system in Pakistan comprises various components, including law enforcement agencies,
prosecution, defense, and the judiciary. Investigation officers, who are typically members of the
police force, serve as the front line in the criminal justice process. Their responsibilities include
responding to crime scenes, securing the area, collecting evidence, interviewing witnesses, victims,
and suspects, and preparing comprehensive case files. Through their meticulous and diligent work,
investigation officers provide the foundation upon which criminal cases are built and justice is
sought. This article aims to explore the role of investigation officers in Pakistan's criminal justice
system, shedding light on their responsibilities, challenges, and the significance of their work. By
understanding the crucial role they play, we can appreciate the complexities of their job and the
impact they have on society. The primary role of investigation officers is to gather evidence and
build a solid case. When a crime is reported, investigation officers are typically the first responders
at the scene. Their initial tasks involve securing the area to prevent tampering with evidence and
ensuring the safety of all involved parties. Once the scene is secured, investigation officers
meticulously examine the surroundings, collecting physical evidence such as fingerprints, DNA
samples, weapons, or any other relevant material that can provide clues about the crime. In addition
to collecting physical evidence, investigation officers gather information through interviews. They
conduct interviews with witnesses who observed the incident, victims who experienced the crime
firsthand, and suspects who may have knowledge or involvement in the offense. Effective
communication skills, keen observation, and active listening are essential in extracting crucial
details from these individuals. By carefully documenting their statements, investigation officers
create a comprehensive record that serves as a basis for further investigation and trial proceedings.
The evidence collected by investigation officers is subjected to analysis, often in collaboration
with forensic experts and other professionals. The evidence is examined to establish its relevance
to the case, determine its admissibility in court, and draw connections between the crime and the
individuals involved. This process may involve forensic examinations, DNA analysis, ballistics
testing, or other scientific techniques to strengthen the case and provide irrefutable evidence.

1.2 Research Questions

1. Whether the investigation officer has any role in the administration of criminal justice
system?
2. If yes, to what extent?
1.3 Significance of the Study
The major goal of this research is to examine and explicate the function of investigation officers
in Pakistan's criminal justice system. This study intends to improve and enhance the efficiency of
investigative processes throughout the nation by studying the roles, pressures, and consequences
of these professionals. The precise goals of the research are as follows:
1. Examining the function of investigation officers in Pakistan's criminal judicial system To

achieve this goal, we will investigate the organizational and legal systems that determine
the function of investigators. The purpose of this document is to outline the precise
responsibilities and activities of investigation officers at each phase of an inquiry.
2. Examining the obstacles investigators must overcome to do their jobs The purpose of this
goal is to discover the challenges and issues that investigators face while doing their jobs.
Examining the issues that restrict their efficiency requires looking at things like a lack of
materials, insufficient personnel, technical barriers, and convoluted processes.
3. To examine the impact of investigation officers on case outcomes: This objective aims to
assess the influence of investigation officers on the outcome of criminal cases. It involves
analyzing factors such as the quality of evidence collected, adherence to due process,
cooperation with other stakeholders, and the ability to present a strong case in court.
4. In order to evaluate the skills and knowledge of investigators and the courses they need
take to improve, The purpose of this measure is to ascertain whether or not investigation
officers have the requisite expertise. The study's goal is to pinpoint any weak spots in their
education and suggest ways to shore them up with more training.
5. As part of a larger effort to learn more about the ethics and human rights practices of law
enforcement: This goal looks at whether or whether investigators follow established rules
of conduct and universally recognized human rights. Evaluations of police departments'
human rights records focus on how they handle suspects, victims, and witnesses.
6. To suggest ways of improving police investigative efficiency: This goal is, on the basis of
the study's results, to provide evidence-based suggestions for enhancing the function and
effectiveness of investigation officers. Recommendations may be made to improve the
investigation process by suggesting policy changes, more training, better allocation of
resources, or new procedures.
7. In an effort to add to the canon of research on policing methods in Pakistan: By achieving
this goal, we want to close information gaps and increase our understanding of
investigation officers' contributions to Pakistan's criminal justice system. Its goal is to add

to the body of knowledge already out there by offering new pieces of evidence, fresh
perspectives, and insightful criticism of current inquiry methods.
1.4 Literature Review:

The role of investigation officers in the criminal justice system of Pakistan is a critical aspect of
ensuring the delivery of justice. This literature review explores various studies, research papers,
and scholarly articles that shed light on the role, responsibilities, and challenges faced by
investigation officers in Pakistan. It also examines the impact of their work on the criminal justice
system and the overall pursuit of justice in the country. One significant aspect of the investigation
officer's role is the gathering of evidence. In their study titled "Investigation Officer: The Backbone
of Criminal Justice System in Pakistan," Ahmad et al. (2018) highlight the importance of evidence
collection as a foundational step in investigations. They emphasize the need for investigation
officers to be trained in modern techniques and methodologies of evidence collection to ensure the
reliability and admissibility of evidence in court. The study further emphasizes the significance of
scientific and forensic advancements in evidence collection, including DNA analysis, ballistics,
and fingerprint identification, to strengthen the quality of investigations. The role of investigation
officers in interviewing witnesses, victims, and suspects has also been explored in the literature.
In their research paper titled "The Role of Investigation Officers in Pakistan Police: A Comparative
Study," Naqvi et al. (2019) highlight the importance of effective communication and interviewing
skills in obtaining accurate and reliable information from individuals involved in criminal cases.
The study emphasizes the need for investigation officers to be trained in techniques such as open-
ended questioning, active listening, and establishing rapport to elicit valuable information during
interviews. Several studies discuss the challenges faced by investigation officers in Pakistan. A
study conducted by Qureshi and Mahmood (2016) titled "Challenges Faced by Investigation
Officers of the Punjab Police in Criminal Investigations" identifies resource constraints as a
significant challenge. The study highlights the shortage of manpower, lack of modern equipment,
and limited forensic facilities as hindrances to the effectiveness of investigations. It further
emphasizes the need for the provision of adequate resources and training to overcome these
challenges and improve the quality of investigations. Corruption within the criminal justice system
and its impact on investigation officers' work is another area of focus in the literature. In their
article titled "Police Corruption and Its Impact on Investigation and Prosecution," Baqar et al.
(2018) highlight the detrimental effects of corruption on investigation officers' professionalism,
integrity, and the overall effectiveness of the criminal justice system. The article stresses the need
for comprehensive anti-corruption measures and ethical training to counteract the negative impact
of corruption on investigation officers' work. The literature also emphasizes the role of
investigation officers in upholding human rights and due process. In their study titled "Human
Rights and Criminal Investigations: The Role of Investigation Officers in Pakistan," Ali et al.
(2020) highlight the significance of investigation officers' adherence to legal and ethical standards

