PDF Solution Manual For Signals and Systems Using Matlab 3Rd by Chaparro Online Ebook Full Chapter

Solution Manual for Signals and
Systems using MATLAB 3rd by

Chaparro
Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankbell.com/dow
nload/solution-manual-for-signals-and-systems-using-matlab-3rd-by-chaparro/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Signals and Systems Analysis Using Transform Methods

and MATLAB 3rd Edition Roberts Solutions Manual
http://testbankbell.com/product/signals-and-systems-analysis-
using-transform-methods-and-matlab-3rd-edition-roberts-solutions-
manual/
Solutions Manual to accompany Fundamentals of Signals

and Systems Using the Web and Matlab 3rd edition
9780131687370
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-to-accompany-
fundamentals-of-signals-and-systems-using-the-web-and-matlab-3rd-
edition-9780131687370/
Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB 1st

Palamides Solution Manual
http://testbankbell.com/product/signals-and-systems-laboratory-
with-matlab-1st-palamides-solution-manual/
Solution Manual for Analog Signals and Systems by

Kudeki
http://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-for-analog-
signals-and-systems-by-kudeki/
Digital Signal Processing using MATLAB 3rd Edition
Schilling Solutions Manual
http://testbankbell.com/product/digital-signal-processing-using-
matlab-3rd-edition-schilling-solutions-manual/
Solutions Manual to accompany Signals, Systems and

Transforms 3rd edition 9780130412072
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-to-accompany-
signals-systems-and-transforms-3rd-edition-9780130412072/
Solutions Manual for Medical Imaging Signals and

Systems 2e by Prince 0132145189
http://testbankbell.com/product/solutions-manual-for-medical-
imaging-signals-and-systems-2e-by-prince-0132145189/
Signals Systems and Inference 1st Edition Oppenheim

Solutions Manual
http://testbankbell.com/product/signals-systems-and-
inference-1st-edition-oppenheim-solutions-manual/
Solution Manual for Medical Imaging Signals and Systems

Jerry L. Prince, Jonathan Links
http://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-for-medical-
imaging-signals-and-systems-jerry-l-prince-jonathan-links/
Chapter 1
Continuous–time Signals
1
Chaparro-Akan — Signals and Systems using MATLAB 1.2
1.1 Basic Problems

1.1 Consider the following continuous-time signal
− 1 ≤ t ≤0 t 1
x(t) =
0 otherwise
Carefully plot x(t) and then find and plot the following signals:
(a) x(t + 1), x(t − 1) and x(−t)
(b) 0.5[x(t) + x(−t)] and 0.5[x(t) − x(−t)]
(c) x(2t) and x(0.5t)
(d) y(t) = dx(t)/dt and
∫ t
z(t) = y(τ )/dτ
−∞
Answers: x(t + 1) is x(t) shifted left by 1; 0.5[x(t) + x(−t)] discontinuous at t = 0.
Solution
Notice that 0.5[x(t) + x( −t)], the even component of x(t), is discontinuous at t = 0, it is 1 at t = 0 but 0.5
at t ±
g for g 0.→
Likewise the odd component of x(t), or 0.5[x(t) x( t)],
− must
− be zero at t = 0 so thatwhen
added to the even component one gets x(t).
z(t) equals x(t). See Fig. 1.
x(t) x(t + 1) x(t − 1)
t t t
1 2
0.5[x(t) + x(−t)] 0.5[x(t) − x(−t)]
0.5
t t t
1 1
0.5
x(2t) x(0.5t) y(t)
(1)
t t t
0.5 2
Figure 1.1: Problem 1
Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.2 The following problems relate to the symmetry of the signal:

(a) Consider a causal exponential x(t) = e−tu(t).
i. Plot x(t) and explain why it is called causal. Is x(t) an even or an odd signal?
ii. Is it true that 0.5e−|t| is the even component of x(t)? Explain
(b) Using Euler’s identity x(t) = ejt = cos(t) + j sin(t). Find the even xe (t) and the odd xo (t) compo-
nents of x(t).
(c) A signal x(t) is known to be even, and not exactly zero for all time, explain why
∫ ∞
x(t) sin(Ω 0 t)dt = 0.
−∞
(d) Is it true that ∫ ∞

[x(t) + x(−t)] sin(Ω t)dt
0
−∞
for any signal x(t) which is not exactly zero for all time?
Answer: (a) (ii) yes, it is true; (b) xe(t) = cos(t); (c) integrand is odd; (d) x(t) + x(−t) is even.
Solution
(a) We have that
i. x(t) is causal because it is zero for t < 0. It is neither even nor odd.
ii. Yes, the even component of x(t) is
xe(t) = 0.5[x(−t) + x(t)]

= 0.5[etu(−t) + e−tu(t)] = 0.5e−|t|
(b) x(t) = cos(t) + j sin(t) is a complex signal, xe (t) = 0.5[ejt + e−jt ] = cos(t) so xo (t) = j sin(t).
(c) The product of the even signal x(t) with the sine, which is odd, gives an odd signal and because of
this symmetry the integral is zero.
(d) Yes, because x(t) + x( −t) = 2xe(t), i.e., twice the even component of x(t), and multiplied by the sine
it is an odd function.

1.3 Do reflection and time-shifting commute? That is, do the two block diagrams in Fig. 1.2 provide identical
signals, i.e., is y(t) equal to z(t)? To provide an answer to this consider the signal x(t) shown in Fig. 1.2 is
x(t) v(t) y(t)

Reflection Delay by 2
x(t) w(t) z(t)

Delay by 2 Reflection
the input to the two block diagrams. Find y(t) and z(t), plot them and compare these plots. What is your
conclusion? Explain.
Answers: Operations do not commute.
Solution
The signal x(t) = t[u(t) − u(t − 1)] so that its reflection is
v(t) = x(−t) = −t[u(−t) − u(−t − 1)]
and delaying v(t) by 2 is
y(t) = v(t − 2) = −(t − 2)[u(−(t − 2)) − u(−(t − 2) − 1)]

= (−t + 2)[u(−t + 2) − u(−t + 1)] = (2 − t)[u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)]
On the other hand, the delaying of x(t) by 2 gives
w(t) = x(t − 2) = (t − 2)[u(t − 2) − u(t − 3)]
which when reflected gives
z(t) = w(−t) = (−t − 2)[u(−t − 2) − u(−t − 3)]
Comparing y(t) and z(t) we can see that these operations do not commute, that the order in which these
operations are done cannot be changed, so that y(t) /= z(t) as shown in Fig. 1.3.
v(t) y(t)
z(t)
1
t 3 2 1 t
Figure 1.3: Problem 3: Reflection and delaying do not commute, y(t) /= z(t).

1.4 The following problems relate to the periodicity of signals:

(a) Determine the frequency Ω0 in rad/sec, the corresponding frequency f0 in Hz, and the fundamental
period T0 sec of these signals defined in −∞ < t < ∞,
(i) cos(2πt), (ii) sin(t − π/4), (iii) tan(πt)
(b) Find the fundamental period T of z(t) = 1 + sin(t) + sin(3t), − ∞ < t < ∞.
(c) If x(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0 = 1, determine the fundamental period of the following
signals
(i) y(t) = 2 + x(t), (ii) w(t) = x(2t), (iii) v(t) = 1/x(t)
(d) What is the fundamental frequency f0, in Hz, of
(i) x(t) = 2 cos(t), (ii) y(t) = 3 cos(2πt + π/4), (iii) c(t) = 1/ cos(t)
(e) If z(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0 , is ze (t) = 0.5[z(t) +z(−t)] also periodic? If so determine
its fundamental period T0. What about zo(t) = 0.5[z(t) − z(−t)]?
Answers: (a) (iii) the frequency is f0 = 1/2 Hz; (b) T = 2π; (c) x(2t) has fundamental period 1/2; (d) c(t)
has f0 = 1/(2π) Hz; (e) ze(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0.
Solution
(a) Using Ω0 = 2πf0 = 2π/T0 for
i. cos(2πt): Ω0 = 2π rad/sec, f0 = 1 Hz and T0 = 1 sec.
ii. sin(t − π/4): Ω0 = 1 rad/sec, f0 = 1/(2π) Hz and T0 = 2π sec.
iii. tan(πt) = sin(πt)/ cos(πt): Ω0 = π rad/sec, f0 = 1/2 Hz and T0 = 2 sec.
(b) The fundamental period of sin(t) is T0 = 2π, and T1 = 2π/3 is the fundamental period of sin(3t),
T1/T0 = 1/3 so 3T1 = T0 = 2π is the fundamental period of z(t).
(c) i. y(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0 = 1.
ii. w(t) = x(2t) is x(t) compressed by a factor of 2 so its fundamental period is T0/2 = 1/2, the
fundamental period of z(t).
iii. v(t) has same fundamental period as x(t), T0 = 1, indeed v(t + kT0) = 1/x(t + kT0) = 1/x(t).
(d) i. x(t) = 2 cos(t), Ω0 = 2πf0 = 1 so f0 = 1/(2π)
ii. y(t) = 3 cos(2πt + π/4), Ω0 = 2πf0 = 2π so f0 = 1
iii. c(t) = 1/ cos(t), of fundamental period T0 = 2π, so f0 = 1/(2π).
(e) ze(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0, indeed
ze(t + T0) = 0.5[z(t + T0) + z(−t − T0))]

= 0.5[z(t) + z(−t)]
Same for zo(t) since zo(t) = z(t) − ze(t).

1.5 In the following problems find the fundamental period of signals and determine periodicity.
(a) Find the fundamental period of the following signals, and verify it
(i) x(t) = cos(t + π/4), (ii) y(t) = 2 + sin(2πt), (iii) z(t) = 1 + (cos(t)/ sin(3t))
(b) The signal x1(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0, and the signal y1(t) is also periodic of funda-
mental period 10T0. Determine if the following signals are periodic, and if so give their fundamental
periods
(i) z1(t) = x1(t) + 2y1(t) (ii) v1(t) = x1(t)/y1(t) (iii) w1(t) = x(t) + y1(10t).
Answers: (a) Fundamental period of of y(t) is 1; (b) v1(t) periodic of fundamental period 10T0.
Solution
(a) i. x(t) = cos(t + π/4), Ω0 = 1 = 2π/T0 so T0 = 2π,
x(t + kT0) = cos(t + k2π + π/4) = x(t)
ii. y(t) = 2 + sin(2πt), Ω0 = 2π, T0 = 1
y(t + kT0) = 2 + sin(2πt + 2πk) = y(t)
iii. z(t) = 1 + (cos(t)/ sin(3t)), T0 = 2π fundamental period of cosine, T1 = 2π/3 fundamental
period of the sine, then T0/T1 = 3 or T0 = 3T1 = 2π is the fundamental period of z(t),
cos(t + 2πk)
z(t + 2πk) = 1 + = z(t)
sin(3t + 6πk)
(b) i. z1(t) is periodic of period 10T0, indeed
z1(t + 10T0) = x1(t + 10T0) + 2y1(t + 10T0)

= x1(t) + 2y1(t)
ii. v1(t) is periodic of fundamental period 10T0 as
x1(t + 10T0) x1(t)

v1 (t + 10T0 ) = y (t + 10T ) = y (t)
1 0 1
iii. w1(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0, since y1(10T0) is compressed by a factor of 10 so its
fundamental period is T0 the same as x1(t).

1.6 The following problems are about energy and power of signals.
(a) Plot the signal x(t) = e−tu(t) and determine its energy. What is the power of x(t)?
(b) How does the energy of z(t) = e−|t| , −∞ < t < ∞ , compare to the energy of z1(t) = e−tu(t)?
Carefully plot the two signals.
(c) Consider the signal
1 xi(t) ≥ 0
y(t) = sign[xi (t)] =
−1 xi(t) < 0
for −∞ < t < ∞, i = 1, 2. Find the energy an the power of y(t) when
(a) x1(t) = cos(2πt) (b) x2(t) = sin(2πt)
Plot y(t) in each case.

