Ms .

Phyo Pyac Pyae Zaw

วิชา EIE219 Basic Electrical and Electronic Lab. 165070507924) (V2024)
Topic: Transmission Line Experiments C. Wongngamkam
1.Objectives
1.1 To study the propagation of pulses in the transmission line
1.2 To find the velocity of pulse propagated in the transmission line
1.3 To measure the standing wave in the transmission line
2.Equipments & materials
2.1 Dual traces digital oscilloscope
2.2 One roll of RG58A/U cable
2.3 Function generator
2.3 Connectors and loads
3. Experiments
3.1 The set up
For the measurement of wave travelling in the transmission line, we’re going to measure the time that a pulse travels
between one end to the other end of the line and back. For the standing wave measurement, we’ll feed a specific frequency
into the line which is related to its λ/2 or λ/4 distance.

Fig. 1. Test set up.

The diagram in Fig. 1 shows the connection of each component in the experiment. The length of the coaxial cable in
the experiment may vary between each group but their characteristics are the same.
A variety of load conditions are prepared such as short circuit or 0 Ω , matched load or 50 Ω , open circuit and 75 Ω load. The
attenuation chart for this cable is shown in Fig. 2 in dB/100m. which can be measured by using a network analyzer .

Page 1 of 5
 Fig. 2: Attenuation chart for RG58A/U (dB/100m)

3.2 Time domain measurement

Fig. 3 is the result measured when a pulse injected from one end reach the other end which is open circuit at that moment
causing a reflected pulse that is observed and measured.

Fig. 3: (Left) input pulse width is 24 ns and (Right) with reflected pulse.

Fig. 4 shows a reflected pulse from the 0 Ω terminator (Left) and a reflected pulse from the 75Ω terminator ( ZL >Z0)

Fig. 4: When terminated with 0 Ω(Left) and 75Ω (right)

From the result we can see the travelling pulse voltage Ve+ and the reflected pulse Ve- and the time between those pulse.
When the open circuit voltage as measured from the generator is Voc= 18.8 V
The travelling (forward) pulse is Ve+= 8.48 V
The reflected pulse is Ve-= 7.52V
Traveling time for 100 m. distance is Δ t = 516 ns

Page 2 of 5
 The differentiator circuit is disconnected from the diagram as we measure the amplitude of pulse for impedance calculation so
that the output impedance of the generator is 50 Ω.
Now we’ll calculate the impedance as follows:

Output impedance

𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜
50 = 𝑅𝑅𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 � + − 1�
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒
5.04
= 𝑅𝑅𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 � − 1�
2.4

𝑅𝑅𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 45.454 𝑂𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

This value is different from the stated Zo = 50 ± 2 Ω in the Mfr. documents. This may be the accuracy from our measurements
or may be the real property of the cable itself. This can be further check with the 45 Ω terminator and compare with 50Ω.

Velocity of propagation vp , can be calculated from Δt 516 ns :

2 𝑥𝑥 50 𝑚𝑚 100
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 = Δt
= 516
= 193.798 𝑥𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚.

The calculated velocity factor is around 64.6% which is closed to many Mfr. docs at ≈ 66%. From this information, you can now
calculate the length of this cable. The attenuation in dB/100m can also be calculated as follows.

L is the length of the cable

Procedures
1. Find the length of the test cable from the provided tag.
2. Connect the diagram in Fig. 1 with open circuit terminator at the end. Apply a square wave 1KHz 10Vpp into the
differentiator, record the go & return signal.
3. Add some + DC offset to the signal in step 2 to get the highest amplitude signal.
E
Result of step 2. Result of step 3. Result of step 4.

↑:
&

8 900 -
D

111111111
-

⑳
800

↳
708 ↳
600
E
&

u
i

%
*
· ·
i
&
500

·
⑨

↳
·
& &
900

o
·
!
3 ⑧
&

%
&

o
8

100
8 0

I 1. 1 1 2
.
1 . 3 1 .
4 1 5 .
1 6
.
1 7
. 1 8
. 1 92
.

I 11 1.2 1 .
3 1 4
.

1 5
. 1 .
6 1 7
. 1 .
8 1 .
9 2 O 100 200300 400 800 600 too 800 900 1000

(mv)
I/P Amplitude I/P Amplitude (mv)
Page 3 of 5
Reflected wave (mV)
 Tof
4. With the x cursors, measures the go & return time of the reflected pulse in μs. =..............
0 256
μs
.

5. The travelling distance is 2 times the cable length =……….m.50 2 .

1 961x108
6. The calculated velocity = ............m/s
.

