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Scaling Analysis
Scaling Analysis
• Conservation of Momentum
• Conservation of Mass
• Conservation of Energy
• Scaling Analysis ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Conservation Law of Momentum
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Total Derivative in a Rotating Coordinate
(in an inertial coordinate)
(i a coordinate
(in di t with
ith an angular
l velocity
l it Ω)
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Newton’s 2nd Law in a Rotating
g Frame
Î
[Here ]
ESS227
Coriolis force Centrifugal force Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Momentum Conservation in a Rotating Frame
on an inertial coordinate
= *
Because
*
Î =
on a rotating coordinate
Equator
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Rate of Change
g of U
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Coriolis Force (for n-s motion)
Suppose that an object of unit mass
mass, initially at latitude φ moving zonally at speed u
u,
relative to the surface of the earth, is displaced in latitude or in altitude by an
impulsive force. As the object is displaced it will conserve its angular momentum in
the absence of a torque in the east–west direction. Because the distance R to the
axis of rotation changes for a displacement in latitude or altitude
altitude, the absolute
angular velocity ( ) must change if the object is to conserve its absolute
angular momentum. Here is the angular speed of rotation of the earth.
Because is constant, the relative zonal velocity must change. Thus, the object
behaves as though a zonally directed deflection force were acting on it.
Î (neglecting higher-orders)
using
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Momentum Eq. on Spherical Coordinate
•
• ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Momentum Eq. on Spherical Coordinate
Rate of change of
the spherical coordinate ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Scaling
g Analysis
y
• Scale analysis, or scaling, is a convenient technique for
estimating the magnitudes of various terms in the governing
equations for a particular type of motion.
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Scales of Atmospheric Motions
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Scaling for Synoptic-
Synoptic-Scale Motion
• The complete set of the momentum equations describe all
scales of atmospheric
p motions.
ÎWe need to simplify the equation for synoptic-scale motions.
ÎWe need to use the following characteristic scales of the field
variables for mid-latitude synoptic systems:
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Pressure Gradients
• Pressure Gradients
– The pressure gradient force initiates movement of atmospheric
mass, wind, from areas of higher to areas of lower pressure
• Horizontal Pressure Gradients
– Typically only small gradients exist across large spatial scales
(1mb/100km)
– Smaller
S ll scale l weather
th features,
f t suchh as hurricanes
h i andd tornadoes,
t d
display larger pressure gradients across small areas (1mb/6km)
• Vertical Pressure Gradients
– Average vertical pressure gradients are usually greater than
extreme examples of horizontal pressure gradients as pressure
always
y decreases with altitude ((1mb/10m))
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Scaling Results for the Horizontal Momentum Equations
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Geostrophic Approximation, Balance, Wind
Geostrophic wind
• R
Rossby
b number
b iis a non-dimensional
di i l measure off the
th
magnitude of the acceleration compared to the Coriolis force:
• Th
The smaller
ll the
th Rossby
R b number,
b theth better
b tt the
th geostrophic
t hi
balance can be used.
• R
Rossby
b numberb measure theth relative
l ti importnace
i t off the
th inertial
i ti l
term and the Coriolis term.
• Thi
This number
b isi about
b t O(0.1)
O(0 1) for
f Synoptic
S ti weather
th andd about
b t
O(1) for ocean. ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Scaling Analysis for Vertical Momentum Eq.
Hydrostatic Balance
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Hydrostatic Balance
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Primitive Equations
q
(1) zonal momentum equation
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Conservation of Mass
• The mathematical relationship that
expresses conservation of mass for a fluid
is called the continuityy equation.
q
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Mass Divergence Form (Eulerian View)
for a fixed control volume
• and
d
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Scaling Analysis of Continuity Eq.
Term A Î
T
Term BÎ (b
because )
Term C Î = and
or ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
M
Meaning
i off the
th Scaled
S l d Continuity
C ti it Eq.E
scaled
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
The First Law of Thermodynamics
y
• This law states that (1) heat is a form of energy
that
h (2) iits conversion
i into
i other
h forms
f off energy
is such that total energy is conserved.
ΔU = Q - W
change
h iin internal
i l energy Heat added to the system Work done by the system
(related to temperature)
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
(from Atmospheric Sciences: An Intro. Survey)
Heat added to the gas = work done by the gas + temp. increase of the gas
ΔH = p Δα + Cv ΔT
ESS227
volume change of the gas specific heat at constant volume Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Heat and Temperature
• Heat and temperature are both related to the internal
kinetic energy of air molecules, and therefore can be
related to each other in the following way:
*Δ T
Q = c*m*Δ
c*m*
* *Δ
Heat added Mass Temperature changed
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Specific Heat
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
External Forces
• The external forces that act on a fluid element may be
divided into surface forces, such as pressure and
viscosity, and body forces, such as gravity or the
Coriolis force.
force
• However, because the Coriolis force is
perpendicular
di l tto th
the velocity
l it vector,
t it can do
d
no work.
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Work done by
y Pressure
The rate at which the surrounding fluid does
work on the element due to the pressure
force on the two boundary surfaces in the y,
z plane is given by:
Work done by
pressure force
Work done by
gravity force
Divided by T
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Potential Temperature (θ
(θ)
• For an ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic process (i.e., a reversible
process in which no heat is exchanged with the surroundings; J=0),
the first law of thermodynamics can be written in differential form as:
Î Î
• Thus, every air parcel has a unique value of potential temperature, and this
value is conserved for dry adiabatic motion.
• Because synoptic
y p scale motions are approximately
pp y adiabatic outside regions
g
of active precipitation, θ is a quasi-conserved quantity for such motions.
• Thus, for reversible processes, fractional potential temperature changes are
indeed proportional to entropy changes.
• A parcel that conserves entropy following the motion must move along an
isentropic (constant θ) surface. ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Static Stability
y
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Scaling of the Thermodynamic Eq.
Г= -əT/
Г əT/ əz = lapse rate
Гd= -g/cp = dry lapse rate
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Pressure Gradients
• Pressure Gradients
– The pressure gradient force initiates movement of atmospheric
mass, wind, from areas of higher to areas of lower pressure
• Horizontal Pressure Gradients
– Typically only small gradients exist across large spatial scales
(1mb/100km)
– Smaller
S ll scale l weather
th features,
f t suchh as hurricanes
h i andd tornadoes,
t d
display larger pressure gradients across small areas (1mb/6km)
• Vertical Pressure Gradients
– Average vertical pressure gradients are usually greater than
extreme examples of horizontal pressure gradients as pressure
always
y decreases with altitude ((1mb/10m))
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
July
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Temperature Tendency Equation
• T
Term A:
A Diabatic
Di b i Heating
H i
• Term B: Horizontal Advection
• Term C: Adiabatic Effects
(heating/cooling due to vertical motion in a stable/unstable atmosphere)
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Primitive Equations
• The scaling analyses results in a set of approximate
equations that describe the conservation of
momentum,
t mass, andd energy for
f the
th atmosphere.
t h
• These sets of equations are called the primitive
equations, which are very close to the original
equations are used for numerical weather prediction.
• The primitive equations does not describe the moist
process and are for a dry atmosphere.
ESS227
Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Primitive Equations
q
(1) zonal momentum equation