(d) Given v(t) = cos(t) + cos(2t).
i. Compute the power of v(t).
ii. Determine the power of each of the components of v(t), add them and compare the result to the
power of v(t).
(e) Find the power of s(t) = cos(2πt) and of f (t) = s(t)u(t). How do they compare?
Answer: (a) Ex = 0.5; (b) Ez = 2Ez1 ; (c) Py = 1; (d) Pv = 1.
Solution
(a) x(t) is a causal decaying exponential with energy

∫ ∞
1
Ex = e−2tdt =
0 2
and zero power as

Ex
Px = lim =0
T →∞ 2T
(b)
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
−2|t| −2t
Ez = e dt = 2 e dt
−∞ 0
` ˛¸ x
Ez1
(c) i. If y(t) = sign[x1(t)], it has the same fundamental period as x1(t), i.e., T0 = 1 and y(t) is a train
of pulses so its energy is infinite, while
∫ 1
Py = 0 dt = 1
0
ii. Since x2(t) = cos(2πt — π/2) = cos(2π(t − 1/4)) = x1(t − 1/4), the energy and power of x2(t)
coincide with those of x1(t).
(d) v(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0 = 2π, and its power is
∫ 2π ∫ 2π
1
Pv = (cos(t) + cos(2t)) 2dt = 1 2 2
(cos (t) + cos (2t) + 2 cos(t) cos(2t))dt
2π 0 2π 0

Using
1 1
cos2(θ) = cos(2θ) +
2 2
1
cos(θ) cos(φ) = (cos(θ + φ) + cos(θ − φ))
2
we have
∫ 2π ∫ 2π ∫ 2π
1 1 1
Pv = cos2 (t)dt + cos2(2t)dt + 0
2 cos(t) cos(2t))dt
2π 0 2π 0 2π
` ˛¸ x ` ˛¸ x ` ˛¸ x
Px1 P x 2 0
1 1
= + +0=1
2 2
(e) Power of x(t)
∫ T0
1
Px = T x2(t)dt
0 0
∫ 1
= cos2 (2πt)dt
0
∫ 1
= (1/2 + cos2(4πt)dt = 0.5 + 0 = 0.5
0
Power of f (t)
∫ T
Pf = lim 1 y2(t)dt
T →∞ 2T −T
∫ NT0
= lim 1 y2(t)dt
N →∞2(NT0) 0
1 ∫ T0 2
= 2T y (t)dt = 0.5Ps
0 0

1.7 Consider a circuit consisting of a sinusoidal source vs(t) = cos(t)u(t) volts. connected in series to a resistor
R and an inductor L and assume they have been connected for a very long time.
(a) Let R = 0, L = 1 H, compute the instantaneous and the average powers delivered to the inductor.
(b) Let R = 1 Ω and L = 1 H, compute the instantaneous and the average powers delivered to the
resistor and the inductor.
(c) Let R = 1 Ω and L = 0 H compute the instantaneous and the average powers delivered to the
resistor.
(d) The complex power supplied to the circuit is defined as P = 21 Vs I ∗ where Vs and I are the phasors
corresponding to the source and the current in the circuit, and I ∗ is the complex conjugate of I.
Consider the values of the resistor and the inductor given above, and compute the complex power
and relate it to the average power computed in each case.
Answers: (a) Pa = 0; (b) Pa = 0.25; (c) Pa = 0.5.
Solution
This problem can be done in the time domain or in the phasor domain. The series connection of the
source vs(t) = cos(t), the resistor R and the inductor L is equivalent to the connection of a phasor source
Vs = 1ej0 , and impedances R and jΩL = jL (the frequency of the source is Ω = 1). The corresponding to
the current across the resistor and the inductor, in steady state, is
Vs
I=
R + jL
(a) L = 1, R = 0 —intuitively, the power used by the inductor is zero since only the resistor uses power.
+
V = 1ej0
s _ I jL
Figure 1.4: Problem 7: Phasor circuit.
In this case, the current i(t) has a phasor

1
I= = − j = 1e−jπ/2
j
so that the current across the inductor in steady state is given by
i(t) = cos(t − π/2)
We can compute the average power Pa in time by finding the instantaneous power as
1
p(t) = i(t)vs (t) = cos(t − π/2) cos(t) = (cos(π/2) + cos(2t − π/2))
2

so that
∫ T0
1
Pa = T p(t)dt
0 0
∫ 2π
1 1
= [cos(π/2) + cos(2t − π/2)]dt = 0
2π 0 2
since cos(π/2) = 0 and the area under cos(2t − π/2) in a period is zero.
You probably remember from Circuits that the average power is computed using the equivalent expres-
sion VsmIm
P= cos(θ)
a
2
where Vsm and Im are the peak-to-peak values of the phasors corresponding to Vs and I, and θ is the angle
in the impedance of the inductor, i.e, j1 = ejπ/2 or θ = π/2, and the average power is then
Pa = 0.5 cos(π/2) = 0
Confirming our intuition!
(b) For L = 1, R = 1, the phasor √
Vs 2
I= = e−jπ/4
1+j 2
and so in the phasor domain,
√
VsmIm 2/2 √ 1
P = cos(π/4) = 2/2 =
a 2 2 4
(c) L = 0, R = 1, in this case the power used by the resistor will be the power provided by the source. in
this case the phasor for the current across the resistor is
j0
I = Vs = 1e so that i(t) = cos(t)
in the steady state. Thus,
∫ T0
1
Pa = T p(t)dt
0 0
1 ∫ 2π 1
= [cos(0) + cos(2t)]dt = 0.5
2π 0 2
In the phasor domain, the average power is
2
Pa = Vsm cos(0) = 1
2 2
(d) The complex power supplied to the circuit is given by
1 1 |I|2 |Z| jθ
P = V I∗ ∗ e
1 s = 2(IZ)I = 2
where Z = |Z|ejθ = R + jΩL is the input impedance.

Since Ω = 1, then for
• R = 0, L = 1, Z = j, I = −j so P = 1 ejπ/2 = 0 + j0.5 and Pa = Re[P ] = 0.
2
√ √
• R =√1, L = 1, Z = 1+j, I = 1/(1+j) so |I|2 = 1/2, Z = 2, θ = π/4 so that P = 0.5(0.5) 2ejπ/4 =
0.25 2(cos(π/4) + j sin(π/4)) and Pa = Re[P ] = 0.25.

Chaparro-Akan
• R = 1, L — Signals
= 0, Z = 1, and
I = 1Systems
so P = 1 using MATLAB
ej0 = 0.5 + j0 and Pa = Re[P ] = 0.5. 1.12
2
The real part of the complex power corresponds to the average power used by the resistors, while the
imaginary part corresponds to the reactive power which is due to inductor and capacitors only.

1.8 Consider the periodic signal x(t) = cos(2Ω0t) + 2 cos(Ω0t), −∞ < t < ∞ , and Ω0 = π. The frequencies of
the two sinusoids are said to be harmonically related.
(a) Determine the period T0 of x(t). Compute the power Px of x(t) and verify that the power Px is the
sum of the power P1 of x1(t) = cos(2πt) and the power P2 of x2(t) = 2 cos(πt).
(b) Suppose that y(t) = cos(t) + cos(πt), where the frequencies are not harmonically related. Find
out whether y(t) is periodic or not. Indicate how you would find the power Py of y(t). Would Py
= P1 + P2 where P1 is the power of cos(t) and P2 that of cos(πt)? Explain what is the difference with
respect to the case of harmonic frequencies.
Answers: (a) T0 = 2; Px = 2.5; (b) y(t) is not periodic, but Py = P1 + P2.
Solution
(a) Let x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = cos(2πt) + 2 cos(πt), so that x1(t) is a cosine of frequency Ω1 = 2π or period T1
= 1, and x2(t) is a cosine of frequency Ω2 = π or period T2 = 2. The ratio of these periods T2/T1 = 2/1is a
rational number so x(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0 = 2T1 = T2 = 2.
The average power of x(t) is given by
∫ T0 ∫
1 x 2
(t)dt = 1 2 2 2
Px = [x1(t) + x2(t) + 2x1(t)x2(t)]dt
T0 0 2 0
∫
Using the trigonometric identity ∫ − β) + cos(α + β) we have that the integral
cos(α) cos(β) = cos(α
2 2
1 1
2x1(t)x2(t)dt = 4 cos(2πt) cos(πt)dt
2 0 2 0
∫ 2
= [cos(πt) + cos(3πt)]dt = 0
0
since cos(πt) + cos(3πt) is periodic of period 2 and so its area under a period is zero. Thus,
∫
1 2 2 2
Px = [x1(t) + x2(t)]dt
2 0
∫ 2 ∫ 1
= 1 1 x2(t)]dt
2 0 x1(t)dt + 2 2 0 2
2
= P x1 + P x2
so that the power of x(t) equals the sum of the powers of x1(t) and x2(t) which are sinusoids of different
frequencies, and thus orthogonal as we will see later.
Finally,
∫ ∫ 1
1 2
Px = cos2(2πt)dt + 4 cos2(πt)dt
2 0 0
∫2 ∫ 1
1
= [0.5 + 0.5 cos(4πt)]dt + 4[0.5 + 0.5 cos(2πt)]dt
2 0 0
= 0.5 + 2 = 2.5
remembering that the integrals of the cosines are zero (they are periodic of period 0.5 and 1 and the integrals
compute their areas under one or more periods, so they are zero).
(b) The components of y(t) have as periods T1 = 2π and T2 = 2 so that T1/T2 = π which is not rational so
y(t) is not periodic. In this case we need to find the power of y(t) by finding the integral over an infinite
support of y2(t) which will as before give
Py = Py1 + Py2
In the case of harmonically related signals we can use the periodicity and compute one integral. However,
Chaparro-Akan — Signals
in either case the and Systemsholds.
power superposition using MATLAB 1.14

1.9 A signal x(t) is defined as x(t) = r(t + 1) − r(t) − 2u(t) + u(t − 1).
(a) Plot x(t) and indicate where it has discontinuities. Compute y(t) = dx(t)/dt and plot it. How does
it indicate the discontinuities? Explain.
(b) Find the integral
∫ t
y(τ )dτ
−∞
and give the values of the integral when t = − 1, 0, 0.99, 1.01, 1.99 and 2.01. Is there any problem
with calculating the integral at exactly t = 1 and t = 2? Explain.
Answers: x(t) has discontinuities at t = 0 and at t = 1, indicated by delta functions in dx(t)/dt.
Solution
(a) The signal x(t) is
0 t < −1
t+1 −1 ≤ t ≤ 0
x(t) =
−1 0<t≤1
0 t>1
there are discontinuities at t = 0 and at t = 1. The derivative

dx(t)
y(t) =
dt
= u(t + 1) − u(t) − 2δ(t) + δ(t − 1)
indicating the discontinuities at t = 0, a decrease from 1 to −1, and at t = 1 an increase from −1 to

0.
(b) The integral
∫ t ∫ t
y(τ )dτ = [u(τ + 1) − u(τ )
−∞ −∞
−2δ(τ ) + δ(τ − 1)]dτ = x(t)
y(t)
(1)
t
(−2)

1.10 One of the advantages of defining the δ(t) functions is that we are now able to find the derivative of
discontinuous signals. Consider a periodic sinusoid defined for all times
x(t) = cos(Ω0t) −∞<t<∞
and a causal sinusoid defined as x1(t) = cos(Ω0t)u(t), where the unit-step function indicates that the
function has a discontinuity at zero, since for t = 0+ the function is close to 1 and for t = 0 − the function
is zero.
(a) Find the derivative y(t) = dx(t)/dt and plot it.
(b) Find the derivative z(t) = dx1(t)/dt (treat x1(t) as the product of two functions cos(Ω0t) and u(t))
and plot it. Express z(t) in terms of y(t).
¸
(c) Verify that the integral t z(τ )dτ gives back x1(t).
−∞
Answers: (a) y(t) = −Ω0 sin(Ω0t); (b) z(t) = y(t)u(t) + δ(t).
Solution
(a) x(t), −∞ < t < ∞, is a continuous signal and its derivative exists and it is
d cos(Ω0t)
y(t) = = − Ω0 sin(Ω0t)
dt
(b) x1(t) has a discontinuity at t = 0, and so its derivative will have a δ(t) function. Indeed, its derivative
is
d cos(Ω0t)u(t)
z(t) =
dt
d cos(Ω0t) du(t)
= u(t) + cos(Ω0 t)
dt dt
= −Ω0 sin(Ω0t)u(t) + cos(Ω0t)δ(t)
= −Ω0 sin(Ω0t)u(t) + cos(0)δ(t)
= −Ω0 sin(Ω0t)u(t) + δ(t)
(c) The integral of z(t) is zero for t < 0, and

∫ t ∫t ∫ t
′ ′
z(t )dt = −Ω0 sin(Ω0t′)dt′ + δ(t′)dt ′
−∞ 0 0−
= [cos(Ω0t) − 1] + 1 = cos(Ω0t) t>0
or cos(Ω0t)u(t).