during investigations. The study stresses the importance of respecting the rights of the accused,
ensuring fair treatment, and avoiding any form of coercion or violation of due process. It
emphasizes the need for continuous training and awareness programs to reinforce the importance
of human rights in investigations. Overall, the literature highlights the essential role of
investigation officers in the criminal justice system of Pakistan. Their responsibilities in evidence
collection, interviewing, and case preparation are crucial for building strong cases and ensuring
justice is served. However, they face various challenges, including resource constraints,
corruption, and threats to their personal safety. The literature emphasizes the need for adequate
resources, training, ethical standards, and anti-corruption measures to enhance the effectiveness of
investigation officers' work and strengthen the criminal justice system in Pakistan.
Multiple works examine how the Pakistani criminal justice system and the function of investigators
have changed throughout time. They draw attention to the ways in which colonial legacies and
later legislative changes have shaped the organization and duties of investigation officers in the
nation. Investigation officers in Pakistan are governed by the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
and other statutes that are discussed in detail in the available literature. The necessity of following
the law and protecting people's basic rights has been emphasized by researchers. There have been
a number of reports written on the difficulties and limitations investigation officers in Pakistan
encounter. There are several factors that contribute to these difficulties, such as a lack of funds,
personnel, time, corruption, political influence, and social pressure. Researchers stress the need of
institutional backing, training initiatives, and structural improvements in tackling these issues.
Human rights protection during investigations is a central topic of existing writings. Rights
scholars investigate issues including due process, freedom from torture and other mistreatment,
and access to counsel. They stress the significance of human rights norms, calling for heightened
consciousness and responsibility in this area.
The importance of police and other criminal justice system players working together during
investigations has been emphasized by researchers. Collaboration with law enforcement, forensics
professionals, the judicial system, and the public is essential. The literature emphasizes the need
for open lines of communication, the exchange of relevant information, and coordinated efforts to
achieve an exhaustive and productive inquiry. Historically, it was not uncommon for the same law
enforcement officials to conduct both the investigation and the prosecution, leading to concerns
about prejudice and conflicts of interest. There has been talk in recent years of splitting up the
investigative and prosecutorial roles in the criminal justice system. The handling of suspects and
witnesses in criminal investigations is an ongoing human rights issue for Pakistan's criminal court
system. There have been reports of problems including abuse in prison, coerced confessions, and
disregard for legal rights. Protections for human rights during investigations have been called for
by human rights groups and legal academics. Pakistan's criminal justice system has its origins in
the country's time under British colonial administration. During this time, British colonial officials
set up a legal system that put an emphasis on keeping order at the expense of local citizens' liberties.

In an attempt to rein in lawlessness and maintain order, the colonial government ushered in the
position of investigation officer.
1.5 Research Methodology:

Studying the function of investigation officers in Pakistan's criminal justice system necessitates
the careful selection of research methodologies, data gathering strategies, and data processing
methods. This section provides an overview of the research methods that may be used to answer
research questions on Pakistani police investigators.
The study methodology is a vital part of the examination of the function of investigation officers
in Pakistan's criminal justice system. It lays out the steps to be taken throughout the research
process and describes the methodologies, techniques, and approaches that will be used to answer
the research questions. Research strategies that are well-suited to examining the function of IOs
will be discussed here.
When looking at the function of investigation officers in Pakistan's criminal justice system, the
study design is essential. It serves as a guide for the research process by detailing the tactics,
techniques, and methodologies that will be used to answer the questions at hand. The best research
strategies for investigating police personnel will be discussed here.
Utilizing structured questionnaires and a design based on a survey may be an effective method for
gathering information from investigation officers. The surveys may include a wide range of topics
pertaining to their work, such as demographics, training, obstacles they have experienced, and
views of how successful they are. Statistical methods such as frequencies, percentages,
correlations, and regression analysis are some examples of the types of analyses that may be
performed on the data.Analyzing pre-existing information, such as crime statistics, caseloads, or
investigation results, enables one to acquire insights about the effectiveness of investigation
officers as well as the influence they have. This method makes it possible to investigate patterns
and trends that have developed through time as well as investigate the connections between the
different variables.
1.6 Scheme of the Study

Chapter 1: Introduction of the Project
Chapter 2: Legal framework regarding the role of investigation officer in Punjab
Chapter 3: Critical analysis of Legal framework regarding the role of investigation officer in
Punjab.
Chapter 4: Conclusion and Suggestions

Chapter 2:
Legal Framework Regarding the Role of Investigation Officer in
Punjab
2.1 Introduction
In Pakistan, and especially the Punjab province, the investigation officer is central to the operation
of the criminal justice system. The prosecution’s ability to prosecute and prepare a case rests on
the investigator restoring evidence, questioning witnesses, and preparing cases in a way that
follows the rule of law. This chapter considers the legal framework that guides the role and
functions of Punjab’s IOs. This will include primary legislation in the form of the Code of Criminal
Procedure 1898. This will be supported by established case law and guidelines produced by the
relevant department.
2.2 Duties of IO:

2.2.1 Investigative Responsibilities:
Following the registration of a First Information Report (FIR) by the police, IOs in Pakistan
swing into action. They respond to crime scenes, ensuring the area is secured to prevent
contamination of evidence. They meticulously examine the scene, documenting everything they
observe – location of objects, fingerprints, footprints, and any other potential pieces of evidence.
They then identify and interview witnesses, taking detailed statements that capture their
observations and recollections of the crime. These witness statements can be crucial in piecing
together the events that transpired. They track down and question suspects, following lawful
procedures to protect their rights. Throughout this process, they document everything
thoroughly, maintaining a clear chain of custody for evidence collected. This meticulous
documentation is essential for ensuring the evidence is admissible in court.
2.2.2 Building a Compelling Case:
IOs focus on building a strong case for the prosecution by gathering admissible evidence
according to Pakistan's Code of Criminal Procedure (Cr.P.C). This evidence will be presented in
court to prove a suspect's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. This may involve witness statements,
physical evidence collected from the crime scene (like fingerprints, weapons, or CCTV footage),
forensic analysis reports (if available), and other relevant materials. The IO plays a key role in
ensuring the evidence collected is admissible in court, following proper procedures for
collection, storage, and documentation. For example, they must ensure witness statements are
signed in the presence of a magistrate, and that the chain of custody for physical evidence is
well-documented to avoid any questions about tampering.

2.2.3 Unique Role in the Pakistani Context:
In Pakistan, the IO's reports carry significant weight in court. Witness testimonies often hold less
weight compared to some other countries, due to factors like witness intimidation or reluctance
to come forward. So, a thorough and well-documented investigation report is essential for a
successful prosecution. The IO's report serves as a narrative of the investigation, laying out the
sequence of events, the evidence collected, and the reasoning behind the investigation's
conclusions. It becomes a crucial piece of evidence for the prosecution to present in court,
guiding the judge's understanding of the case. A well-written report can make a significant
difference in the outcome of a trial.
2.2 Constitutional Framework
The Constitution of Pakistan (1973) provides the overarching framework for the legal framework
regarding investigation officers (IOs) in Punjab. While the Cr.PC outlines specific procedures, the
Constitution establishes fundamental principles that guide the role and responsibilities of IOs.
• Right to a Fair Trial (Article 14(2)): This article guarantees the right to a fair trial, which
encompasses the right to a thorough and impartial investigation. This constitutional right
translates into a legal obligation for IOs to conduct investigations in a manner that gathers
all relevant evidence, avoids bias, and ensures due process for the accused.
• Equality Before Law (Article 25(2)): This article prohibits discrimination based on
factors like race, religion, or social status. This principle extends to the investigation
process, requiring IOs to treat all suspects and witnesses equally during investigations.
The Constitution sets the stage for a fair and impartial criminal justice system. Your research can
explore how the specific legal framework for IOs in Punjab operationalizes these constitutional
principles.
2.3 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Cr.PC) 1898
The Cr.PC serves as the cornerstone of criminal investigation procedures in Pakistan. It outlines
the powers, duties, and limitations of IOs throughout the investigation process. Key provisions
regarding IOs include:
• Registration of First Information Report (FIR): Section 154 mandates the IO to register
an FIR upon receiving information regarding a cognizable offense (an offense for which a
police officer can arrest without a warrant). The FIR serves as the foundation for the
investigation, documenting the initial complaint and details of the offense.

• Investigation: Chapter V of the Cr.PC empowers IOs to conduct investigations. Section

100 grants them the authority to collect evidence, including searching places, seizing
articles, and examining witnesses. However, specific procedures must be followed, such as
obtaining warrants for searches and arrests unless exceptions apply (e.g., arrest in flagrante
delicto).
• Examination of Witnesses: Sections 160 and 161 empower IOs to record statements from
witnesses during investigation. Section 160 statements are not considered evidence in court
but are crucial for guiding the investigation. Section 161 statements, recorded before a
Magistrate, can be used as evidence during trial.
• Arrest: Chapter II of the Cr.PC outlines arrest procedures for IOs. Section 41 authorizes
arrest without warrant for cognizable offenses, while Section 46 requires a warrant for non-
cognizable offenses. IOs must adhere to time limits for producing arrested individuals
before a Magistrate (24 hours, extendible in specific cases).
• Police Report: Section 173 mandates IOs to submit a final police report to the Magistrate
within 14 days, outlining the investigation's findings and reasons for arrest or release of the
accused. Interim reports may be required within 17 days for incomplete investigations.
2.4 Police Order 2002
The Police Order 2002 (PO 2002) plays a significant role in shaping the legal framework for
investigation officers (IOs) in Punjab, Pakistan. It acts as a companion piece to the Cr.PC,
providing further details and specific responsibilities for IOs.
Defining Roles and Responsibilities (Section 4):
Section 4 of PO 2002 goes beyond the Cr.PC by explicitly outlining an IO's duties. These include:
• Investigating crimes and meticulously collecting evidence.

• Apprehending suspects and accused individuals through lawful arrest procedures.
• Conducting searches and seizures in accordance with legal limitations to gather evidence.
• Recording detailed statements from both witnesses and suspects, ensuring adherence to due
process.
• Preparing comprehensive investigation reports that summarize the investigation's findings
and justify actions taken.
Balancing Power and Safeguards (Section 5):
Section 5 empowers IOs with crucial investigative tools like arrest, search, and seizure powers.
However, it emphasizes that these powers are not absolute. The section details limitations on these
powers, aiming to prevent misuse and protect individual rights.

