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Chapter 2 Optical Fibers
Chapter 2 Optical Fibers
OPTICAL FIBER
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Chapter Goals
Describe the details of Geometrical-Optics: Step-Index Fiber,
Graded-Index Fibers
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Determine BL product Limitation of Step-Index Fiber, Graded-
Index Fiber
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Geometrical-Optics Description
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Geometrical-Optics Description
n2
n1
n2
1n
2
n1
n2
1
Multi -Mode Graded-Index (MM-GI) Fiber
n2
n1
n2
Single-Mode Fiber
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Refraction and Reflection
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Refraction and Reflection
refracted
ray
2 Assuming: n1 n2
n2
Law’s Snell:
n1
1 1 n1. sin 1 n2 . sin 2
reflected
incident ray
ray
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Total Internal Reflection
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Total Internal Reflection Conditions
n2 2 refracted
2 ray
n1
1 c 1
reflected
ray
n1 n2
all rays with 1 c
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Numerical Aperture (NA) of the Fiber
NA n0 sin i (n n )
2
1
2
2
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Numerical Aperture (NA) of the Fiber
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Example 1
Determine Numerical Aperture of the Fiber?
(i) n1 = 1.46 and n2 = 1 (air)
(ii) n1 = 1.465 and n2 = 1.45.
Application of Eq:
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Numeric Aperture (NA) of the Fiber
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Numeric Aperture (NA) of the Fiber
NA n0 sin i (n n )
2
1
2
2
n1 n2
With
n1
Demonstrate:
NA n1 2 ?
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Typical Numerical Aperture values
of the MM Fiber
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: divergence operation
: curl operation
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E & H: the electric & magnetic field vectors,
D & B: the corresponding flux densities.
The constitutive relations:
D = 0 E + P, (2.2.5)
B = m0 H + M, (2.2.6)
0 : the vacuum permittivity,
m0 : the vacuum permeability,
P & M: the induced electric & magnetic polarizations
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Analysis in Cylindrical Coordinates
j (t z )
E E0 ( , )e
H H 0 ( , )e j (t z )
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Vector Identity
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-
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SMF Condition
2.405
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The single-mode condition: V < 2.405
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Example:
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37.92 mm
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Kinds of Dispersion in Fiber
Total Dispersion
SMF
MMF
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Pulse Shapes versus distance
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Fiber Dispersion
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Example 2
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dn
ng n
d
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For pure silica these parameters are found to be B1 =
0.6961663, B2 = 0.4079426, B3 = 0.8974794, 1 = 0.0684043
mm,2 = 0.1162414 mm, and 3 = 9.896161 mm, where j =
2c/j with j = 1–3.
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Index n1 shape of DCF
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Dispersion Shifting/Flattening
Zero Dispersion Wavelength
Dispersion coefficient (ps km-1 nm-1 )
30
20 Dm
10
Dm + Dw
0
Dw
-10 0
-20
-30
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
(mm)
Zero
Dispersion
Wavelength
Different Index Profiles
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Two parts of Chromatic Dispersion of SMF
2 dn2 g 1 dn2 g
DM 2
d c d
(2.100)
2 2 g Vd 2 (Vb) dn2 g d (Vb)
2
n
DW 2
n2 dV 2
d dV
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Polarizasion Mode Dispersion
Reality
Ideal
Cladding
Core
Fast axis
t
t
t:Differential Group Delay
(DGD)
Slow axis
L L
T L 1x 1 y L( 1 )
v gx v gy
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Dispersion Compensation
D1L1+D2L2=0
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Attenuation versus Wavelength
Water
spike
2000s
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Attenuation versus Wavelength
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Fiber losses
The loss of fiber is about 0.2 dB/km in the wavelength
region near 1.55 mm. This value is close to the fundamental
limit ( 0.16 dB/km) for silica fibers.
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whereas vibrational resonances occur in the infrared region
(> 0.7mm).
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Their amount should be reduced to below 1 part per
mm
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Its harmonic and combination tones with silica produce
absorption at the 1.39, 1.24, and 0.95 mm wavelengths. The
three spectral peaks seen occur near these wavelengths and are
due to the presence of residual water vapor in silica.
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Rayleigh Scattering
Rayleigh scattering is a fundamental loss mechanism arising
from local microscopic fluctuations in density.
Silica molecules move randomly in the molten state and freeze
in place during fiber fabrication.
Density fluctuations lead to random fluctuations of the
refractive index on a scale smaller than the optical wavelength .
Light scattering in such a medium is known as Rayleigh
scattering.
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Linear and Decibel (dB) optical power units
Linear dBm
1W +30 dBm
Typical EDFA output power
100 mW +20 dBm
Typical output power
10 mW +10 dBm
of a semiconductor
1 mW 0 dBm DFB laser
100 mW -10 dBm
10 mW -20 dBm
1 mW -30 dBm Typical sensitivity of a
10-Gbit/s receiver
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Typical loss value of optical components
Linear Decibel
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Problem
1. Calculate the transmission distance over which
the optical power will attenuate by a factor of
10 for three fibers with losses of 0.2, 20, and
2000 dB/km.
2. Assuming that the optical power decreases as
exp(−L), calculate (in cm −1) for the three
fibers with their lengths calculated in question1
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Cable Construction
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Cross Section of a Fiber Cable
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Cable Construction
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Inside Plant Ribbon-Cable System
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Cross Section of Inside-Plant Cables
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Cross Section of Armored Outside-Plant Cables
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Lab 2- Dispersion Compensation by DCF
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Complete Compensation D1L1=D2L2, Rb=2.5 GB/s
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Complete Compensation D1L1=D2L2 Rb=5 GB/s
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Uncomplete Compensation D1L1D2L2 Rb=5 Gb/s
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End of Chapter 2
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Tán sắc vận tốc nhóm (GVD)
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Cấu trúc sợi quang với lớp vỏ
có dạng ống đệm lỏng
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Cấu trúc sợi quang với lớp vỏ
có dạng ống đệm khít
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Cấu trúc sợi quang với lớp vỏ
có dạng băng dẹt
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Cấu trúc cơ bản của cáp quang điển hình
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Cấu trúc cáp treo
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Cấu trúc cáp thả cống tiêu biểu
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Cấu trúc cáp chôn trực tiếp
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Cấu trúc cáp trong nhà
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Cấu trúc cáp quang dưới nước
và dưới biển
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