1.11 Let x(t) = t[u(t) − u(t − 1)], we would like to consider its expanded and compressed versions.
(a) Plot x(2t) and determine if it is a compressed or expanded version of x(t).
(b) Plot x(t/2) and determine if it is a compressed or expanded version of x(t).
(c) Suppose x(t) is an acoustic signal, e.g., a music signal recorded in a magnetic tape, what would be a
possible application of the expanding and compression operations? Explain.
Answers: (a) x(2t) = 2t[u(t) − u(t − 0.5)], compressed.
Solution
(a) The signal x(t) = t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, zero otherwise. Then
2t 0 ≤ 2t ≤ 1 or 0 ≤ t ≤ 1/2
x(2t) =
0 otherwise
that is, the signal has been compressed — instead of being between 0 and 1, it is now between 0 and 0.5.
(b) Likewise, the signal
t/2 0 ≤ t/2 ≤ 1 or 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
x(t/2) =
0 otherwise
i.e., the signal has been expanded, its support has doubled.
The following figure illustrates the compressed and expanded signals x(2t) and x(t/2).
x(2t) x(t/2)
0.5 1
Figure 1.6: Problem 11: Compressed x(2t), expanded x(t/2) signals.
(c) If the acoustic signal is recorded in a tape, we can play it faster (contraction) or slower (expansion) than
the speed at which it was recorded. Thus the signal can be made to last a desired amount of time, which might
be helpful whenever an allocated time is reserved for broadcasting it.

1.12 Consider the signal x(t) in Fig. 1.7.
x(t)
(a) Plot the even-odd decomposition of x(t), i.e., find and plot the even xe(t) and the odd xo(t) compo-
nents of x(t).
(b) Show that the energy of the signal x(t) can be expressed as the sum of the energies of its even and
odd components, i.e. that
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
x2(t)dt = xe2(t)dt + x2o(t)dt
−∞ −∞ −∞
(c) Verify that the energy of x(t) is equal to the sum of the energies of xe(t) and xo(t).
Answers: xo(t) = −0.5(1 + t)[u(t + 1) − u(t)] + 0.5(1 − t)[u(t) − u(t − 1)].
Solution
(a) Because of the discontinuity of x(t) at t = 0 the even component of x(t) is a triangle with xe(0) = 1,
i.e.,
0.5(1 − t) 0 < t ≤ 1
xe(t) = 0.5(1 + t) −1 ≤ t < 0
1 t=0
while the odd component is
0.5(1 − t) 0<t≤1
xo(t) = −0.5(1 + t) −1 ≤ t < 0
0 t=0
(b) The energy of x(t) is
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
x2(t)dt = [xe (t) + x o(t)]2dt
−∞ −∞
∫ ∞ e
∫ ∞ o
∫ ∞ e o
= −∞ x2(t)dt + −∞ x2(t)dt +2 −∞ x (t)x (t)dt
where the last equation on the right is zero, given that the integrand is odd.
(c) The energy of x(t) = 1 − t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 and zero otherwise, is given by
∫ ∞ ∫ 1 −∞
2
x (t)dt = (1 − t) dt = t − t + .02 =
3 3
Chaparro-Akan
0
— Signals and Systems using MATLAB
t3 1 1.19
2
1

xe(t) x0(t)
t t
Figure 1.8: Problem 12: Even and odd decomposition of x(t).
The energy of the even component is

∫ ∞ ∫ 0 ∫ 1 ∫ 1
x2e(t)dt = 0.25 (1 + t)2dt + 0.25 (1 − t)2dt = 0.5 (1 − t)2dt
−∞ −1 0 0
where the discontinuity at t = 0 does not change the above result. The energy of the odd component is
∫ ∞ ∫ 0 ∫ 1 ∫ 1
x2o(t)dt = 0.25 (1 + t)2dt + 0.25 (1 − t)2dt = 0.5 (1 − t)2dt
−∞ −1 0 0
so that
Ex = Exe + Ex o

1.13 A periodic signal can be generated by repeating a period.
x(t)
1 0
1
(a) Find the function g(t), defined in 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 only, in terms of basic signals and such that when
repeated using a period of 2 generates the periodic signal x(t) shown in Fig. 1.9.
(b) Obtain an expression for x(t) in terms of g(t) and shifted versions of it.
(c) Suppose we shift and multiply by a constant the periodic signal x(t) to get new signals y(t) =
2x(t − 2), z(t) = x(t + 2) and v(t) = 3x(t) are these signals periodic?
(d) Let then w(t) = dx(t)/dt, and plot it. Is w(t) periodic? If so, determine its period.
Answers: (a) g(t) = u(t) − 2u(t − 1) + u(t − 2); (c) Signals y(t), v(t) are periodic.
Solution
(a) The function g(t) corresponding to the first period of x(t) is given by
g(t) = u(t) − 2u(t − 1) + u(t − 2)
(b) The periodic signal x(t) is
x(t) = g(t) + g(t − 2) + g(t − 4) + · · ·

∞
Σ
+ g(t + 2) + g(t + 4) + · · · = g(t + 2k)
k=−∞
(c) Yes, the signals y(t), z(t) and v(t) are periodic of period T0 = 2 as can be easily verified.
(d) The derivative of x(t) is
w(t) = 2δ(t) − 2δ(t − 1) + 2δ(t − 2) + · · ·

Chaparro-Akan — Signals and Systems using
— MATLAB
2δ(t + 1) + 2δ(t + 2) + · · · 1.22

Figure 1.10: Problem 13: Derivative of x(t).
which can be seen to be periodic of period T0 = 2.

1.14 For a complex exponential signal x(t) = 2ej2πt

(a) Suppose y(t) = ejπt , would the sum of these signals z(t) = x(t) + y(t) be also periodic? If so, what
is the fundamental period of z(t)?
(b) Suppose we then generate a signal v(t) = x(t)y(t), with the x(t) and y(t) signals given before, is v(t)
periodic? If so, what is its fundamental period?
Answers: (a) z(t) is periodic of period T1 = 2; (b) v(t) is periodic of period T3 = 2/3.
Solution
(a) Ω0 = 2π = 2πf0 (rad/sec), so f0 = 1/T0 = 1 (Hz) and T0 = 1 sec.
The sum
z(t) = x(t) + y(t)

= (2 cos(2πt) + cos(πt)) + j(2 sin(2πt) + sin(πt)
is also periodic of period T1 = 2.

(b) v(t) = x(t)y(t) = 2ej3πt with frequency Ω3 = 3π so that
T3 = 2π/Ω3 = 2/3

1.15 Consider the train of triangular pulses x(t) in Fig. 1.11.
x(t)
1 0
(a) Carefully plot the the derivative of x(t), y(t) = dx(t)/dt.

(b) Can you compute
∫ ∞
z(t) = [x(t) − 0.5]dt?
−∞
If so, what is it equal to? If not, explain why not.

(c) Is x(t) a finite energy signal? how about y(t)?
Σ
Answers: (a) y(t) = k [u(t − k) − 2u(t − 0.5 − k) + u(t − 1 − k)]; (c) x(t), y(t) have infinite energy.
Solution
(a) The derivative signal y(t) = dx(t)/dt is a train of rectangular pulses. Indeed, if x1(t) = r(t) − 2r(t −
0.5) + r(t − 1) is the first period of x(t) then
Σ
∞
x(t) = x1(t − k)
k=−∞
its derivative is
dx(t) Σ
∞
y(t) = = dx1(t − k)
dt k=−∞ dt
where
dx1(t − k)
= u(t − k) − 2u(t − 0.5 − k) + u(t − 1 − k)
dt
(b) The signal x(t) − 0.5 has an average of zero, so its integral
∫ 1
z(t) = lim N (x(t) − 0.5)dt = 0
N →∞ 0
(c) Neither is a finite energy signal.

1.2 Problems using MATLAB

1.16 Signal energy and RC circuit — The signal x(t) = e−|t| is defined for all values of t.
(a) Plot the signal x(t) and determine if this signal is finite energy.
(b) If you determine that x(t) is absolutely integrable, or that the following integral
∫
∞ |x(t)|dt
−∞
is finite, could you say that x(t) has finite energy? Explain why or why not. HINT: Plot |x(t)| and
|x(t)| 2as functions of time.
(c) From your results above, is it true the energy Ey of the signal
y(t) = e−t cos(2πt)u(t)
is less than half the energy of x(t)? Explain. To verify your result, use symbolic MATLAB to plot
y(t) and to compute its energy.
(d) To discharge a capacitor of 1 mF charged with a voltage of 1 volt we connect it, at time t = 0, with
a resistor of R Ω. When we measure the voltage in the resistor we find it to be vR(t) = e−tu(t).
Determine the resistance R. If the capacitor has a capacitance of 1 µF, what would be R? In general,
how are R and C related?
Answers: (a) Ex = 1; (c) Ey = Ex/2; (d) R = 1/C.
Solution
The given signal x(t) = e−|t| is even, positive and decays to zero as t → ±∞
(a) The signal is finite energy as
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
2 −2t e−2t ∞
Ex = x (t)dt = 2
−∞ 0
e dt = 2 |0 = 1
−2
(b) The signal x(t) is absolutely integrable as

∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
−t e−2t ∞
|x(t)|dt = 2
−∞ 0
e dt = 2 |0 = 2
−1
Notice that 0 < x2(t) < x(t) and so the knowledge that x(t) is absolutely integrable (i.e., that the above
integral is finite) would imply that x(t) has finite energy (i.e., the integral calculated in (b) is finite).
(c) The energy of y(t) is
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
Ey = e−2t cos2(2πt)dt < e−2tdt = E x/2 = 1/2
0 0
since cos2(2πt) ≤ 1 (the decaying sinusoid is bounded by the envelope e−2tu(t)).
% Pro 1.16
clear all; clf
syms x y t z
x=exp(-abs(t));
% computation of integrals
% for increasing values of time
for k=1:100,
Chaparro-Akan — Signals
zi=2 and Systems using
*int(x,t,0,k/10); yi=2*MATLAB 1.27
int(xˆ2,t,0,k/10); vi=int((exp(-t)*cos(2 *pi*t))ˆ2,0,k/10)

zz(k)=subs(zi); yy(k)=subs(yi); vv(k)=subs(vi);

end
t1=[1:100]/10;
figure(1)
subplot(221)
ezplot(x,[-10,10]);grid
axis([-10 10 0 1]);title(’x(t)=eˆ{-|t|}’)
subplot(222)
plot(t1,zz);grid;title(’integral of |x(t)|’);xlabel(’t’)
subplot(223)
plot(t1,yy);grid;title(’integral of |x(t)|ˆ2’);xlabel(’t’)
subplot(224)
plot(t1,vv);grid;title(’integral of |eˆ{-t}cos(2\pi t)|ˆ2’);xlabel(’t’)
figure(2)
ezplot((exp(-t)*cos(2*pi*t))ˆ2,[0,5]);grid
axis([0 5 0 1])
hold on
ezplot((exp(-t))ˆ2,[0,5])
axis([0 5 0 1]);title(’envelope of |y(t)|ˆ2’)
hold off
x(t)=e−|t| integral of |x(t)| envelope of |y(t)|2
1 2 1
0.8 0.9
1.5
0.6
1 0.8
0.4
0.5 0.7
0.2
0 0 0.6
−10 −5 0 5 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
t t 0.5
integral of |x(t)| 2 integral of |e−ct os(2t)|2
1
0.4
0.8 0.3
0.3
0.25
0.6
0.2 0.2
0.4
0.15
0.2 0.1
0.1
0 0.05 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t t t
Figure 1.12: Problem 16: signal x(t), and the integrals of |x(t)|, |x(t)|2 and |y(t)|2 (left). Right:
envelope of |y(t)|2.
(d) For a value C for the capacitor, considering the initial condition the source for the RC circuit the KVL
equation for t ≥ 0 is:
∫ t
vR(t) + 1 i(τ )dτ = 1, or
C 0
∫ t
1
e−t + e−τ dτ = 1
CR 0
after replacing the voltage and current in the resistor. Solving the integral we obtain
1
e−t + (1 − e−t) = 1
RC
so that for t = 0 we get an identity indicating the initial condition is satisfied by the solution. For t → ∞
we get 1/RC = 1. So that R = 1/C in general, for C = 1 mF then R = 1 KΩ and for C = 1µ = 10−6F,
Chaparro-Akan
then R = 106Ω—orSignals
1 MΩ. and Systems using MATLAB 1.29