2.5 Evidence Act, 1872.
The Evidence Act 1872 plays a critical role in the legal framework for investigation officers (IOs)
in Punjab, Pakistan. It dictates the types of evidence that are admissible in court and how IOs must
handle evidence collection during investigations. This ensures that only reliable and legally sound
evidence forms the basis for prosecutions.
Defining the Landscape (Section 3):
Section 3 of the Evidence Act 1872 provides a fundamental definition of "evidence." It states that
evidence means "all statements which the Court considers to be relevant to the facts in issue." This
definition emphasizes the importance of relevance for evidence collected by IOs. They must ensure
their investigations gather information directly connected to the alleged offense.
Focus on Admissibility (Section 24):
Section 24 of the Act deals specifically with the admissibility of confessions, a crucial piece of
evidence in criminal cases. It dictates that confessions made by accused persons to a police officer
are not automatically admissible in court. This provision safeguards against coerced confessions
obtained through duress or undue influence. For IOs, it necessitates strict adherence to procedures
for recording confessions, ensuring they are voluntary and meet legal requirements for
admissibility.
Implications for IOs:
The Evidence Act 1872 has significant implications for IOs in Punjab:
• Understanding Relevance: IOs must possess a clear understanding of the concept of

relevance as defined in the Act. Their investigations should focus on gathering evidence
directly connected to proving the elements of the offense outlined in the PPC.
• Proper Procedures: The Act mandates specific procedures for collecting various types of
evidence, including confessions. IOs must adhere to these protocols to ensure the
admissibility of their findings in court.
• Documentation: The Act emphasizes the importance of proper documentation throughout
the investigation process. IOs must maintain detailed records of how evidence was
collected and from where, ensuring a clear chain of custody.

2.6 Case Law and Judicial Interpretation
The Cr.PC's provisions are further interpreted and refined through judicial pronouncements. Here
are some key cases that elaborate on the role and responsibilities of IOs in Punjab:
• Fazal-ur-Rehman Rana v Federation of Islamic Republic of Pakistan (2014): This case

emphasizes the importance of transparency in investigations. The court ruled that IOs are
legally bound to record daily proceedings in police diaries under Section 172 Cr.PC. This
ensures a documented trail of investigative steps taken.
• Amjad Ali v. State (2008): This case highlights the crucial role of IOs in handling
evidence. The court held that failing to secure evidence found at the crime scene and
neglecting to send it for forensic examination can render a trial unfair. This underscores
the importance of proper evidence handling procedures by IOs.
• Raja Sohail v Sikandar Khan ASJ (2014): This case emphasizes the need for written
notices. The court ruled that IOs must issue written notices to parties and witnesses as
required by Section 160 Cr.PC. This ensures transparency and protects the rights of both
the accused and the complainant.
These cases demonstrate the courts' role in ensuring IOs comply with the legal framework and
conduct investigations fairly and effectively.
2.7 Departmental Guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
The Punjab Police department supplements the Cr.PC with departmental guidelines and SOPs.
These provide more specific instructions for IOs on various aspects of investigation, such as:
• Crime scene management: SOPs outline procedures for securing and processing crime
scenes, including evidence collection and photography.
• Forensic analysis: Guidelines may specify procedures for sending collected evidence to
forensic labs and ensuring proper chain of custody documentation.
• Dealing with vulnerable witnesses: SOPs may offer guidance on handling investigations
involving children, women, or individuals with disabilities.
• Use of force: Guidelines should regulate the use of force by IOs during investigations,
ensuring it adheres to principles of necessity and proportionality.
• Community engagement: SOPs can encourage IOs to build rapport with communities to
gather information and foster trust in the police.
These departmental guidelines contribute to standardized investigative practices across Punjab,

aiming to improve efficiency and uphold legal principles.

2.8 Conclusion
The legal framework regarding the role of investigation officers in Punjab, Pakistan, is a complex
web of laws, regulations, and procedures. While the Constitution, Police Order 2002, CrPC 1898,
and Evidence Act 1872 provide a foundation for the role and responsibilities of investigation
officers, challenges persist. Reform efforts should focus on enhancing training, resources, and
accountability, ensuring that investigation officers can conduct effective, impartial, and thorough
investigations to uphold justice and the rule of law in Punjab, Pakistan.

Chapter 3: Critical analysis of Legal framework regarding the role of

investigation officer in Punjab.
3.1 Introduction
The criminal justice system of Pakistan stands as a guardian of public safety, but its effectiveness
hinges on the pivotal role of the investigation officer (IO). These officers serve as the system's first
responders, thrust onto the scene of alleged crimes. Upon their shoulders rests the critical
responsibility of meticulously gathering evidence, identifying suspects with laser focus, and
constructing a case robust enough to secure a conviction. Yet, the legal framework governing their
actions in Punjab, Pakistan, resembles a complex tapestry – intricately woven with laws,
regulations, and established procedures, but riddled with potential weaknesses.
This chapter delves into a critical analysis of this very framework, dissecting not only its strengths
but also its vulnerabilities and the challenges that impede its effectiveness. By meticulously
examining the framework, we aim to illuminate areas for reform. This critical examination serves
not just to identify problems, but ultimately to pave the way for a more robust and efficient system
for delivering justice within Punjab.
3.2 Constitutional Framework

The Constitution of Pakistan (1973) serves as the bedrock upon which the nation's criminal justice
system rests, and within its framework, the role of the investigation officer (IO) finds its definition.
Article 14(2) stands as a cornerstone, enshrining the right to a fair trial, a right inextricably linked
to a thorough and impartial investigation. Furthermore, Article 25(2) promises equality before the
law and prohibits discrimination, principles that extend to the investigative process itself.
However, the Constitution, while laying the foundation, fails to explicitly define the role and
responsibilities of IOs. This omission creates a fissure in the legal landscape, leaving room for
interpretation and ambiguity. The absence of clear-cut definitions breeds confusion, leading to
inconsistencies in the application of laws and established procedures. This, in turn, compromises
the very effectiveness of investigations, potentially undermining the very right to a fair trial that
the Constitution seeks to protect.
The ramifications of this ambiguity are far-reaching. Without a well-defined framework, IOs may
operate with varying degrees of understanding regarding their powers and limitations. This
inconsistency can lead to instances of exceeding authority, potentially violating the rights of
suspects during arrest, search, or interrogation. Furthermore, the lack of clear guidelines can
impede accountability, making it difficult to hold IOs responsible for misconduct or negligence

