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PDF Test Bank For Biology The Dynamic Science 4Th Edition Online Ebook Full Chapter
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Test Bank for Biology The Dynamic Science, 4th Edition
1. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total disorder of a system always increases.
ANSWER: False - second law of thermodynamics
REFERENCES: 6.1 Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
QUESTION TYPE: Modified True / False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.1.3 - Illustrate how the first two laws of thermodynamics are
implemented in nature.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Modified True / False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.4.2 - Discuss the role of enzymes in accelerating chemical reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
9. If an enzyme is bound by an allosteric activator, the enzyme will convert from a low-affinity state to a high-affinity
state.
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 6.5 Conditions and Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
QUESTION TYPE: Modified True / False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.5.3 - Outline the mechanism of allosteric regulation.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
Multiple Choice
11. The term that best describes all of the chemical reactions of a cell, including acquisition and use of molecules and
energy, is ____.
a. metabolism
b. anabolism
c. catabolism
d. energy budget
e. thermodynamics
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.1 Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.1.1 - Explain how different types of energy are interconvertible.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
12. The removal of a phosphate group during an enzyme-catalyzed reaction takes ____.
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Chapter 06 - Energy - Enzymes - and Biological Reactions
a. 1012 years
b. about 10 milliseconds
c. about 1021 milliseconds
d. more time than for an uncatalyzed reaction
e. less time at 1000oC than at 100oC
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.1 Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.1.1 - Explain how different types of energy are interconvertible.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
15. In molecules, the constant motion of the atoms is an example of ____ energy, while the arrangement of atoms and
bonds is an example of ____ energy.
a. potential; chemical
b. kinetic; potential
c. potential; free
d. chemical; free
e. kinetic; chemical
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Chapter 06 - Energy - Enzymes - and Biological Reactions
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.1 Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.1.1 - Explain how different types of energy are interconvertible.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
20. What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all organisms?
a. catabolism of sugars
b. ATP
c. catabolism of fats
d. the sun
e. catabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 6.1 Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.1.3 - Illustrate how the first two laws of thermodynamics are
implemented in nature.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
21. We can calculate whether a reaction is spontaneous by calculating the change in free energy and accounting for
entropy. Your paycheck always lists your gross pay, net (take home) pay, and tax withholdings. Which of the following
best correlates your paycheck to the changes in free energy?
a. gross salary = net salary - tax; total energy = free energy - entropy
b. net salary = gross salary - tax; free energy = total energy - entropy
c. tax = gross - net salary; entropy = total energy - free energy
d. gross salary = tax - net salary; total energy = entropy - free energy
e. net salary = gross salary + tax; free energy = total energy + entropy
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.1 Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.1.4 - Describe entropy in the context of thermodynamics.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
24. Which equation is used to calculate the free energy associated with a reaction?
a. ΔG = ΔH-TΔS
b. ΔG = ΔH+TΔS
c. ΔG = - ΔH+TΔS
d. ΔG = ΔS+TΔH
e. ΔG = -ΔS-TΔH
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.2.2 - Explain the relationship between free energy and spontaneous
reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
25. Although energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy transformations are not 100% efficient. Why?
a. Energy is lost as an increase in heat.
b. Energy is lost as an increase in entropy.
c. Energy is lost as a change in free energy.
d. Energy is lost as a decrease in heat.
e. Energy is lost as a decrease in entropy.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.2.2 - Explain the relationship between free energy and spontaneous
reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
b. ΔH must be negative
c. ΔG must be positive
d. ΔG must be negative
e. ΔS must be positive
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 6.2.1 Outline the two factors that determine whether a reaction is spontaneous.
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.2.2 - Explain the relationship between free energy and spontaneous
reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
Figure 6.1
29. What can be inferred from the accompanying graph?
a. This reaction is endergonic, with a positive ΔG.
b. This reaction is endergonic, with a negative ΔG.
c. This reaction is exergonic, with a positive ΔG.
d. This reaction is exergonic, with a negative ΔG.
e. There is not enough information to make a determination.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
PREFACE NAME: Figure 6.1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.2.2 - Explain the relationship between free energy and spontaneous
reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.2.3 - Describe equilibrium points and reversible reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
35. Which reaction is most likely to have more products than reactants when it reaches equilibrium?
a. DG = -25 kcal/mol
b. DG = -50 kcal/mol
c. DG = -75 kcal/mol
d. DG = -100 kcal/mol
e. They will all have the same ratio of products to reactants regardless of the DG value.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.2.4 - Differentiate between exergonic reaction and endergonic reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
37. Eating and digesting a candy bar for energy during a sports event is a good example of ____.
a. catabolism
b. anabolism
c. converting kinetic energy into potential energy
d. metabolism
e. converting heat energy into chemical energy
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.2.5 - Differentiate between anabolic and catabolic pathways, giving
examples of each.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
38. The breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP is an example of a(n) ____ pathway.
a. endergonic
b. catabolic
c. cyclical
d. anabolic
e. endothermic
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.2.5 - Differentiate between anabolic and catabolic pathways, giving
examples of each.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
39. Energy from ATP is transferred to the reactant of an endergonic reaction by addition of a(n) _____ group to that
molecule..