1.17 Periodicity of sum of sinusoids —
(a) Consider the periodic signals x1(t) = 4 cos(πt) and x2(t) = − sin(3πt + π/2). Find the periods T1 of
x1(t) and T2 of x2(t) and determine if x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) is periodic. If so, what is its period T0?
(b) Two periodic signals x1(t) and x2(t) have periods T1 and T2 such that their ratio T1/T2 = 3/12 ,
determine the period of x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t).
(c) Determine whether x1(t) + x2(t), x3(t) + x4(t) are periodic when
• x1(t) = 4 cos(2πt) and x2(t) = − sin(3πt + π/2),

• x3(t) = 4 cos(2t) and x4(t) = − sin(3πt + π/2)
Use symbolic MATLAB to plot x1(t) + x2(t), x3(t) + x4(t) and confirm your analytic result about
their periodicity or lack of periodicity.
Answers: (b) T0 = 4T1 = T2; (c) x1(t) + x2(t) is periodic, x3(t) + x4(t) is non–periodic.
Solution
(a) The signal x1(t) = 4 cos(πt) has frequency Ω1 = 2π/2 so that the period of x1(t) is T1 = 2. Likewise the
signal x2(t) = sin(3πt
− + π/2) has frequency Ω2 = 3π = 2π/(2/3) so that it is periodic of period T2 =
2/3. The signal x(t) is periodic of fundamental period T0 = 2 as the ratio T1/T2 = 2/(2/3) = 3 sothat
T0 = 3T2 = T1 = 2.
(b) The ratio of the two periods is
T1 3 1
= =
T2 3×4 4
so that
T0 = 4T1 = T2
is the period of x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t).
(c) In general, if the ratio of the periods of two periodic signals is
T1 M
=
T2 K
for integers M and K, not divisible by each other, then T0 = KT1 = MT2 is the period of the sum of the
periodic signals. If the ratio is not rational (i.e., M and/or K are not integers) then the sum of the two
periodic signals is not periodic.
The following script is used to show that x1(t) + x2(t) is periodic, while x3(t) + x4(t) is not.
% Pro 1.17
clear all; clf
syms x1 x2 x3 x4 t
x1=4*cos(2*pi*t); x2=-sin(3*pi*t+pi/2);
x3=4*cos(2*t);x4=x2;
figure(3)
subplot(211)
ezplot(x1+x2,[0 10]);grid
subplot(212)

Chaparro-Akan — Signals and
ezplot(x3+x4,[0 Systems using MATLAB
10]);grid 1.31

4 cos(2  t)−cos(3  t)
−5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t
4 cos(2 t)−cos(3  t)
5
−5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t
Figure 1.13: Problem 17: periodic x1(t) + x2(t) (top), non–periodic x3(t) + x4(t) (bottom).

1.18 Impulse signal generation — When defining the impulse or δ(t) signal the shape of the signal used to
do so is not important. Whether we use the rectangular pulse we considered in this Chapter or another pulse,
or even a signal that is not a pulse, in the limit we obtain the same impulse signal. Consider the following
cases:
(a) The triangular pulse ∫ ,
1 t
Λ (t) = 1 − . . (u(t + ∆) − u(t − ∆))
∆
∆ . ∆.
→
Carefully
Explain. plot it, compute its area, and find its limit as ∆ 0. What do you obtain in the limit?
(b) Consider the signal
sin(πt/∆)
S ∆(t) =
πt
Use the properties of the sinc signal S(t) = sin(πt)/(πt) to express S∆(t) in terms of S(t). Then find
its area, and the limit as ∆ → 0. Use symbolic MATLAB to show that for decreasing values of ∆ the
S∆(t) becomes like the impulse signal.
Answers: S∆(0) = 1/∆, S∆(t) = 0 at t = ±k∆.
Solution
(a) The triangular pulse has a width of 2∆ and a height of 1/∆, its area is 1. The following MATLAB script
can be used to see the limit as ∆ → 0
% Pr. 1.18
clear all; clf
% part (a)
delta=0.1;
t=[-delta:0.05:delta];N=length(t);
lambda=zeros(1,N);
figure(5)
for k=1:6,
lambda=(1-abs(t/delta))/delta;
delta=delta/2;
plot(t,lambda);xlabel(’t’)
axis([-0.1 0.1 0 330]);grid
hold on
pause(0.5)
end
grid
hold off
(b) The signal S∆(t) = 1/∆s(t/∆) so that

1
S (t) = sin(πt/∆) sin(πt/∆)
=
∆ ∆ πt/∆ πt
and so
cos(πt/∆)
S ∆(0) = lim (π/∆) = 1/∆
t→ 0 π
and S∆(t) is zero at
πt/∆ = ±kπ k /= 0 integer

or t = ±k∆ and finally the integral
∫
∞ ∫ ∞
sin(τπ)
S (t)dt = ∆dτ = 1
∆
Chaparro-Akan — Signals and Systems
−∞ using MATLAB
−∞ π∆τ 1.34

where we used τ = t/∆. The following script illustrates the limit as ∆ → 0.
% part (b)
syms S t
delta=1;
figure(6)
for k=1:4,
delta=delta/k;
S=(1/delta)*sinc(t/delta);
ezplot(S,[-2 2])
axis([-2 2 -8 30])
hold on
I=subs(int(S,t,-100*delta, 100*delta)) % area under sinc
pause(0.5)
end
grid;xlabel(’t’)
hold off
sin(24  t)//t
30
300 25
250 20
200 15
(t)
10
150
5
100
0
50
−5
0
−0.1 −0.08 −0.06 −0.04 −0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
t −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t
Figure 1.14: Problem 18: approximation of δ(t) using triangular (left) or sinc (right) functions

1.19 Contraction and expansion and periodicity — Consider the periodic signal x(t) = cos(πt) of fundamen-
tal period T0 = 2 sec.
(a) Is the expanded signal x(t/2) periodic? if periodic indicate its period.
(b) Is the compressed signal x(2t) periodic? if periodic indicate its period.
(c) Use MATLAB to plot the above two signals and verify your analytic results.
Answers: (a) x(t/2) is periodic of fundamentsl period 4.
Solution
(a) The expanded signal x(t/2) is periodic. The first period of x(t) is x1(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2, and so the period
of x(t/2) is x1(t/2) which is supported in 0 ≤ t/2 ≤ 2 or 0 ≤ t ≤ 4, so the period of x(t/2) is 4.
(b) The compressed signal x(2t) is periodic. The first period of x(t), x1(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2, becomes x1(2t)
for 0 ≤ 2t ≤ 2 or 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, its support is halved. So the period of x(2t) is 1.
% Pr. 1.19 part(b)

clear all; clf
t=0:0.002:8; t1=0:0.001:8; t2=0:0.004:8;
x=cos(pi*t); x1=cos(pi*t1/2); x2=cos(pi*2*t2);
figure(1)
subplot(211)
plot(t1,x1)
hold on
plot(t,x,’r’)
xlabel(’t (sec)’)
ylabel(’x(t/2), x(t)’)
legend(’expanded signal’, ’original signal’)
subplot(212)
plot(t2,x2)
hold on
plot(t,x,’r’)
xlabel(’t (sec) ’)
ylabel(’x(2t), x(t)’)
hold off
legend(’compressed signal’, ’original signal’)
1
expanded signal
original signal
0.5
x(t/2), x(t)
−0.5
−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (sec)
1
compressed signal
original signal
0.5
x(2t), x(t)
−0.5
−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (sec)
Figure 1.15: Problem 19: expanded and compressed sinusoids vs original sinusoid.

1.20 Full-wave rectified signal — Consider the full-wave rectified signal
y(t) = | sin(πt)| − ∞ < t < ∞.
(a) As a periodic signal y(t) does not have finite energy, but it has a finite power Py . Find it.
(b) It is always useful to get a quick estimate of the power of a periodic signal by finding a bound for
the signal squared. Find a bound for |y(t)|2 and show that Py < 1.
(c) Use symbolic MATLAB to check if the full-wave rectified signal has finite power and if that value
coincides with the Py you found above. Plot the signal and provide the script for the computation of
the power. How does it coincide with the analytical result?
Answers: (a) Py = 0.5
Solution
(a) The power of the full-wave rectified signal is
∫ 1
Py = | sin(πt)| 2dt
0
because the period of y(t) is T = 1. A simpler expression for sin2(πt) can be computed using Euler’s
equation
ejπt − e−jπt
2
sin2(πt) =
2j
−1 h j2πt i
= e − 2 + e−j2πt
4
= 0.5(1 − cos(2πt))
Since cos(2πt) has a period 1 its integral over a period is zero, thus
Py = 0.5
(b) A pulse ρ(t) = u(t) — u(t − 1) covers one of the periods of y(t) and thus the area under the full-wave
rectified signal is Py < 1 the area of the pulse squared.
(c) The following script is used to calculate the power which is found to be 1/2
sin( t)2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

t
Figure 1.16: Problem 20: magnitude squared signal used to compute power.
% Pro 1.20, part (c)

clear all;clf
syms x t
x=sin(pi*t); T=1;
figure(8)
ezplot(xˆ2,[0,5*T]);grid
P=int(xˆ2,t,0,T)/T

1.21 Shifting and scaling a discretized analog signal— The discretized approximation of a pulse is given by
1 −N/4 ≤ n ≤ −1
w(nTs) = —1 1 ≤ n ≤ (N/4) + 1
0 otherwise
where N = 10000 and Ts = 0.001 seconds.

(a) Obtain this signal and let the plotted signal using plot be the analog signal. Determine the duration
of the analog signal.
(b) There are two possible ways to visualize the shifting of an analog signal. Since when advancing or
delaying a signal the values of the signal remain the same, it is only the time values that change we
could visualize a shift by changing the time scale to be a shifted version of the original scale. Using
this approach plot the shifted signal w(t − 2).
(c) The other way to visualize the time shifting is to obtain the values of the shifted signal and plot it against
the original time support. This way we could continue processing the signal while with the previous
approach we can only visualize it. Using this approach obtain w(t − 2) and then plot it.
(d) Obtain the scaled and shifted approximations to w(1.5t) and w(1.5t −2) using our function scale shift
and comment on your results.
Answers: The duration of the pulse is 5.001 sec.
Solution
The duration of the pulse is
(N/4 + 1 + N/4)Ts = (N/2 + 1)Ts = 5.001sec.
The following script is used to find the shifted signal by the two approaches.
% Pro 1.21
clear all; clf
Ts=0.001; T=5;N=2*T/Ts; t=-T:Ts:T;
w= [zeros(1,N/4) ones(1,N/4) -ones(1,N/4+1) zeros(1,N/4)];
delay=2;M=delay/Ts;
figure(1)
subplot(131)
plot(t,w); axis([-2*T 2*T 1.1*min(w) 1.1*max(w)]);grid
xlabel(’t’);ylabel(’w(t)’)
% part b
t2=t+delay;
subplot(132)
plot(t2,w); axis([-2*T 2*T 1.1*min(w) 1.1*max(w)]);grid
xlabel(’t’);ylabel(’w(t-2)’)
% part c
w2=[zeros(1,M) w(1:length(w)-M)];
subplot(133)
plot(t,w2,’r’);axis([-2*T 2*T 1.1*min(w) 1.1*max(w)]);grid
xlabel(’t’);ylabel(’w(t-2)’)
% scaling and shifting
% scaling and shifting of window
[w1,t2,t3]=scale_shift(w,1.5,delay,T,Ts);
figure(2)
subplot(131)
plot(t,w); axis([-2*T 2*T 1.1*min(w) 1.1*max(w)]);grid

xlabel(’t’);ylabel(’w(t)’)
subplot(132)
plot(t2,w1);axis([-2*T 2*T 1.1*min(w1) 1.1*max(w1)]);grid
xlabel(’t’);ylabel(’w(1.5t)’)
subplot(133)
plot(t3,w1); axis([-2*T 2*T 1.1*min(w1) 1.1*max(w1)]);grid
xlabel(’t’);ylabel(’w(1.5t-2)’)
%%%%%
function [z3,t1,t2]=scale_shift (z,gamma,delay,T,Ts)
% perfoms scale and shift of digitized signal
% gamma positive real with two decimal
% shf positive real
% [-T T] range of signal
% Ts sampling period
beta1=100;alpha1=round(gamma,2)*beta1;
g=gcd(beta1,alpha1);beta=beta1/g;alpha=alpha1/g;
z1=interp(z,beta);z2=decimate(z1,alpha);
t1=-T/gamma:Ts:T/gamma;
M=length(t1);
z3=z2(1:M);
t2=t1+delay;
1 1 1 1
1 1
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
w(1.5t-2)
w(1.5t)
w(t-2)
w(t-2)
w(t)
w(t)
0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2
-0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4

-0.5 -0.5
-0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6
-0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8

-1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
-10 0 10 -10 0 10 -10 0 10 -10 0 10 -10 0 10 -10 0 10

t t t t t t
Figure 1.17: Problem 21: Shifting and scaling of a pulse.
The sharp values at the edges of the pulse are due to the discontinuities in the pulse.