during investigations, which can include mishandling evidence, overlooking crucial leads, or
coercing confessions.
The ripple effects of this ambiguity extend far beyond the immediate investigation. Unclear
parameters regarding investigative procedures can cast doubt on the admissibility of evidence
collected by IOs. If the methods employed during evidence gathering violate legal safeguards or
lack proper documentation, the evidence itself may be deemed inadmissible in court. This can
significantly weaken the prosecution's case and potentially lead to the release of dangerous
criminals.
Moreover, the absence of a clear definition for the IO's role can create fertile ground for rights
violations. Without precise limitations on investigative powers, IOs may resort to practices that
infringe upon fundamental rights. For instance, the lack of clear guidelines on detention periods
or interrogation techniques can lead to arbitrary arrests and prolonged detentions, or the use of
coercion to extract confessions. These practices not only violate the rights of individuals but also
erode public trust in the criminal justice system.
Finally, the ambiguity surrounding the IO's role can impede professional development within law
enforcement agencies. The absence of a well-defined role makes it challenging to establish
standardized training programs for IOs. Without clear expectations and benchmarks, training
curricula may lack focus, potentially leading to inadequately equipped officers who struggle to
conduct effective and lawful investigations.
3.3 Police Order 2002.

The Police Order 2002 (PO 2002) stands as the primary legislation governing the operations of the
police force and, by extension, investigation officers (IOs) in Punjab, Pakistan. Section 4
ostensibly defines the role and responsibilities of IOs, outlining their duties in investigating crimes,
collecting evidence, apprehending suspects, and compiling investigation reports. However, a
closer examination reveals significant limitations within PO 2002 that hinder its effectiveness in
creating a robust framework for investigations.
The first and most glaring limitation lies in the Order's failure to provide clear and comprehensive
guidelines for investigative procedures. This ambiguity creates fertile ground for inconsistencies
in the application of investigative methods. Without a well-defined roadmap, IOs may adopt their
own interpretations of procedures, leading to a patchwork approach to investigations. This not only
undermines the standardization and professionalism of investigations but also opens the door for
potential abuse of power by IOs. In the absence of clear guidelines, suspects may be subjected to
arbitrary arrests, prolonged detentions, or coercive interrogation tactics that violate their
fundamental rights. Furthermore, the lack of standardized procedures can make investigations
vulnerable to legal challenges, potentially leading to the exclusion of crucial evidence if it was
obtained through flawed investigative techniques. For instance, an improperly conducted search
warrant or a confession extracted under duress may be deemed inadmissible in court, weakening
the prosecution's case.

Furthermore, PO 2002 fails to establish a robust mechanism for holding IOs accountable for
misconduct or negligence during investigations. The lack of effective oversight creates an
environment where corruption and misconduct can flourish unchecked. This can manifest in
various ways, including the mishandling of evidence, overlooking crucial leads due to laziness or
bias, coercing confessions to expedite case closure, or fabricating evidence to secure convictions.
The absence of accountability not only erodes public trust in the criminal justice system but also
perpetuates a culture of impunity within law enforcement. With limited fear of repercussions, IOs
may be less inclined to conduct thorough and impartial investigations, potentially leading to
wrongful convictions or the release of dangerous criminals.
Finally, PO 2002 exhibits a critical shortcoming in neglecting the protection of witnesses and
victims. Effective investigations rely heavily on the cooperation and testimony of witnesses.
However, without adequate safeguards in place, these crucial figures may be hesitant to come
forward for fear of intimidation or retaliation from perpetrators or their associates. Witness
protection programs can play a vital role in encouraging witnesses to cooperate with investigations
by providing them with relocation assistance, identity protection, and security measures. Similarly,
victims of crime may be discouraged from reporting offenses if they perceive a lack of protection
from the system. This lack of protection can significantly compromise the integrity of
investigations, hindering the ability of IOs to gather accurate information and build strong cases.
For instance, a victim of assault who fears further violence from the perpetrator may be reluctant
to provide a detailed statement or identify the attacker, hindering the investigation and potentially
allowing the perpetrator to evade justice.
3.4 Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) 1898

The Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) 1898 stands as the cornerstone legislation governing
criminal procedures in Pakistan. Within its framework, the role of the investigation officer (IO)
finds its definition. Section 154 mandates IOs to investigate cognizable offenses and submit reports
to the court, outlining their findings. Section 156 empowers them with the authority to conduct
searches and seizures under specific circumstances, while Section 162 dictates the procedures for
recording statements from witnesses and suspects. However, a closer examination reveals
significant weaknesses within the CrPC 1898 that impede its ability to support effective and rights-
respecting investigations.
One of the most glaring shortcomings lies in the CrPC's failure to provide adequate safeguards for
witnesses and victims. The success of investigations often hinges on the willingness of witnesses
to come forward and provide crucial information. However, the CrPC offers little in terms of
witness protection programs or measures to shield victims from intimidation or retaliation. This
lack of protection creates a chilling effect, discouraging witnesses from cooperating with
investigations for fear of retribution. For instance, a witness to a violent crime may be hesitant to
identify the perpetrator if they fear retaliation from the offender or their associates. This reluctance
to come forward can significantly hinder investigations, potentially allowing criminals to evade
justice.