a. nitrate
b. ribose
c. deoxyribose
d. acetyl
e. phosphate
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: 6.3 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The Energy Currency of the Cell
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.3.1 - Illustrate the process and products of ATP hydrolysis.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
40. The free energy of ATP hydrolysis is -31.0 kJ/mol. The free energy of glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase is
+14.3 kJ/mol. These two reactions are coupled to allow them to proceed spontaneously. What is the overall free energy
associated with this coupled reaction?
a. -45.3 kJ/mol
b. -31 kJ/mol
c. -16.7 kJ/mol
d. 16.7 kJ/mol
e. 45.3 kJ/mol
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 6.3 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The Energy Currency of the Cell
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.3.1 - Illustrate the process and products of ATP hydrolysis.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
41. How does energy coupling allow chemical reactions that are not spontaneous to proceed?
a. the energy from both reactions increases the total free energy
b. the energy from the endergonic reaction is transferred to the substrate to stabilize it
c. the energy from the endergonic reaction is transferred to the enzyme to stabilize the transition state
d. the energy from the exergonic reaction is transferred to the substrate to stabilize it
e. the energy from the exergonic reaction is transferred to the substrate to destabilize it
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: 6.3 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The Energy Currency of the Cell
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.3.2 - Discuss the use of ATP in an energy coupling reaction.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
43. Where does the energy for ATP synthesis come from?
a. anabolism of complex molecules into simpler molecules
b. catabolism of complex molecules into simpler molecules
c. anabolism of simple molecules into complex molecules
d. catabolism of simple molecules into complex molecules
e. anabolism of complex molecules directly into ATP
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.3 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The Energy Currency of the Cell
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.3.2 - Discuss the use of ATP in an energy coupling reaction.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
44. Approximately how many ATP molecules are hydrolyzed and resynthesized each second in a typical cell?
a. 100
b. 10,000
c. 100,000
d. 10,000,000
e. 100,000,000
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 6.3 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The Energy Currency of the Cell
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.3.3 - Illustrate the ATP/ADP cycle.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
Figure 6.2
45. Answer the question using the accompanying graph. Which portion of the graph shows the activation energy in the
absence of enzyme?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. W + X
e. Y + Z
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
PREFACE NAME: Figure 6.2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.4.1 - Define activation energy of chemical reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
46. Answer the question using the accompanying graph. Which portion of the graph shows the activation energy in the
presence of enzyme?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. W + X
e. Y + Z
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
PREFACE NAME: Figure 6.2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.4.1 - Define activation energy of chemical reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
47. Answer the question using the accompanying graph. Which portion of the graph shows the free energy of the reaction?
a. A
b. B
c. C
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Chapter 06 - Energy - Enzymes - and Biological Reactions
d. W + X
e. Y + Z
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.4.1 - Define activation energy of chemical reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
48. The conversion of a diamond into graphite is a spontaneous reaction. Why are most women walking around with
diamond rings and not graphite rings?
a. inorganic substances, like diamonds, do not react like organic substances
b. the transition state is very stable
c. the energy of activation is very high
d. the free energy of this reaction is too low
e. the free energy of this reaction is too high
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.4.1 - Define activation energy of chemical reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Evaluate
54. You modify the primary sequence of an enzyme in a region that will be the active site when the protein is properly
folded. What is the predicted outcome of this change?
a. The enzyme will not bind to the substrate properly.
b. The enzyme will not be able to bind an allosteric inhibitor.
c. The enzyme will have an increased rate of activity.
d. There will be no change in the enzyme's function.