1.22 Windowing, scaling and shifting a discretized analog signal— We wish to obtain a discrete approxi-
mation to a sinusoid x(t) = sin(3πt) from 0 to 2.5 seconds. To do so a discretized signal x(nTs), with
Ts = 0.001, is multiplied it by a causal window w(nTs) of duration 2.5, i.e., w(nTs) = 1 for 0 ≤ n ≤ 2500
and zero otherwise. Use our scale shift function to find x(2t) and x(2t − 5) for −1 ≤ t ≤ 10 and plot them.
Solution
The following script is used to find the scaled and shifted versions of a windowed signal.
% Pro 1.22
clear all; clf
Ts=0.001; T=5; N=2*T/Ts; t=-T:Ts:T;
w0=[zeros(1,N/2) ones(1,N/4+1) zeros(1,N/4)];
delay=2; M=delay/Ts;
% scaling and shifting of windowed signal x
[w1,t2,t3]=scale_shift(w0,1,delay,T,Ts);
x=sin(3*pi*t).*w1;
gamma=2; shf=5;
[z,t2,t3]=scale_shift (x,gamma,shf,T,Ts);
figure(1)
subplot(311)
plot(t,x); axis([-1 2*T 1.1*min(x) 1.1*max(x)]);grid
xlabel(’t’);ylabel(’x(t)’)
subplot(312)
plot(t2,z)
axis([-1 2*T 1.1*min(z) 1.1*max(z)]);grid
xlabel(’t’);ylabel(’x(2t)’)
subplot(313)
plot(t3,z); axis([-1 2*T 1.1*min(z) 1.1*max(z)]);grid
xlabel(’t’);ylabel(’x(2t-5)’)
1
x(t)
-1
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t
1
x(2t)
-1
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t
1
x(2t-5)
-1
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t
Figure 1.18: Problem 22: Windowing, scaling and shifting of a sinusoid.

1.23 Multipath effects — In wireless communications, the effects of multi-path significantly affect the quality
of the received signal. Due to the presence of buildings, cars, etc. between the transmitter and the receiver the
sent signal does not typically go from the transmitter to the receiver in a straight path (called line of
sight). Several copies of the signal, shifted in time and frequency as well as attenuated, are received—i.e.,
the transmission is done over multiple paths each attenuating and shifting the sent signal. The sum of
these versions of the signal appears quite different from the original signal given that constructive as well
as destructive effects may occur. In this problem we consider the time shift of an actual signal to illustrate
the effects of attenuation and time-shift. In the next problem we consider the effects of time and frequency
shifting, and attenuation.
Assume that the MATLAB handel.mat signal is an analog signal x(t) that it is transmitted over three paths,
so that the received signal is
y(t) = x(t) + 0.8x(t − τ ) + 0.5x(t − 2τ )
and let τ = 0.5 seconds. Determine the number of samples corresponding to a delay of τ seconds by using
the sampling rate Fs (samples per second) given when the file handel is loaded.
To simplify matters just work with a signal of duration 1 second; that is, generate a signal from handel with
the appropriate number of samples. Plot the segment of the original handel signal x(t) and the signal y(t)
to see the effect of multi-path. Use the MATLAB function sound to listen to the original and the received signals.
Solution
The sampling rate Fs in sample/second is given with the discretized signal. To get one second of the signal
we need to take N = Fs samples from the given signal. The corresponding number of samples NN for
τ = 0.5 sec. is then calculated and the signal y(t) computed and displayed as function of time as shown in
the following script. For Fs = 8, 192 samples/sec, NN = 4, 096 samples
% Pro 1.23
clear all; clf
load handel; Fs % test signal and sampling freq
N=Fs; y=y(1:N)’; % one second of handel
NN=fix(0.5*Fs) % delay in samples
% delaying signals
t=0:1/Fs:(N-1)/Fs;
tt=0:1/Fs:(N-1)/Fs+2*NN/Fs;
y1=[y zeros(1,2*NN)];
y2=0.8*[zeros(1,NN) y zeros(1,NN)];
y3=0.5*[zeros(1,2*NN) y];
yy=y1+y2+y3;
figure(9)
subplot(211)
plot(t,y); title(’original signal’);grid
subplot(212)
plot(tt,yy); title(’multipath signal’);grid
xlabel(’t (sec)’)
sound(yy,Fs)

original signal
1
0.5
−0.5
−1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
multipath signal
2
−1
−2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
t (sec)
Figure 1.19: Problem 23: original ’handel’ signal (top); two-path affected signal (bottom).

1.24 Multipath effects, Part 2 — Consider now the Doppler effect in wireless communications. The difference
in velocity between the transmitter and the receiver causes a shift in frequency in the signal, which is
called the Doppler effect. Just like the acoustic effect of a train whistle as the train goes by. To illustrate
the frequency-shift effect, consider a complex exponential x(t) = ejΩ0 t , assume two paths one which does
not change the signal while the other causes the frequency-shift and attenuation, resulting in the signal
h i
y(t) = ejΩ0t + αejΩ0t ejφt = ejΩ0t 1 + αejφt
where α is the attenuation and φ is the Doppler frequency shift which is typically much smaller than the
signal frequency. Let Ω0 = π, φ = π/100, and α = 0.7. This is analogous to the case where the received
signal is the sum of the line of sight signal and an attenuated signal affected by Doppler.
(a) Consider the term αejφt a phasor with frequency φ = π/100 to which we add 1. Use the MATLAB
plotting function compass to plot the addition 1 + 0.7ejφt for times from 0 to 256 sec changing in
increments of T = 0.5 sec.
(b) If we write y(t) = A(t)ej(Ω0 t+θ(t)) give analytical expressions for A(t) and θ(t), and compute and
plot them using MATLAB for the times indicated above.
(c) Compute the real part of the signal
jφ(t−100)
y1 (t) = x(t) + 0.7x(t − 100)e
i.e., the effects of time and frequency delays, put together with attenuation, for the times indicated
in part (a). Use the function sound (let Fs = 2000 in this function) to listen to the different signals.
√
Answers: A(t) = 1.49 + 1.4 cos(φt), θ(t) = tan−1(0.7 sin(φt)/(1 + 0.7 cos(φt))).
Solution
(a) (b) Adding 1 to the phasor 0.7ejφt gives a phasor of continuously varying magnitude and phase. Part
(a) of the script below shows it.
We have
1 + 0.7ejφt = 1 + 0.7 cos(φt) + j0.7 sin(φt) = A(t)ejθ(t)
where √ √
A(t) = (1 + 0.7 cos(φt))2 + (0.7 sin(φt))2 = 1.49 + 1.4 cos(φt)
and
0.7 sin(φt)
−1
θ(t) = tan
1 + 0.7 cos(φt)
which are computed as indicated in the script below.
(c) In this case we consider the effects of having two paths, the attenuation and the delays in time and in
frequency.
% Pro 1.24
clear all; clf
% part (a)
t1=0;T=0.5; m=1;
figure(1)
for k=1:512,
B=0.7*exp(j*pi*t1/100);
A=1+B;
A1(k)=abs(A);
Theta(k)=angle(A)*180/pi;
if k==20*m,
compass(real(A),imag(A),’r’)
hold on

compass(real(B),imag(B))
hold on
compass(1,0,’k’)
legend(’A=B+1’,’B’,’1’)
m=m+1;
pause(0.1)
else
t1=t1+T;
hold off
end
end
t=0:T:511*T;
% part (b)
figure(2)
subplot(211)
plot(t,A1);title(’Magnitude of 1+eˆ{j\phi t}’);grid
axis([0 max(t) 0 1.1*max(A1)])
subplot(212)
plot(t,Theta);title(’Phase (degrees) of 1+eˆ{j\phi t}’);grid
axis([0 max(t) 1.1*min(Theta) 1.1*max(Theta)]);xlabel(’t’)
% part (c)
y0=0.7*exp(j*(pi+pi/100)*t);
y1=real(exp(j*pi*t)+[zeros(1,100) y0(1:length(y0)-100)]);
t1=0:T:(length(y1)-1)*T;
figure(3)
plot(t1,y1);title(’Multi-path effects’);grid
axis([0 max(t1) 1.1*min(y1) 1.1*max(y1)]); ylabel(’y_1(t)’);xlabel(’t’)
Magnitude of 1+ej t
90
1.5 A=B+1
120 60 B 1.5
1
1 1
150 30
0.5
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
180 0
Phase (degrees) of 1+ej t
40
20
210 330
0
−20
240 300
270 −40
0 50 100 150 200 250
t
Multi−path effects
1.5
0.5
y1(t)
−0.5
−1
−1.5
0 50 100 150 200 250

t
Figure 1.20: Problem 24: phasor plot (top–left); magnitude and phase of 1 + ejφt (top–right); result-
Chaparro-Akan
ing signal due to— Signals and
multipath Systems using MATLAB
(bottom). 1.46

1.25 Beating or pulsation — An interesting phenomenon in the generation of musical sounds is beating or
pulsation. Suppose NP different players try to play a pure tone, a sinusoid of frequency 160 Hz, and that
the signal recorded is the sum of these sinusoids. Assume the NP players while trying to play the pure
tone end up playing tones separated by ∆ Hz, so that the recorded signal is
Σ
NP
y(t) = 10 cos(2πfit)
i=1
where the fi are frequencies from 159 to 161 separated by ∆ Hz. Each player playing a different frequency.
(a) Generate the signal y(t) 0≤t 200
≤ (sec) in MATLAB. Let each musician play a unique frequency.
Consider an increasing number of players, letting NP to go from 51 players, with ∆ = 0.04 Hz, to
101 players with ∆ = 0.02 Hz. Plot y(t) for each of the different number of players.
(b) Explain how this is related with multi-path and the Doppler effect discussed in the previous prob-
lems.
Solution
(a) The following script generates the signal y(t) for NP = 101 players, and ∆ = 0.02 Hz (changing the
NP to 51 we obtain the corresponding signal).
% Pro 1.25
clear all; clf
NP=101 % number of players
% NP=51
A=10; delta=2/(NP-1);
F=160-(NP-1)/2*delta:delta:160+(NP-1)/2*delta;
t=0:0.1:200;
y=zeros(1,length(t));
figure(13)
for k=1:NP,
y=y+A*cos(2*pi*F(k)*t);
plot(t,y);grid
pause(0.1)
end
ylabel(’y(t)’); xlabel(’t’)
The final signal looks like a sequence of very narrow pulses.
(b) In this part, one can think of a multipath with NP paths, with no attenuation but a different Doppler
shift, ranging from −1 Hz to 1 Hz, in increments of 0.02 Hz.
1200
1000
800
600
y(t)
400
200
−200
−400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
t
Figure 1.21: Problem 25: pulsation effect when NP = 101 and ∆ = 0.02 Hz.