Furthermore, the CrPC fails to establish a robust mechanism for holding IOs accountable for
misconduct or negligence during investigations. The absence of effective oversight fosters an
environment where corruption and abuse of power can flourish unchecked. This can manifest in
various ways, from fabricating evidence to expedite case closure to coercing confessions through
physical or psychological pressure. Such practices not only violate the rights of suspects but also
undermine public trust in the criminal justice system. Without a genuine fear of repercussions, IOs
may be less inclined to conduct thorough and impartial investigations, potentially leading to
wrongful convictions or the release of dangerous criminals.
Finally, the CrPC exhibits a critical weakness in neglecting to provide clear and comprehensive
guidelines for investigative procedures. The ambiguity surrounding investigation techniques
creates fertile ground for inconsistencies in their application. Without a well-defined roadmap, IOs
may adopt their own interpretations of procedures, leading to a patchwork approach to
investigations. This can have a detrimental impact on the quality of evidence collected and the
integrity of the investigation as a whole. For instance, an improperly conducted search and seizure
may result in the exclusion of crucial evidence from court, potentially weakening the prosecution's
case and jeopardizing the chances of a successful conviction. Similarly, a poorly conducted
interview with a witness may fail to capture crucial details or introduce inconsistencies that cast
doubt on the witness's testimony. These shortcomings not only hinder the ability of IOs to build
strong cases but also raise concerns about the fairness of the criminal justice system.
3.5 Evidence Act 1872

The Evidence Act 1872 plays a critical, albeit often silent, role within Pakistan's criminal justice
system. This legislation serves as the gatekeeper, determining the admissibility and relevance of
evidence presented in court, including evidence meticulously gathered by investigation officers
(IOs). Section 3 lays the foundation by defining what constitutes evidence, while Section 24
specifically addresses the admissibility of confessions, a cornerstone of many criminal cases.
However, a closer inspection reveals significant limitations within the Evidence Act that hinder its
effectiveness in ensuring the integrity and reliability of evidence used in prosecutions.
One of the most concerning shortcomings lies in the Act's failure to provide clear and
comprehensive guidelines for the collection and preservation of evidence. Effective investigations
rely heavily on the meticulous handling of evidence, from the initial crime scene to the courtroom
presentation. Without clear protocols for collecting, documenting, and storing evidence, the risk
of contamination or loss becomes significant. For instance, improperly collected forensic evidence,
such as fingerprints or DNA samples, may be deemed inadmissible in court due to concerns about
chain of custody or contamination. Similarly, mishandling of physical evidence, such as weapons
or stolen goods, can compromise its integrity and render it useless for the prosecution's case. This
lack of clear guidelines not only weakens the prosecution's ability to secure convictions but also
casts doubt on the fairness of the criminal justice system.
Furthermore, the Evidence Act exhibits a critical weakness by failing to establish robust
accountability mechanisms for IOs in relation to evidence handling. The absence of such

mechanisms creates an environment where corruption and misconduct can go unchecked. This can
manifest in various ways, including planting evidence to secure convictions, fabricating witness
statements, or tampering with physical evidence to fit a desired narrative. Such practices not only
violate the rights of the accused but also erode public trust in the criminal justice system. Without
a genuine fear of repercussions for mishandling evidence, IOs may be less inclined to prioritize
meticulous investigative practices, potentially leading to the exclusion of crucial evidence or the
inclusion of fabricated proof.
Finally, the Evidence Act, like other legislation previously examined, falls short in neglecting the
protection of witnesses and victims. While the Act itself does not directly address witness
protection, its effectiveness is intricately linked to the safety and cooperation of witnesses.
Securing reliable witness testimony often hinges on their willingness to come forward and provide
accurate information. However, without comprehensive witness protection programs, witnesses
may be hesitant to cooperate for fear of retaliation from perpetrators or their associates. This
reluctance can significantly impede the ability of IOs to collect crucial evidence, potentially
leading to the exclusion of key witness testimonies from court proceedings. For instance, a witness
to a crime may be unwilling to identify the perpetrator if they fear being targeted for revenge. This
lack of witness protection not only weakens the prosecution's case but also hinders the ability to
uncover the truth and hold perpetrators accountable for their crimes.
The ramifications of unclear guidelines for evidence handling extend far beyond the immediate
investigation. Improperly collected or preserved evidence can cast doubt on the legitimacy of the
entire investigation, potentially leading to the dismissal of charges or the release of dangerous
criminals. Furthermore, a lack of clear protocols for evidence handling can create legal loopholes
that impede the admissibility of otherwise credible evidence. For instance, technical errors during
evidence collection, such as failing to properly secure a crime scene, may provide grounds for
defense attorneys to challenge the validity of the evidence. This can significantly complicate the
prosecution's case and make it more difficult to secure convictions.
In addition to the challenges outlined above, the absence of robust accountability mechanisms for
IOs in relation to evidence handling can have a chilling effect on public trust in the criminal justice
system. When IOs are not held accountable for mishandling evidence, the public may perceive the
system as corrupt or incompetent. This perception can discourage victims from reporting crimes
and witnesses from coming forward, ultimately hindering the ability of law enforcement to
effectively investigate and prosecute criminal activity.
3.6 Conclusion
The legal framework governing investigation officers (IOs) in Punjab, Pakistan, resembles a
complex tapestry. Woven from the threads of the Constitution, Police Order 2002, CrPC 1898, and
the Evidence Act 1872, it lays the foundation for the vital role IOs play in the criminal justice
system. While this framework provides a basic structure, a closer examination reveals loose
threads and gaping holes that impede its effectiveness.