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Chapter 06 - Energy - Enzymes - and Biological Reactions
e. The enzyme will bind the substrate but not be able to release the products.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.4.2 - Discuss the role of enzymes in accelerating chemical reactions.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
56. What is the name of the specific region of an enzyme responsible for catalysis?
a. functional domain
b. active site
c. binding site
d. allosteric site
e. reaction domain
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.4.3 - Explain enzyme specificity and active site.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
59. What is the purpose of ionic groups in the active sites of enzymes?
a. to alter the substrate in a way that favors catalysis
b. to catalyze an acid/base reaction required for synthesis
c. to promote the binding of substrates that otherwise would not fit
d. to generate an electronic current to provide the energy for the reaction
e. to increase the salt concentration required for the chemical reaction to occur
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.4.5 - Illustrate the three mechanisms by which enzymes stabilize the
transition state of molecules.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
61. You do an experiment in the laboratory and add increasing amounts of substrate to a solution containing an enzyme
and a pH buffer. You incubate the container at the optimal temperature for your enzyme. Each time you add more
substrate, you measure the rate of the reaction. If you graph the results with substrate concentration on the x-axis and
reaction rate on the y-axis, what will you find over time?
a. The rate of the reaction will proceed with a slope of 1 and continue in a linear fashion indefinitely or until you
run out of reactants.
b. The rate of the reaction will increase rapidly, taper off, and plateau.
c. The rate of the reaction will increase slowly, plateau, and then drop sharply back to zero.
d. The resulting graph will be a perfect bell curve.
e. There is no way to predict what the graph will look like without more information.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.5 Conditions and Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.5.1 - Explain how enzyme and substrate concentrations influence the rate
of catalysis.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Evaluate
63. How does the cell overcome inhibition from irreversible inhibitors?
a. by binding a second inhibitor, which forces the enzyme's conformation to dislodge the first inhibitor
b. by phosphorylating the enzyme, altering the enzyme's conformation to dislodge the inhibitor
c. by altering the cellular pH, which will decrease the bonding between the enzyme and the inhibitor
d. by degrading the enzyme-inhibitor complex and generating new enzyme
e. by upregulating the expression of other enzymes with similar catalytic functions
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 6.5 Conditions and Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.5.2 - Differentiate between competitive inhibition and noncompetitive
inhibition.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
64. In order to prevent hair loss in men, one popular treatment is to use an inhibitor of the enzyme that converts
testosterone to a different androgen (DHT). The inhibitors are steroids similar to testosterone that cannot be converted into
DHT. How would you classify this type of inhibition?
a. competitive inhibition
b. noncompetitive inhibition
c. allosteric inhibition
d. feedback inhibition
e. ionic inhibition
ANSWER: a
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Chapter 06 - Energy - Enzymes - and Biological Reactions
Figure 6.3
67. In the accompanying figure, why does the curve sharply drop after approximately 45°C instead of mirroring the slope
of the line going from 0-40°C?
a. At high temperatures, the reactions proceed so quickly that enzymes are no longer helpful or required.
b. This is true of all catalysts and is not due to any special features of enzymes.
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Chapter 06 - Energy - Enzymes - and Biological Reactions
c. The kinetic energy of the reactants is so great that it destabilizes the enzyme and diminishes the enzyme's
activity.
d. The kinetic energy of the reactants is lower than that of the products, forcing a change in enzyme activity.
e. The enzyme begins to denature above a certain temperature, eliminating all catalytic activity of the protein.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: 6.5 Conditions and Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
PREFACE NAME: Figure 6.3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.5.4 - Explain how pH and temperature affect enzyme activity.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
Figure 6.4
69. Answer the question by using the accompanying graph. The optimal pH for enzyme 1 is ____.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 7
e. 8
ANSWER: b
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Chapter 06 - Energy - Enzymes - and Biological Reactions
70. Answer the question by using the accompanying graph. The optimal pH for enzyme 2 is ____.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 7
e. 8
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 6.5 Conditions and Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
PREFACE NAME: Figure 6.4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.5.4 - Explain how pH and temperature affect enzyme activity.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
71. Answer the question by using the accompanying graph. If all three enzymes catalyze the same reaction and your
experimental conditions require a pH of 8, which enzyme would you choose?
a. enzyme 1
b. enzyme 2
c. enzyme 3
d. either enzyme 2 or 3
e. both enzymes 2 and 3
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 6.5 Conditions and Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
PREFACE NAME: Figure 6.4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.5.4 - Explain how pH and temperature affect enzyme activity.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
72. Why do Siamese cats have brown ears, nose, tails and paws?
a. Siamese cats contain heat sensitive enzymes that are more active in the extremities.
b. Siamese cats contain heat sensitive enzymes that are more active in the core body.
c. Siamese cats contain pH sensitive enzymes that are more active in regions of the body exposed to UV
radiation.