1.26 Chirps — Pure tones or sinusoids are not very interesting to listen to. Modulation and other techniques
are used to generate more interesting sounds. Chirps, which are sinusoids with time-varying frequency,
are some of those more interesting sounds. For instance, the following is a chirp signal
y(t) = A cos(Ωct + s(t))
(a) Let A = 1, Ωc = 2, and s(t) = t2/4. Use MATLAB to plot this signal for 0 ≤t 40 sec in steps of
≤
0.05 sec. Use sound to listen to the signal.
(b) Let A = 1, Ωc = 2, and s(t) = 2—sin(t) use MATLAB to plot this signal for 0 t≤ ≤ sec in steps of
40
0.05 sec. Use sound to listen to the signal.
(c) What the frequency of these chirps are is not clear. The instantaneous frequency IF (t) is the derivative
with respect to t of the argument of the cosine. For instance for a cosine cos(Ω0t) the IF (t) = dΩ0t/dt
= Ω0, so that the instantaneous frequency coincides with the conventional frequency. De- termine
the instantaneous frequencies of the two chirps and plot them. Do they make sense as frequencies?
Explain.
Solution
(a)(b) The following script generates the chirps
% Pro 1.26
clear all;clf
t=0:0.05:40;
% chirps
y=cos(2*t+t.ˆ2/4);
y1=cos(2*t- 2*sin(t));
figure(14)
subplot(211)
plot(t,y); title(’linear chirp’)
axis([0 20 1.1*min(y) 1.1*max(y)]);grid
subplot(212)
plot(t,y1);title(’sinusoidal chirp’);xlabel(’t’)
axis([0 20 1.1*min(y1) 1.1*max(y1)]);grid
% instantaneous frequencies
IF=2+2*t/4;
IF1=2-2*cos(2*t);
figure(15)
subplot(211)
plot(t,IF);title(’IF of linear chirp’)
ylabel(’frequency’); xlabel(’t’);grid
subplot(212
plot(t,IF1);title(’IF of sinusoidal chirp’)
ylabel(’frequency’);xlabel(’t’);grid

linear chirp IF of linear chirp

1 25
20
0.5
frequency
15
0
10
−0.5
5
−1 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
t
sinusoidal chirp IF of sinusoidal chirp
1 4
0.5 3
frequency
0 2

Chaparro-Akan — Signals and Systems using MATLAB
−0.5
1.50
1
−1 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
t t
Figure 1.22: Problem 26: linear and sinusoidal chirps (left) and their
corresponding instantaneousfrequencies (right).

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Feeney disdained to answer. Presently Major Inuki appeared again
and announced guilelessly:
“Gentlema’—my dear fren’s, our gen’ral express himself prepare to
greet your illustrious peersonages—one and every one—in his
quarters at once. Would you be deigned to follow my poor
leadership?”
“Holy Father!—where’s my dress-suit?” Feeney asked with a start.
“Such an honor does not increase our chances for watching the next
battle at close-range,” observed Finacune.
Nookie-san led them through the dust past innumerable battalions,
until on a rising trail the sentries became as thick as fire-flies. After a
twenty-minute walk they reached the summit of a commanding hill.
At the entrance of a large tent paper-lanterns were hung, and below
in the light Kuroki’s staff was gathered. Felicitations endured for
several moments; then an inspired hush dominated all. The flap of
the tent was drawn aside, and a small, gray-haired man of stars
emerged stiffly. His eyes were bent toward the turf and thus he stood
motionless beneath the lanterns for several seconds.
“General Kuroki,” spoke Inuki in a low voice.
The general raised his eyes for just an instant—great, tired, burning,
black eyes with heavy rolled lids—bowed slightly, then backed into
the tent.
“Now, there’s a man with no carnal lust in him,” Feeney commented
to his companion. “He has commanded his wife and family not to
write him from Japan, lest their letters distract attention from his work
at hand.”
“And he drowned a thousand men crossing the Yalu,” remarked
Finacune.
Bingley passed them with the remark, “I wonder if God has the
dignity of Kuroki?”
Long afterward, when silence and stars lay upon the hills, there was
still a low whispering in the tent of Feeney and Finacune.
“I wonder where the great frieze coat is this night?” came with a
yawn from the old man.
“God knows,” Finacune replied. “Alone in the dark somewhere—
unearthing great tales to be printed under a strange name. If any one
finds them, it will be Dartmore, and his roots will wither because they
are not in the Review. Or——” The little man halted suddenly. He
had been about to add that a woman was apt to find them. Instead
he said, “Alone in the dark somewhere, hiding from the wrath of the
world—unless somebody’s hunted him down to tell him that he’s
clean and desirable again.”
“I’d like to see the great frieze coat this night,” said Feeney in a
listless tone, as if he had not listened to the other.
“I’d like to have been the one—to find him for her.”
“There never was a nobler thing done for a woman—than Routledge
did,” the old man went on, after a pause.
“There never was a nobler woman,” breathed the florid one.
SEVENTEENTH CHAPTER
FEENEY AND FINACUNE ARE PRIVILEGED TO
“READ THE FIERY GOSPEL WRIT IN BURNISHED
ROWS OF STEEL”
As a matter of fact, Kuroki was only waiting for Oku and Nodzu to
join him in the great concentration upon Liaoyang under Oyama.
This battle was planned to finish the Russians in the field, as Togo
was to do at sea, and Nogi in the Fortress. Roughly, the Japanese
now stretched across the peninsula from the mouth of the Liao to the
mouth of the Yalu—a quarter of a million men with eyes on Liaoyang
—Kuroki on the right, Nodzu in the centre, Oku on the left. Oyama
polished his boots and spurs in Tokyo, preparing to take his rice and
tea in the field as soon as it was heated to the proper temperature.
Late in June, Kuroki awoke and began to spread like a gentle flow of
lava, filling the hither defiles of the great Shanalin range, making
ready to take the stiff and dreadful passes which the Russians had
fortified as the outer protection of Liaoyang. Right here it must be
interpolated that Bingley had cut Kuroki for Nodzu’s fourth army a
few days before, when the two forces had touched wings for a day.
The “Horse-killer” was scarcely gone before Kuroki encountered one
of the toughest and pluckiest foes of his stupendous campaign,
General Kellar, who gave him terrific fights at Fenshui and Motien
passes, and tried to take them back after they were lost. Again at
Yansu, a month later, the doughty Kellar disputed the last mountain-
trail to the city, and Kuroki had to kill him to get through.... The army
was growing accustomed to the civilians, and these were days of
service for the correspondents. It was given them now to see the
great fighting-machine of Kuroki—that huge bulk of flying power—
lose its pomp and gloss and adjust itself to the field. It faded into the
brown of the mountains, took on a vulpine leanness and a nerveless,
soulless complacence, like nothing else in the world. Food was king;
fighting was the big-game sport; toil was toil, and death was not the
least of benefits. It was now August, and Kuroki’s part in the
Liaoyang preliminaries finished. A month later the battle was on.... In
the gray morning light of the twenty-ninth of August, the sound of
distant batteries boomed over the Shanalin peaks to the ears of the
correspondents. Finacune leaped up with a cry:
“Liaoyang is on! And what are we doing away off here?”
“Smokin’ our pipes in the mountings,” Feeney answered huskily,
reaching for a match, “‘an’ breathin’ the mornin’ cool.’”
“We’re lost,” Finacune declared bitterly. “I can hear the London
experts howling, ‘Where’s Kuroki and his lost army?’”
“Lost, is it? Hush! Come near me, young man. We’re lost, but
destined to appear in good time,” Feeney whispered. “I’ll bet you an
oyster-stew to a dill-pickle that we are the flankers. We’re relegated
off here to cross the river when the moon’s right, and to bore in at
the railroad behind the city, while Oyama and Kuropatkin are locking
horns in front.”
Old Feeney, wise in war, had hit upon the strategy before the others;
although any expert familiar with the terrain would thus have planned
the taking of the city. That night Kuroki camped on the south side of
the Taitse; and on the morning of the second day following was
across with seventy thousand men. This by the grace of a corps of
insignificant-looking engineers, busy little brown chaps who worked a
miracle of pontooning—conquered a deep and rushing river without
wetting a foot in Kuroki’s command. There had been rains, too, and
between the showers, far salvos of cannon rode in from the west on
the damp, jerky winds.
There is no place so good as here to drop a conventional figure of
the Liaoyang field. The strategy of the battle is simple as a play in
straight foot-ball. Japanese and Russian linesmen are engaged in a
furious struggle south and southeast of the city. Imagine Kuroki, the
Japanese half-back, breaking loose with the ball and dashing around
the right end (crossing the Taitse River) and boring in behind toward
the Russian goal—the railroad. This threatens the Russian
communications. If the Russian full-back, Orloff, cannot defend the
goal, the whole Russian line will be jerked up and out of the city to
prevent being cut off from St. Petersburg. This leaves the field and
the city to the Japanese. Here is the simplest possible straight line
sketch of the city, river, railroad, and the position of the fighters when
the battle began; also, shown by the arrow, the sweep of Kuroki’s
now-famous end-run. [See drawing on next page.]
The midnight which ended August found the intrepid flanker
launched straight at the Russian railroad at the point called the
Yentai Collieries, nine miles behind the city.
“We’re locked tight in the Russian holdings this minute,” Finacune
whispered, as he rode beside the grim veteran.
“Where did you think we were—on some church steps?” Feeney
asked.
It looked a dark and dangerous game to the dapper little man. The
lure of action, so strong at Home, often turns cold at the point of
realization. Finacune had the nerves which are the curse of
civilization, and he felt the chill white hand of fear creeping along
these sensitive ganglia just now in the dark.
“I haven’t a thing against Kuropatkin—only I hope he is a fool for a
night,” he observed presently. “Somehow, I don’t feel cheerful about
the fool part. He must hear us tramping on his back door-steps this
way. Why can’t he spare enough men from the city to come out here
and sort of outflank the flanker?”
“That’s just his idea,” Feeney replied, “but don’t forget that Oyama
will keep him so dam’ busy below that it will be hard for him to match
us man for man and still hold on. However, remember he’s got the
position, and he won’t need to match the Japanese—quite.”
As a matter of fact, Kuropatkin’s far-flung antennæ had followed
Kuroki well. The Russian chief, knowing the strength of his front
position on the city, had determined to slip back and crush Kuroki
with an overwhelming force, leaving only two corps of Siberians,
under Zurubaieff, to hold off Nodzu and Oku from the inner defenses
of Liaoyang. General Orloff, who was in command at the Yentai
Collieries, where Kuroki’s flanking point was aimed, was under
orders to attack the Japanese in flank at the moment Kuropatkin’s
main force appeared to hit the Japanese in full. There was the
constant roar of big guns in Orloff’s ears in that dawning of
September first—a rainy dawn. Also his own troops were moving
along the railroad. Another thing, there had been a vodka-train
broken into the night before by his own men.
Orloff thought he saw Kuropatkin coming, and set out prematurely.
Kuroki was concealed in the fields of ripe millet, and turned to the
work of slaughter with much enthusiasm, wondering at the weakness
of the enemy. This slaughter of Orloff, which lost the battle for the
Russians, Feeney and Finacune saw.
“There’s eighteen burnt matches in your coat pocket, my young
friend,” said Feeney, “and your pipe would light better if you put
some smokin’ in it—in the bowl, y’know. For what do you save the
burnt matches?”
Finacune grinned shyly. “Wait till the fire starts—I’ll be warmer. I’m
always like this at first—like the little boy who tried to cure bees with
rheumatism.”
“Something’s wrong with the Russians,” Feeney declared in low
excitement. “We should all be dead by this time—if they are going to
whip Kuroki. Oh, war—war is a devil of a thing!” he added flippantly.
“We’re crushing the farmers’ grain.”
“Shut up, you fire-eater. Haven’t you any reverence? I’m preparing
myself for death.”
That instant they heard a low command from an unseen Japanese
officer, and a long drawn trumpet-cry. The Japanese leaped up from
the grain. All was a tangle. Feeney, grabbing Finacune’s arm, seized
the moment to break from Major Inuki and the others, and rushed
forward to the open with the infantry.
“Come on,” he said excitedly. “We’re foot-loose! Come on, my little
angel brother, and play tag with these children!... ‘Onward, Christian
Soldiers!’”
Never a wild rose of boyhood smelled half so sweet to Finacune as
the ancient soil of Asia that moment, but he was whipped forward by
certain emotions, to say nothing of Feeney and the avalanche of
Japanese. They reached the edge of the grain and met the first gust
of Orloff’s rifle steel. Down they went for the volleys, and that
moment perceived a most amazing trick of a shell. A little knot of ten
Japanese were running forward just before them when there was a
sudden whistling shriek. The ten were lost for a second in a chariot
of fire. When it cleared only one Japanese remained standing.
“That Russian gunner bowled a pretty spare,” grimly observed
Feeney. “Come, get up, lad. The volleys are over.”
“Not this Finacune. I’m not short-sighted. I’m going to hold fast to this
sweet piece of mainland just now. Besides——”
The little man burst into a nervous laugh and glanced at his foot.
Then he stiffened into a sitting posture. Feeney looked him over. His
hat was gone, scalp bleeding, his shirt-sleeve burst open as if it had
been wet brown paper, and the sole of his left shoe torn away clean.
“Queer about that shrapnel,” he mumbled. “I’m interested in shrapnel
anyway. I haven’t got any more toe-nails on that foot than a bee.”
Meanwhile, Kuroki was crushing the Orloff member with a force
destined to wreck the whole Russian nervous-system. Out of the
grain he poured torrents of infantry which smote the Russian column
in a score of places at once.
“Did you ever put your ear to the ground during a battle, Feeney?”
the other asked wistfully. “It sounds aw’fly funny—funnier than sea-
shells. Let’s try.”
Feeney did not answer. He was watching the disorder which swept
over the Russian lines. It had changed into a deluge tossing back
toward the Collieries. There was a fury even in the clouds of powder
smoke that seemingly had nothing to do with the winds. They darted,
stretched, and tore apart from the whipped-line with some devilish
volition of their own.
“There’ll be excitement presently,” the veteran remarked.
The other had risen and was clutching his arm, his bare foot lifted
from the ground. He was properly stimulated by the action, but kept
up a more or less incessant chattering, his brain working as if driven
by cocaine.
“Ex—excitement! This is a sedative, I believe. Let’s lie down, you
bald-headed fatalist——”
“Don’t dare to. Look at your foot. Dangerous below. Ricochets hug
the turf.... Livin’ God! they’re going to throw out cavalry upon us!
They’re going to heave cavalry against Kuroki’s point! Bloom up, little
man. Here’s where the most nerveless of the white races smite the
most nervous of the yellow—and on horses!”
“I’m bloomin’ on one foot,” said Finacune.
Kuropatkin, apprised of Orloff’s error, was thundering his divisions up
the railroad at double-time toward the Collieries, but, despairing to
reach the blundering Orloff in time, had ordered his cavalry railway-
guards to charge the enemy.... They came on now with mediæval
grandeur, a dream of chivalry, breaking through gaps of Orloff’s
disordered infantry—to turn the point of the Japanese flanker.
Splendid squadrons!... A curse dropped from Feeney’s gray lips.
“They’re going to murder the cavalry to put red blood into that rotten
foot-outfit,” he said.
Finacune’s face was colorless. He did not answer. The sound of
bullets in the air was like the winging of a plague of locusts. Often
the two huddled together, allowing a gasping battalion to leap past
them toward the front. Kuroki was breaking his command into
fragments and rolling them forward like swells of the sea. His front-
rankers dropped to their knees to fire; then dashed forward a little
way to repeat—all with inhuman precision. Feeney’s field-glass
brought out their work. In a mile-long dust-cloud, the Russian cavalry
thundered forward like a tornado.
The Cossacks swept into Kuroki’s zone of fire. Feeney heard his
companion breathe fast, and turned his head. The Word man was
staring into the heart of the Cossack charge, his fears forgotten,
fascinated unto madness. The earth roared with hoofs, and the air
was rent with guns. On came the cavalry until it reached Kuroki’s
point and halted it; but upon the Cossacks now from the countless
Japanese skirmish-lines were hurled waves of flying metal—waves
that dashed over the Russian horsemen as the sundered seas
rushed together upon Pharaoh’s hosts.
“It’s like a biograph,” came from Finacune.
Kuroki was checked; his van ridden down. The Russian horse,
cumbered with its dead, and taking an enfilading fire from half the
Japanese command, was now ordered to retire. Only the skeletons
of the glorious squadrons obeyed. Kuroki was stopped indeed—
stopped to thrust an impediment aside. He rose from his knees,
fastened a new point to his plow, and bored in toward the railway
upon the strewn and trampled grain-fields. Already the hospital corps
was gathering in the endless sheaves of wounded.
“One can tell the dead by the way they lie,” Finacune said vaguely.
“They lie crosswise and spoil the symmetry.”
Orloff was steadied a trifle by the cavalry sacrifice, and turned an
erratic but deadly fire upon the Japanese.... At this instant Major
Inuki pounced upon the two correspondents and carried them back
toward headquarters. He made very many monkey-sounds; was
quite unintelligible from excitement; in fact, at the thought of these
two being suffered to see so much alone. If their heads had been
cameras, straightway would they have been smashed....
Practically they had seen it all. Kuroki’s work for that September day
was done. Shortly after the retirement of the cavalry, he received a
dispatch from Oyama saying that Kuropatkin had ordered a general
retreat. Kuroki’s end-run had won the battle for Oyama; Orloff had
lost it for Kuropatkin. The latter, perceiving the havoc at the Collieries
when he came up with his big force, decided not to attack the
victorious flanker. Instead, he set out for Mukden, and commanded
Zurubaieff, the rear-guard, to pull up out of the city, cross the Taitse,
and burn his bridges behind him.
“He’s quite a little ornament-merchant, this Kuroki,” Finacune