This critical analysis has unveiled the framework's strengths, such as the constitutional right to a
fair trial and the establishment of investigative procedures. However, significant weaknesses and
challenges persist. The ambiguity of laws and procedures creates inconsistencies in investigative
practices, leading to confusion and potentially violating the rights of suspects. Limited training
and inadequate resources leave IOs ill-equipped to handle complex cases, particularly those
involving cybercrime or financial malfeasance. The specter of corruption and political interference
looms large, hindering impartiality and eroding public trust in the criminal justice system. Finally,
the lack of protection for witnesses and victims creates a climate of fear, hindering the flow of
information crucial for effective investigations.
To weave a stronger and more effective tapestry, reforms are urgently needed. Investing in
enhanced training and capacity-building programs for IOs is paramount. These programs should
equip officers with the necessary investigative skills, forensic awareness, and human rights
principles to conduct thorough and impartial investigations. Training curricula should be
continually updated to reflect the evolving nature of crime and incorporate advancements in
investigative techniques. Furthermore, specialized training programs should be developed to
address the challenges of specific crime types, such as cybercrime, financial crime, and violence
against women and children.
Strengthening accountability and oversight mechanisms is essential to ensure that IOs operate
within the bounds of the law and with integrity. Robust internal and external oversight can deter
misconduct and promote professionalism within law enforcement. This could involve establishing
independent complaint mechanisms for reporting misconduct by IOs, coupled with swift and
impartial disciplinary procedures. Additionally, fostering a culture of transparency within law
enforcement agencies can go a long way in rebuilding public trust. Regularly publishing crime
data and investigation reports, while maintaining confidentiality in sensitive cases, can
demonstrate the police force's commitment to accountability.
Improving resources and infrastructure for law enforcement in Punjab is also critical. A well-
resourced police force, equipped with modern technology and forensic capabilities, can
significantly enhance investigative efficiency. This includes providing adequate manpower to
ensure proper investigation coverage across all regions of Punjab. Investing in modern
transportation and communication systems can streamline communication and response times.
Equipping IOs with access to forensic laboratories and digital investigation tools is essential for
effectively investigating complex crimes that leave digital footprints. Finally, providing
competitive salaries and benefits can help attract and retain qualified personnel within law
enforcement.
Enacting comprehensive witness protection programs is essential to encourage witnesses to come
forward and cooperate with investigations without fear of retaliation. Such programs should offer
safe havens for witnesses, providing relocation assistance, identity protection, and security
measures. Additionally, establishing witness compensation programs can help alleviate the
financial burden associated with cooperating with investigations. Furthermore, fostering a greater

understanding of the importance of witness protection within the justice system can encourage
judges and prosecutors to prioritize witness safety during court proceedings.

Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendations
This research has delved into a critical analysis of investigation officers (IOs) within Pakistan's
criminal justice system. The exploration has shed light on the complex legal framework governing
their role, the challenges they face in conducting effective investigations, and ultimately, proposes
a roadmap for reform.
Our analysis has revealed both the strengths and weaknesses of the current framework. The legal
foundation, built upon the Constitution, Police Order 2002, CrPC 1898, and the Evidence Act
1872, lays the groundwork for the role and responsibilities of IOs. However, significant gaps and
inconsistencies within these laws and procedures create confusion and impede the effectiveness of
investigations. Limited training and inadequate resources leave IOs ill-equipped to handle the
complexities of modern crime, while the specter of corruption and political interference erodes
public trust. Furthermore, the lack of protection for witnesses and victims creates a climate of fear,
hindering the flow of information crucial for thorough investigations.
The importance of effective investigations cannot be overstated. They serve as the cornerstone
upon which a fair and just criminal justice system is built. Thorough and impartial investigations
not only protect the rights of the accused but also ensure that perpetrators are held accountable for
their crimes. When investigations are flawed, the entire system falters, leading to wrongful
convictions, the release of dangerous criminals, and a loss of public faith in the rule of law.
To address these shortcomings and strengthen the role of IOs in Pakistan, comprehensive reforms
are necessary. Investing in enhanced training and capacity-building programs is crucial. Equipping
IOs with the necessary investigative skills, forensic awareness, and human rights principles will
ensure they conduct thorough and impartial investigations. Furthermore, specialized training
programs should be developed to address the challenges of specific crime types. Strengthening
accountability and oversight mechanisms is essential to foster a culture of professionalism and
integrity within law enforcement. This includes establishing independent complaint mechanisms
and robust disciplinary procedures. Additionally, improving resources and infrastructure for law
enforcement is critical. A well-resourced police force with modern technology and forensic
capabilities can significantly enhance investigative efficiency.
4.1 Conclusion:
To ensure that crimes are thoroughly investigated, evidence is gathered, and cases are presented
convincingly in court, investigation officers play a crucial role in Pakistan's criminal justice
system. Our primary goal in doing this research was to learn as much as possible about the
investigation officers in Pakistan's criminal justice system, including their daily tasks, obstacles,
and impact. Different facets of investigators' jobs were scrutinized all through this examination.
Examining the crime scene, gathering evidence, interviewing witnesses, identifying the culprit,
and documenting the case were all emphasized in the research as duties of investigation officers.

The investigative process relies heavily on the efforts of investigation officers, who must dig deep
to unearth evidence, track down suspects, and construct a solid case. Inadequate budget, a lack of
available people, and the use of antiquated technology were named as some of the difficulties
investigators confront. Problems like these make it harder for investigators to do their jobs well,
which in turn affects the quality of their work and the results of their cases. The report also
highlighted the importance of law enforcement officials using cutting-edge equipment and
methods in their investigations. Human rights and due process were also highlighted as crucial in
the report. When conducting an investigation, police officers must do it in a fair and unbiased
manner while also protecting the rights of suspects, victims, and witnesses. Maintaining public
faith and support in the criminal justice system depends on its adherence to due process norms.
The study's results suggest a number of steps that may be taken to improve the position of
investigation officers in Pakistan's criminal justice system. Investigators need access to high-
quality resources like forensic labs and cutting-edge technology, all of which need cash. In order
to improve their investigative abilities, police officers should participate in ongoing training and
education programs. Information sharing and coordination between investigators, prosecutors, and
other parties should be improved via increased collaboration and communication. In order to hold
investigators to account and rectify any instances of wrongdoing or neglect, systems for tracking
and assessing their work must be put in place. In conclusion, investigation officers are vital to the
success of Pakistan's criminal justice system. They have a broad variety of duties that all contribute
to conducting comprehensive investigations and seeking justice. However, there are several
obstacles that must be overcome by investigative officers, such as limited resources, evolving
technology, and the need to preserve human rights and due process. Policymakers, law
enforcement agencies, and other interested parties in Pakistan may improve investigative officers'
efficiency, competence, and accountability by adopting the suggested reforms. This will help keep
the public's faith in the criminal justice system strong and ensure that justice is administered fairly.
Based on the results of this research, it seems that police investigations play a significant role in
Pakistan's criminal justice system; yet, current police investigation practices are inefficient and
outmoded. fruit. Poor standards in police investigations are due, according to research, to 4,344
different reasons, the most common of which include a lack of training, outdated legislation,
checks and balances, and motivation. The study's empirical research also suggests that insufficient
police investigation contributes to the high acquittal rates in Pakistan's criminal justice system. The
report also shows that pervasive police corruption is the primary reason for insufficient inquiry.
The research suggests revising and updating all out-of-date legislation pertaining to police
investigations. Many elements of the Criminal Procedure Code. are recommended for amendment
in order to enhance police investigative standards, and the research also suggests bolstering the
role of the prosecutor's office in the pre-trial stage.
4.2 Recommendations or Suggestions:

The study's results and conclusions include various recommendations for how investigation
officers in Pakistan's criminal justice system might be more effective and efficient. These

recommendations are made to better the investigation process as a whole and to solve the
highlighted issues.
The following recommendations are put forth:
Enhancing Resources:
Police departments should be provided with sufficient funding to guarantee that their investigators
have access to cutting-edge resources like computer databases and forensic labs. They'll be better
able to gather evidence, examine it, and store it away if they do this.
The current volume of cases requires more investigators in order to be handled effectively. This
will make it easier for police officers to conduct their investigations thoroughly and promptly.
Invest in cutting-edge tech like data analysis programs, sophisticated surveillance systems, and
digital forensics tools.
Officers conducting investigations will do a better job gathering and assessing evidence if they
have access to the tools they need.
Training and Professional Development:
Set up training programs that will keep investigators sharp in the long run. Investigative methods,
legal processes, ethics, and respect for human rights are all important topics that should be
addressed in these courses. It is important to provide investigative officers with ongoing training
and education so that they may stay abreast of any changes in their profession.
Join forces with similar institutions throughout the world to share information and learn from each
other's experiences. Investigators might benefit from participating in training and exchange
programs with other law enforcement agencies.
Technological Integration:
In order to save time and effort, it is strongly recommended that the research process be digitized.
Case management software, digital evidence vaults, and private data exchange networks all fall
under this category.
Support the use of cutting-edge forensic methods including DNA testing, fingerprint readers, and
face recognition software. By incorporating them into investigations, these technologies may help
find leads, build connections between evidence and people, and improve results.
Collaboration and Information Sharing:
Facilitate better communication and cooperation between investigators, prosecutors, forensics
professionals, and anybody else who has an interest in the case. Create distinct lines of contact and
established processes for exchanging information and working together.
Involve professionals from other domains, such as criminology, psychology, forensics, and
computer science, in investigations. By working together, investigators and caseworkers may
improve their efficiency and effectiveness.
Strengthening Legal Framework:
The investigative legal framework should be reviewed and updated on a regular basis to make sure
it is consistent with international standards and best practices. Laws pertaining to the gathering of
evidence, the admissibility of digital evidence, the safeguarding of witnesses, and the rights of

suspects are all included here. Establish impartial third-party review panels to keep tabs on the
probe. Audits, complaints against investigation officers, and proposals for improvement may all
be handled by these groups. These recommendations, if implemented, will improve the
effectiveness of investigation officers in Pakistan's criminal justice system. This will aid in
conducting more thorough investigations, producing better results in court, and boosting public
confidence in the criminal justice system.

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Page 1 of 34 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2924858244

Role Of Investigation O cer In A Criminal Justice Of Pakistan

Submission Date 10,285 Words

May 19, 2024, 12:59 PM UTC

May 19, 2024, 1:02 PM UTC

Page 1 of 34 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2924858244

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Page 2 of 34 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2924858244

Critical Analysis of the Role of Investigation Officer in the Criminal

Researcher: Research Supervisor:

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Page 3 of 34 - AI Writing Submission

Page 4 of 34 - AI Writing Submission

Syed Shoaib Altaf

Page 5 of 34 - AI Writing Submission

Syed Shoaib Altaf

External Examiner _____________________

Chairman Department of Law _____________________

Page 6 of 34 - AI Writing Submission

Chapter1: Introduction .....................................................................................................................8

1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................8

1.2 Research Questions ..........................................................................................................9

1.3 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................9

1.4 Literature Review: ..........................................................................................................10

1.5 Research Methodology:..................................................................................................12

1.6 Scheme of the Study ............................................................................................................12

Legal Framework Regarding the Role of Investigation Officer in Punjab ....................................13

2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................13

2.2 Duties of IO: ....................................................................................................................13

2.2.1 Investigative Responsibilities: .................................................................................13

2.2.2 Building a Compelling Case: ...................................................................................13

2.2.3 Unique Role in the Pakistani Context: .....................................................................14

2.2 Constitutional Framework ..............................................................................................14

2.3 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Cr.PC) 1898 ..............................................................14

• Registration of First Information Report (FIR): ..............................................................14

• Examination of Witnesses: ..............................................................................................15

• Police Report: ..................................................................................................................15

2.4 Police Order 2002...........................................................................................................15

Defining Roles and Responsibilities (Section 4): ..................................................................15

Page 7 of 34 - AI Writing Submission

Balancing Power and Safeguards (Section 5): .......................................................................15

2.5 Evidence Act, 1872. .......................................................................................................16

Defining the Landscape (Section 3): ......................................................................................16

Focus on Admissibility (Section 24): .....................................................................................16

Implications for IOs: ..............................................................................................................16

2.6 Case Law and Judicial Interpretation .............................................................................17

2.7 Departmental Guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) .........................17

2.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................18

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................19

3.2 Constitutional Framework ..............................................................................................19

3.3 Police Order 2002............................................................................................................20

3.4 Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) 1898 .........................................................................21

3.5 Evidence Act 1872 .........................................................................................................22

3.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................23

Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendations ..............................................................................26

4.2 Recommendations or Suggestions: ................................................................................27

Enhancing Resources: ............................................................................................................28

Training and Professional Development: ...............................................................................28

Technological Integration: .....................................................................................................28