d. Siamese cats contain pH sensitive enzymes that are more active in regions of the body that are not exposed to
UV radiation
e. Siamese cats contain pH sensitive enzymes that are more active in regions of the body that contain nerve
endings.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.5 Conditions and Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
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Chapter 06 - Energy - Enzymes - and Biological Reactions
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.5.4 - Explain how pH and temperature affect enzyme activity.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
75. Zhang and Cech’s experiments confirmed which feature of ribozyme activity?
a. Ribozymes inhibit rates of biological reactions.
b. Ribozymes catalyze formation of bonds between amino acids in protein synthesis.
c. Ribozymes catalyze formation of the fundamental linkage tying nucleic acids to proteins.
d. Ribozymes can link nucleic acids together even if their proteins are removed.
e. Ribozymes provide a possible solution to the question of whether proteins or nucleic acids appeared first in
evolution.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.6 RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.6.2 - Summarize the experimental evidence for ribozymes.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
77. Harry Noller's experiments in which he extracted the ribosomal proteins and found that RNA molecules could catalyze
protein synthesis had one major flaw. What was the flaw?
a. the extraction process may have altered the RNA molecules
b. protein synthesis may have occurred prior to extraction
c. coenzymes, which were not extracted, might have been responsible for the reaction
d. the extraction process may have altered the pH of the environment
e. undetectable amounts of protein may have remained
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: 6.6 RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.6.2 - Summarize the experimental evidence for ribozymes.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
78. How did Zhang and Cech purify the RNA molecules that were able to catalyze the linkage between two amino acids?
a. passing the reaction mixture through a column that binds biotin
b. passing the reaction mixture through a column that binds all proteins
c. passing the reaction mixture through a column that binds RNA
d. centrifuging the reaction mixture to concentrate the proteins
e. centrifuging the reaction mixture to concentrate the RNA molecules
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 6.6 RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.6.2 - Summarize the experimental evidence for ribozymes.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
79. The discovery of ____ suggested that nucleic acids likely existed prior to proteins.
a. RNA
b. ribozymes
c. RNA polymerase
d. peptide bonds
e. endoplasmic reticulum
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.6 RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.6.2 - Summarize the experimental evidence for ribozymes.
80. Because of some of the problems with explaining how the first RNA organisms originated, an alternative possibility
has been proposed in which ____.
a. proteins and RNA evolved simultaneously
b. DNA existed before RNA
c. lipids functioned as enzymes
d. a different form of life existed before the RNA world
e. viruses functioned as carriers for RNA
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 6.6 RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.6.1 - Relate the structure of ribozymes to the function of RNA as an
enzyme.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
Matching
84. catalyst
ANSWER: d
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Chapter 06 - Energy - Enzymes - and Biological Reactions
87. substrate
ANSWER: i
For each of the following situations, choose the most appropriate term. Some choices may be used more than once.
a. endergonic
b. exergonic
c. equilibrium
REFERENCES: 6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
QUESTION TYPE: Matching
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.2.2 - Explain the relationship between free energy and spontaneous
reactions.
KEYWORDS: Blooms: Understand
100. Why does the existence of ribozymes offer a possible solution to the question of whether nucleic acids or proteins
appeared first in evolution?
ANSWER: Because nucleic acids contain the required genetic information, enzymes are required for the
duplication of this information. Because ribozymes are both nucleic acids and enzymes, this
suggests that they could have served both roles in early life forms.
REFERENCES: 6.6 RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes
QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.06.6.2 - Summarize the experimental evidence for ribozymes.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
II.
III.
Così morì l’ultima, e dopo Livia, la più insigne donna della famiglia di
Augusto. Morì come un soldato, al suo posto, difendendo
bravamente le tradizioni dell’aristocrazia e i principi secolari del
romanesimo contro i tempi nuovi che volevano inorientare la antica
repubblica latina. Morì per la sua famiglia, per la sua casta, per
Roma senza nemmeno il compenso di essere ricordata con pietoso
rispetto dai posteri, sacrificando in questa lotta non solo la vita, ma la
fama e l’onore. Tale fu il destino comune di tutta questa, non saprei
se fortunatissima o sciaguratissima tra le famiglie del mondo antico,
ad eccezione della coppia privilegiata che la incomincia: Livia ed
Augusto. Non è possibile a chi capisce questa tragedia grondante di
sangue, non inorridire della ferocia con cui Roma si vendicò di
questa famiglia, perchè per ridarle la pace e conservarle l’impero,
aveva dovuto innalzarsi un poco sopra la comune grandezza
dell’antica aristocrazia. Gli uomini e le donne, i giovani e i vecchi, gli
scellerati e i generosi, i savi e i pazzi tutti furono egualmente insidiati
e perseguitati; e a tutti, tranne alla coppia dei due fondatori, ad
Antonia e a quelli che ebbero come Druso e Germanico la ventura di
morire giovani, essa tolse o la vita, o la grandezza, o l’onore; non di
rado tutte queste cose insieme. Quelli che difesero il romanesimo
come Tiberio e Agrippina, non furono odiati, perseguitati e infamati
con minore furore di coloro che, come Caligola e Nerone, tentarono
di distruggerlo; nessuno, quali fossero le sue inclinazioni e
intenzioni, riuscì a farsi capire dai suoi tempi e dai posteri; comune
destino di tutti, anche dei peggiori, fu di essere fraintesi e perciò
calunniati; il destino delle donne fu ancor più terribile di quello degli
uomini, perchè da esse i tempi esigettero, a compenso del grande
onore di far parte di questa privilegiata famiglia, tutte le virtù più rare
e difficili, e quando le ebbero, non le ricompensarono neppur con il
rispetto. A tutte esilio, infamia, morte!