observed that afternoon, holding a very sore foot in his hands.
“He’d put out hell—he’s too cold to burn,” replied Feeney.
EIGHTEENTH CHAPTER
BINGLEY BREAKS AWAY FROM THE CAMP OF
THE CIVILIANS TO WATCH “THE LEAN-LOCKED
RANKS GO ROARING DOWN TO DIE”
While Feeney and Finacune were flanking with Kuroki, the “Horse-
killer” was with Nodzu, whose business it was to charge the Russian
centre before Liaoyang. Bingley had not shifted commands without a
good reason. He had made up his mind to get to an uncensored
cable after the battle was over, and Nodzu was nearer the outlet of
the war-zone. Moreover, it was said that the civilian contingent with
Nodzu was not subjected to the smothering system, quite to the
same extent as that with the flanker, Kuroki.
Nodzu, himself, did not appeal to Bingley. He seemed like a nice,
polite little person of the sort the “Horse-killer” had observed serving
behind curio-counters in Tokyo. His voice was light, and his beard
wasn’t iron-gray. Bingley remarked that a marooned painter would
have a hard time gathering a pastelle-brush from Nodzu’s beard, and
he noted with contempt that the general spoke drawing-room
Japanese to his staff. The generals whom Bingley respected, roared.
They not only split infinitives, but they forked them with flame.
All three officers under Field-Marshal Oyama—Kuroki flanking on the
right, Nodzu bearing in on the Russian centre, and Oku pushing up
the railroad on the left—had to fight their way to the positions from
which the three finally took the city. Many lesser towns and some
very difficult passes were picked up on the way. For instance, Oku,
the left blade of the crescent, who was being watched by the chief
male figure in this narrative (as Bingley was watching Nodzu),
changed the flags at Kaiping, Tashekao, and Newchwang on the
way, Chinese towns of filth and fatness; and shoved before him in an
indignant turkey-trot Generals Stackelberg and Zurubaieff.
Baking hot weather, and Liaoyang ahead! Nogi was thundering
behind at the fortress of Port Arthur; Togo was a red demon in smoky
crashing seas; blood of the Bear already smeared the Sun flag, and
the blood-flower was in bloom in Manchuria.
Bingley felt the floods of hate stir and heat within him on the morning
of August twenty-fourth, when over the hills from the right, which was
eastward, sounded the Beginning—Kuroki in cannonade. Feeney
and Finacune had had the luck to beat him to real action. The next
day Oku took up the bombardment on the left. It was not until the
following morn that Nodzu leaped to his guns, and the hot winds
brought to the nostrils of the “Horse-killer” the pungent breath of
powder.
The correspondents were held back in the smoke as usual. Five
months in the field, and they had not yet caught up with the war.
Again, on the second day of Nodzu’s action, the correspondents
were left behind under a guard who was extremely courteous. This
was more than white flesh could bear. The civilians implored,
demanded. It was remarkable that Bingley did not mix strongly in this
rebellion. He was planning carefully, desperately, to be in at the end,
and showed the courage to wait. He realized that the battle was far
from ended yet; even though Kuroki was mixing hand-to-hand in the
east, Oku in the west closing in over barriers of blood, and Nodzu in
the centre engaged daily with a ten-mile front of duelists—a bare-
handed, hot-throated fiend, chucking his dead behind him for elbow-
room.
Bingley studied maps and strategy—not from Nodzu’s standpoint
alone, but from the whole. What would he do if he were Field-
Marshal Oyama?
The theatre of war was dark on the morning of August twenty-ninth,
but in mid-afternoon Nodzu began firing—firing at nothing! He stood
still and belched thunder, as if it were something to be rid of; ripping
open the very kernels of sound, and making the summer afternoon
no fit place for butterflies. Bingley’s eyes were very bright. This
tallied with one of his hypotheses. It was a demonstration, under the
cover of which his old friend Kuroki was to start a flanking
movement.
That night the smileless young giant worked long in his tent.
Stretched full-length upon his blankets, a lantern by his side, he
wrote hard in his note-books and drew maps of the flying flanker,
whom Feeney and Finacune were now following. He showed these
maps, all dated to the hour, in London afterward, with the remark that
he had divined the strategy of Liaoyang before the battle.
He glanced at his watch, at last, and at his field outfit, which was all
packed and in order. Then he slept until dawn. No one slept after
that, since Nodzu was up with the first light, like a boy with a new
cannon on the morning of the Fourth. Bingley was missed at
breakfast. His Korean coolies knew nothing, except that they had
been ordered to take care of the Bingley property and wait for
orders. The “Horse-killer” had made a clean departure with a good
mount and nothing but his saddle-bags. Still, no one fathomed his
audacity. Confidently, it was expected that he would be returned in
short order by some of the Japanese commanders who happened to
read the civilian insignia flaring upon his sleeve. As a matter of fact,
Bingley quickly would have been overhauled had he not brooded so
long and so well upon the time. The middle Japanese army was too
busy that morning to think of one daring civilian.
Bingley’s plan was this: To watch what he could of the battle,
unfettered, making his way gradually westward behind Oku until the
end, or until such time as he mastered the color and saw the end;
then to ride alone down the railroad, nearly to Fengmarong; there to
leave his horse, cross the Liao River, and travel on foot down to
Wangcheng. He planned to catch the Chinese Eastern at
Wangcheng and make the day’s journey to Shanhaikwan beyond the
Wall, where the Japanese could not censor his message. In a word,
Bingley’s plan was to stake all on reaching a free cable before any
other man, and to put on that cable the first and greatest story of the
greatest battle of the war.
That was a day in which Bingley truly lived. A mile behind Nodzu’s
reserve, he spurred his horse down into a tight darkened ravine, and
tethered the beast long to crop the pale grass blades thinly scattered
throughout the sunless crevasse. Marking well the topography of the
place, so that he could find it again in anything but darkness, Bingley
moved back toward the valleys of action. Nodzu was hammering the
impregnable Russian position before the city from the hills, and
charging down at intervals great masses of infantry to hold the main
Russian force in their intrenchments before the city, and thus to
prevent the Russian general from sending back a large enough
portion of his army to crush or outflank the Japanese flanker.
Noon found Bingley still at large and across a big valley, now almost
empty of troops. He was forced to cross one more ridge to command
the battle-picture. This required a further hour, and he sat down to
rest upon the shoulder of a lofty, thickly timbered hill which
overlooked the city for which the nations met—a huge, sprawled
Chinese town, lost for moments at a time in the smoke-fog. The river
behind was obscured entirely; still, the placing of the whole battle
array was cleared to him in a moment. All his mapping and brooding
had helped him marvelously to this quick grasp of the field. He
wished that he could cable the picture of the city, the river, the
railroad, the hills, just as he saw them now—so that London might
also see through Bingley eyes. As for the rest—Nodzu’s great
thundering guns and his phantom armies moving below in the white
powder-reek—he could write that....
“But I’ve got to get a strip of real action—I’ve got to see the little
beasts go,” he muttered at length. “It’s a long chance, but I’ve got to
get a touch of the blood-end—to do it right. It is as necessary as the
lay of the land.”
And down he went, forgetting fear and passing time, even during
certain moments, forgetting the outer world that would cry, “Bingley!
Bingley!” when he was through.... Deeper and deeper he sank into
the white mist of smoke which five minutes before had been torn by
flame and riven with rifle crashes.
It was a moment of lull between Nodzu’s infantry charges. A land
current of air cleared the low distance. The southern line of
intrenched Russian infantry looked less than a mile away. Behind
them, the land was pitted and upheaved with defenses to the very
wall of the city, having the look, as Bingley observed, as the wind
swiftly cleared away the smoke, of the skin of a small-pox
convalescent. There was no sign of life in the Russian works, but his
quick eye marked that shrapnel was emplaced on the higher
mounds.... Had he lived a thousand years for the single purpose of
viewing a battle—hundreds of acres of embattled thousands
straining in unbridled devilment; a valley soaked and strewn with life
essences, yet swarming with more raw material for murder—he
could not have judged his advent better. It was the thirtieth of August
—the day that Nodzu and Oku began their un-Christly sacrifices to
hold Kuropatkin in the city and in front, while Kuroki flanked.
Suddenly—it was like a tornado, prairie fire, and stampede rolled into
one—Nodzu of the pastelle-brush beard called up his swarm from
thicket, hummock, gulley, ditch, from the very earth, and launched it
forward against the first blank ridge of the Russians. This brown
cyclone tore over Bingley of the Thames and across the ruffled
valley. The “Horse-killer” sat in awe. There was not yet a shot. The
Russian trenches had the look of desertion.
“Hell!” he snapped viciously. “Those trenches are abandoned.
Kuropatkin might as well be cooling his toes in Lake Baikal for all
Nodzu will find there, and he’s rushing as if——”
At this instant the Russian works were rubbed out of vision in a burst
of white smoke, and the sound of Russian bullets was like the
swooping of ten thousand night-hawks.... A terrific crash, a blast of
dust, burnt powder, filings, sickening gases—and that which a
moment ago was a dashing young captain with upraised sword was
now wet rags and dripping fragments of pulp.
“Shrapnel,” said Bingley. “He’s happy now. He was playing to a
gallery of Samurai saints—that little officer.... Nervy devils all—never
doubt it.... But we’re walloped—walloped sure as hell. We can never
take those works.”
The position of the enemy was now obscured by trembling terraces
of white smoke, out of which poured countless streams of death,
literally spraying Nodzu’s command, as firemen play their torrents
upon a burning building. A rat couldn’t have lived out a full minute in
the base of that valley. The Japanese left a terrible tribute, but the
few sped on and upward to the first line of Russian entrenchments. A
peculiar memory recurred to Bingley. Once in London he had seen a
runaway team of huge grays attached to a loaded coal-cart. The
tailboard of the cart jarred loose, and the contents streamed out
behind as the horses ran. So the hard-hit streamed out from the
Japanese charge as it passed over the base of the valley.
Even as the maddest of the Japanese survivors were about to flood
over the first embankment, it was fringed with bayonets as a wall
with broken glass; and along the length of the next higher trenches
shot a ragged ring of smoke—clots of white strung like pearls.... As a
train boring into a mountain is stopped, so was Nodzu’s brown
swarm halted, lifted, and hurled back.
“The little brown dogs!” observed Bingley with joyful amazement.
“Why, they’d keep the British army busy!... And they smile, dam’ ’em
—they smile!”
This last referred to the dead and wounded which the hospital corps
was now bringing back.... From out of the welter, a new charge
formed and failed. Again—even Bingley was shaken by the slaughter
and his organs stuck together—Nodzu hurled a third torrent of the
Samurai up that unconquerable roll of earth. It curled like a feather in
a flame, diminished, and faltered back....
The day was ending—Bingley’s gorgeous, memorable day. He had
travelled twenty-five miles on foot; he had caught up with the
Japanese army after five months in the field; he had seen Nodzu
charge and Zurubaieff hold; he had seen the wounded who would
not cry, and the dead who would not frown.
The whole was a veritable disease in his veins. The day had burned,
devoured him. He was tired enough to sleep in a tree, chilled from
spent energy; so hungry that he could have eaten horn or hoof; but
over all he was mastered by the thought of Bingley and his work—
the free cable, the story, the Thames, the battle, Bingley, the first and
greatest story, acclaim of the world, the world by the horns! So his
brain ran, and far back in his brain the films of carnage were sorted,
filed, and labelled—living, wounded, dead; the voices of the
Japanese as they ran, Russian-pits from which death spread,
shrapnel emplacements which exploded hell; barbed entanglements
spitting the Japanese for leisure-slaying, as the butcher-bird hangs
up its living meat to keep it fresh for the hunger-time; the long, quick-
moving, burnished guns that caught the sun, when the smoke
cleared, and reflected it like a burning-glass—such were the details
of the hideous panorama in Bingley’s brain.
The chief of his troubles was that Liaoyang still held. He had always
laughed at the Russians, and looked forward to the time when he
should watch the British beat them back forever from India. The valor
of the stolid, ox-like holding angered him now. Suppose Liaoyang
should not be taken! It would spoil his story and hold him in the field
longer than he cared to stay. He had but scant provisions for two
days. He planned to be off for the free cable to-morrow night.
“It’s going to rain,” he gasped, as he let himself down at nightfall into
his ravine. He heard the nicker of the horse below. It did not come to
him with any spirit of welcome, for Bingley was sufficient unto
himself, but with the thought that he must keep the beast alive for the
race to the cable after the battle.
“Yes, it’s going to rain,” he repeated. “You can count on rain after
artillery like to-day.... Living God! I thought I knew war before, but it
was all sparrow-squabbling until to-day!”
He found his saddle-bags safely in the cache where he had left them
—this with a gulp of joy, for the little food he had was in them.
Crackers, sardines, a drink of brandy that set his empty organism to
drumming like a partridge. It also whetted his appetite to a paring
edge, but he spared his ration and smoked his hunger away. Then in
the last drab of day, and in the rain, he cut grasses and branches,
piling them within the reach of his horse. A stream of water began to
trickle presently down the rocks when the shower broke. Bingley
drank deeply, and caught many ponchos full afterward for his mount.
Later he fell asleep, shivering, and dreamed that the devil was
lashing the world’s people—a nation at a time—into pits of
incandescence. The savagery of the dream aroused him, and he
became conscious of a strangeness in his ears. It was the silence,
and it pained like rarefied air. Wet, stiffened, deathly cold, he fell
asleep again.
The next day, the thirty-first, and the worst of the battle, Bingley
curved about Oku’s rear to the railroad which marked for him a short
cut to the outer world. Another, that day, watched Oku closely as he
forced the Russian right wing to face the Japanese, but Bingley,
even from a distance, was charged and maddened by the dynamics
of the action....
Late in the afternoon, a little to the west of the railway, he stopped to
finish his food and gather forage for his horse, when over the crest of
a low hill appeared a tall human figure. The Japanese put no such
giants in the field, and Bingley was startled by a certain familiarity of
movement.
The man approached, a white man. Chill, weakness, and hatred
welled suddenly in Bingley’s veins. He was not alone on the road to
a free cable. The man he feared most in the world was entered in the
race with him—the man he had seen last at the Army and Navy
reception, and roughed and insulted, nearly three years before.
Routledge smiled, but spoke no word. Bingley regarded the strong,
strange profile, haggard, darkened as a storm arena. He saddled
savagely and rode after the other. It was fifty-five miles to
Wangcheng, where he meant to catch the Chinese Eastern for
Shanhaikwan to-morrow morning—fifty-five miles in the dark, over
rain-softened roads.
“Hell! he can’t make it on foot,” Bingley muttered. “I’ll beat him to the
train.”
And yet he was angered and irritated with the reflection that the man
ahead had never yet been beaten.
NINETEENTH CHAPTER
NOREEN CARDINEGH, ENTERING A JAPANESE
HOUSE AT EVENTIDE, IS CONFRONTED BY THE
VISIBLE THOUGHT-FORM OF HER LOVER
Noreen Cardinegh buried her father alone. At least, those besides