7. When converted into the velocity factor, It is ...........

65 36
% .

Write your calculation below:

& 3x108 m/s 100 %

=
>
-

& Cable
1 = 25 .
& Up
Cable 25 1x2 1 .
96x18 m/s -> ?
196x109
2 x
.

0 m/s
96x1/
= .

2 1 x 100 %
= 50 . m
=
.

= 1 . 961x108 m/s 3 x 108

S
= 65 . 36 %

8. Replace the terminator from open circuit to the following value and record the result.

.
0Ω 75 Ω
&

·
D
50 Ω & *

E : :

! ⑳ ⑳

·
: :
·
&
g
%

o
·
*
⑨
⑤

8 &
*

1 7 Is 1 9 2
1 11 1.2 1.3 1 .
41 5 .
1 6 .
. .

I 1 /
. 1 2
.
1 . 3 1 .
4 1 5 .
1 6
.
1 7. 1 8
. 1 92
.

1 11 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 17 1 .

8 1 .
92
(mv)
I/P Amplitude I/P Amplitude (mv)
(mv)

Conclusion and discussion 3.2

I/P Amplitude

Discussion

In this time domain measurement lab, when a pulse is injected from one end and the other end is open circuit, we got a reflected pulse on
the right side of the the original pulse. Therefore we can measure the T.O.F (time of reflection) of the transmission line, which is about 256
ns. But when we connect the open end of the circuit with 50 ohm to make it short and we will get a two nearly similar waveforms. Then
when we replace 50 ohm with 75 ohm, the reflected signal will be up side down from the original pulse.

Conclusion

This time domain measurement lab we can analyze the behavior of a pulse injected into a transmission line. The propagation nature of
pulses in transmission line underscore the significant influence of impedance matching on signal propagation and reflection characteristics
in transmission lines. We can get the veclocity factor from which we can estimate the cable of the length in vice versa.

3.3 Sinusoidal Steady-State

The following diagram is what happens in the line under the given situation.

Fig. 5 shows the voltage and current in various position of the line.

Page 4 of 5
 f =

= x
108 Az
Follows these steps using some information gathers from the previous experiments. 01952 = 0 . x

1. If your cable is exactly ¼ of the wavelength, then the wavelength is…………m.

100 4 .

7
1 952 MHz = .

2. The frequency for this wavelength is ...................MHz

.
1 952 (v=fxλ)
3. Apply a fine wave signal at the frequency derived from step 2.
4. Vg(t) open circuit in Fig. 1 = 10 Vpp. Remove the cable from the " T " connector so that point A will be open circuit. The
amplitude of the signal is..............Vpp.
528mV

5. Apply the 50Ω terminator to point A. The amplitude of the signal is..............Vpp.
6 mV
10 .

6. Connects one end of the roll to point A and the other end to a 50 Ω terminator. The amplitude of the signal
is..............Vpp.
-

7. Remove the 50 Ω terminator for open circuit condition. The amplitude of the signal is..............Vpp. -

8. Fine adj. the input freq. to see min. amplitude on the Oscilloscope. New freq. after adj. =……….MHz -

9. Connects the 0 Ω terminator to the end. The amplitude of the signal is..............Vpp.
9 76 .

10. Fine adj. the input freq. to see max. amplitude on the Oscilloscope. New freq. after adj.=……….MHz
1 92 .

11. Plots your results in the diagram like Fig.5

Summary
Calculated value Measured value difference
Cable length (m.) from3.2 ………….m.
25 / :

………….m.
/
25 .
8

¼λ Opened circuit end ………….MHz

1 96
.

………….MHz
1
91 .

0 .
05 MHz

¼λ Shorted circuit end ………….MHz

1 94 .

………….MHz
1 92 .

0 .
02 MHz

Conclusion and discussion 3.3

Discussion

When we make the short circuit, we will get a pure sine wave at about 1.92 MHz. But when we connect the circuit
with 50 ohm resistor, the result changes alot. At 50 ohm, sinusoidal steady state of a wave is not prominent but at
75 ohm, we can see the clear sinusoidal steady state wave.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the presence of a clear sinusoidal steady-state wave at 75 ohms compared to the lack thereof at 50
ohms highlights the importance of impedance matching in maintaining signal integrity and minimizing reflections in
transmission line systems.

Page 5 of 5
Work results

3.2 Time domain measurement

50 ohm

75 ohm

0 ohm (short circuit)

3.3 Sinusoidal Steady-State

75 ohm
50 ohm

0 ohm ( short circuit )