Per quale ragione? Come furono possibili tante sventure e un così
spietato svisamento della tradizione? È veramente un peccato che la
posterità abbia sempre studiata e meditata questa immane tragedia
sulla rozza e superficiale falsificazione di Tacito. Perchè pochi
episodi della storia possono far meglio capire, specialmente alle
generazioni favorite da tempi prosperi e facili, che tragica cosa è la
vita, quando alcuno la prende sul serio. Non lo sa chi non ha vissuto
in tempi in cui un vecchio mondo muore e uno nuovo nasce; ma il
primo è ancora abbastanza forte da resistere agli assalti dell’altro e
questo, pur crescendo, non può ancora annientare il mondo sulle cui
rovine soltanto potrà prosperare. Gli uomini devono allora, a ogni
momento, risolvere dei problemi insolubili, e tentare delle imprese
altrettanto necessarie quanto impossibili; la confusione è negli spiriti
come nelle cose; l’odio separa coloro che dovrebbero aiutarsi perchè
tendono al medesimo fine; e la simpatia avvince talvolta quelli che
sono costretti a combattersi; le donne soffrono più ancora degli
uomini, perchè ogni mutamento che avvenga nella loro condizione
sembra, e ragionevolmente, più pericoloso. Vestale del genio della
specie, che non deve addormentarsi mai, la donna deve essere più
ligia al passato, più savia, più virtuosa dell’uomo; possedere e
conservare più che l’uomo, le virtù da cui dipende la stabilità della
famiglia e l’avvenire della razza. È questione, per ogni tempo, di vita
o di morte. Ma appunto per questo nei tempi in cui un mondo muore
e un altro nasce, e tutte le idee si confondono, e tutti gli sforzi
riescono a risultati inattesi, e chi vuole conservare spesso distrugge,
e la virtù pare vizio e il vizio virtù, la donna più difficilmente compie la
propria missione, e più esposta al pericolo di smarrir la sua via, di
snaturare il proprio compito, di fallire al proprio destino, e perciò di
essere infelice.
Tale fu la sorte della famiglia di Augusto; tale la sorte delle sue
donne. I Romani o gli stranieri che visitano Roma, spesso vanno, nei
pomeriggi delle domeniche, ad ascoltar della buona musica in una
sala, che si chiamava sino a poco tempo fa il Corea. Questa sala è
costruita sopra un antico rudere romano di forma rotonda, che
chiunque può vedere entrando. Il rudere è l’avanzo della tomba che
Augusto eresse, sulla via Flaminia, a sè e alla famiglia. Quasi tutti i
personaggi, di cui abbiamo narrato qui la storia, furono seppelliti in
quel mausoleo. Se qualcuno tra coloro che hanno letto questa storia,
si troverà un giorno a Roma, ad ascoltare un concerto nell’antico
Corea ora rinominato Augusteo, rivolga un pensiero a queste
lontane vittime di una storia terribile; e pensi che lì, dove in pieno
ventesimo secolo, ode scorrere i fiumi sonori della musica più
melodiosa, lì soltanto i membri della famiglia di Augusto, poteron
trovar scampo, venti secoli fa, dalla loro insidiosa grandezza, e
riposare alla fine, per la prima volta, fatti cenere, in pace.
INDICE
PREFAZIONE Pag. V
I. — La donna in Roma antica 1
II. — Livia 29
III. — Le figlie d’Agrippa 59
IV. — Tiberio e Agrippina 93
V. — La moglie di Caligola e il matrimonio di
Messalina 125
VI. — La madre di Nerone 157
Nota del Trascrittore
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