herself who took any part in the last service for the famous
correspondent were only Japanese hired for the manual labor. To the
English who were still at the hotel, eager to assist the woman, and
charged to do so by Feeney, Finacune, and Trollope before they left,
the morning was sensational. In spite of the fact that scarcely any
one had been admitted to the Cardinegh room for the past two days,
Talliaferro and others had arranged for the funeral. They were
abroad at nine o’clock in the morning, and found the formality over....
The Japanese clerk told them all. At her request, he had made
arrangements with a Tokyo director of such affairs. The body had
been taken out at dawn. Miss Cardinegh had followed in her
rickshaw. A place had been secured in the Kameido gardens—very
beautiful now in the cloud of cherry blossoms. She had preferred a
Buddhist to a Shinto priest; refusing the services of an American or
English missionary. The clerk explained that he was permitted to tell
these things now.... Possibly Miss Cardinegh would see one or two
of her friends at this time.... Yes, she was in her room.
“Come,” she said in a low trailing tone, in response to Talliaferro’s

knock.
Noreen was sitting by the window. The big room had been put in
order. The morning was very still. The woman was dry-eyed, but
white as a flower. She held out her hand to Talliaferro and tried to
smile.... Strangely, he thought of her that moment as one of the
queens of the elder drama—a queen of stirring destiny, whose
personal history was all interpenetrated with national life, and whom
some pretender had caused to be imprisoned in a tower. This was
like Talliaferro.
“We were all ready and so eager to help you, Miss Cardinegh,” he
began. “You know, some of the older of the British correspondents
have dared to feel a proprietary interest in all that concerns you. Why
did you disappoint us so?”
“I did not want anything done for him—that would be done on my
account,” she said slowly. “It was mine to do—as his heritage is
mine. I only ask you to think—not that anything can extenuate—but I
want you to think that it was not my father, but his madness.”
“We all understand that—even those who do not understand all that
happened.”
“The tragedy is the same.... Ah, God, how I wish all the fruits might
be mine—not Japan’s, not Russia’s!”
He started to speak, to uproot from her mind this crippling
conception, but she raised her hand.
“You cannot make me see it differently, Mr. Talliaferro,” she said
tensely. “I have had much time to think—to see it all! You are very
good—all of you. One thing, I pray you will do for me.”
“You have but to speak it, Miss Cardinegh.”
“When you take the field—all of you, wherever you go—watch and
listen for any word of Mr. Routledge.... He may be the last to hear
that he is vindicated. Follow any clue to find him. Tell him the truth—
tell him to come to me!”
Peter Pellen’s “Excalibur” accepted the mission, declaring that he
would faithfully impress it upon the others with the second army,
shortly to leave; as Feeney and Finacune certainly would do with the
first. And so he left her, one of the coldest and dryest men out of

PDF Solution Manual For Signals and Systems Using Matlab 3Rd by Chaparro Online Ebook Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

PDF Solution Manual For Signals and Systems Using Matlab 3Rd by Chaparro Online Ebook Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDF Solution Manual For Signals and Systems Using Matlab 3Rd by Chaparro Online Ebook Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solution Manual for Signals and

Systems using MATLAB 3rd by

Signals and Systems Analysis Using Transform Methods

Solutions Manual to accompany Fundamentals of Signals

Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB 1st

Solution Manual for Analog Signals and Systems by

Solutions Manual to accompany Signals, Systems and

Solutions Manual for Medical Imaging Signals and

Signals Systems and Inference 1st Edition Oppenheim

Solution Manual for Medical Imaging Signals and Systems

1.1 Basic Problems

Answers: x(t + 1) is x(t) shifted left by 1; 0.5[x(t) + x(−t)] discontinuous at t = 0.

x(t) x(t + 1) x(t − 1)

0.5[x(t) + x(−t)] 0.5[x(t) − x(−t)]

Figure 1.1: Problem 1

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.2 The following problems relate to the symmetry of the signal:

(d) Is it true that ∫ ∞

xe(t) = 0.5[x(−t) + x(t)]

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

x(t) v(t) y(t)

x(t) w(t) z(t)

Figure 1.2: Problem 3

v(t) = x(−t) = −t[u(−t) − u(−t − 1)]

and delaying v(t) by 2 is

y(t) = v(t − 2) = −(t − 2)[u(−(t − 2)) − u(−(t − 2) − 1)]

On the other hand, the delaying of x(t) by 2 gives

w(t) = x(t − 2) = (t − 2)[u(t − 2) − u(t − 3)]

which when reflected gives

z(t) = w(−t) = (−t − 2)[u(−t − 2) − u(−t − 3)]

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.4 The following problems relate to the periodicity of signals:

(i) cos(2πt), (ii) sin(t − π/4), (iii) tan(πt)

(d) What is the fundamental frequency f0, in Hz, of

ze(t + T0) = 0.5[z(t + T0) + z(−t − T0))]

Same for zo(t) since zo(t) = z(t) − ze(t).

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

(b) i. z1(t) is periodic of period 10T0, indeed

z1(t + 10T0) = x1(t + 10T0) + 2y1(t + 10T0)

ii. v1(t) is periodic of fundamental period 10T0 as

x1(t + 10T0) x1(t)

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

(a) x1(t) = cos(2πt) (b) x2(t) = sin(2πt)

Plot y(t) in each case.

Answer: (a) Ex = 0.5; (b) Ez = 2Ez1 ; (c) Py = 1; (d) Pv = 1.

(a) x(t) is a causal decaying exponential with energy

and zero power as

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 1.4: Problem 7: Phasor circuit.

In this case, the current i(t) has a phasor

i(t) = cos(t − π/2)

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

where Z = |Z|ejθ = R + jΩL is the input impedance.

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

(a) The signal x(t) is