CIRCLES

which
When we look around the nature, you may come across many objects
are round in shape. The
beautiful bangles, the moon, the bindi, coins, wheels
etc. are in round shape.

These shapes have great importance (significance) in our daily life. Just looking
at these shapes, one can say that it's a round. In Mathematics these figures are

known as circles. Let's learn more about circles.

Circles and its Related terms

Circle
The collection of all points in a plane which are at a fixed distance from a
fixed point in the plane, is called a circle.

Centre and Radius

The fixed point is called the centre and the fixed distance is called the radius.
In the above figure, 'O' is the centre and OP is the radius.

Chord
The line segment joining any two points on the circle are called chords.

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CIRCLES Mathematics
Diameter
through the centre, is called
its diameter
The chord of a circle. which passes
chord of the circle
t sthe largest

Also, radius =
ele or diameter 2 x radius.

Interior and Exterior of a circle

the circle. Any point
The region inside the circle is called the interior of
inside the circle is called interior point of the circle.
The region outside the circle is called exterior of the circle. Any point
outside

the circle is called exterior point.

Interior Circle
Exterior

Arcs and types of arcs

Arc
A portion of a circle is called an arc. O

In the figure, APB is an arc of the given circle.

******
It is denoted by ÁPB P

Semi circle
A diameter of a circle divides the circumference of the circle into 2 equal
parts. Each ofthe 2 arcs so obtained, is called a semi circle.
In the figure, APB and AQB are semicircles.
O

Major and Minor arcs

A part of circle is called its arc. If the part is larger than the semi circle, it is
called major arc. Otherwise it is called minor arc.

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Mathematics CIRCLES
In the figure, APB and AOB are arcs
But AOB is larger than the semi circle

Major arC AOB

Minor arc APB
Segments
As you know, diameter divides the circle into two equal parts Diameter is a
special type of chord, and thus chords can also drvide the arcie into two, but
not equally.
A chord ofa circle divides the given circle into two parts and each part so
obtained is called a segment. The smaller part is called minor segment and
larger part is called the major segment.
In the figure, chord AB divides the circle into
two segments. The shaded portion
represents the minor segment. Other is the O
Vacr T e t
major segment.

Major secto Sectors

The part of a circle, bounded by 2 radi and an arc
is called the sector of the circle. The smaller part
Minor sedor B is called the minor sector and larger part is called
the major sector

Angle subtended by a chord at a point

In the figure, R is a point on the circle with centre O'. AB is a chord of the

circle R

Angle subtended by chord AB at R is obtained

by joining the end points A and B to R.
e. LARB is the angle subtended by the chord

AB at R

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 Mathematics
CIRCLES centre
chord at the
Angle subtended by a

AB at the centre is
- *****

Angle subtended by a chord ****-..

of chord to
obtained by joining the end points
subtended by chord
centre. AOB is the angle
AB at centre.

Theorem 1
the centre.
chords of a circle subtend equal angles at
Equal
Proof:
circle with 2 equal chords AB and CD.
We are given a
the
Then 2AOB is the angle subtended by
subtended O
chord AB and 2COD is the angle
by the chord CD at centre.
We have to prove that AOB =2COD
and COD B
Consider triangles AOB
OA = OC (Radii of a circle)
OB OD (Radii of a circle)
AB CD (Given)
AAOB ACOD (SSS Congruence rule)
ZAOB ZCOD (CPCT)
Hence the theorem
Theorem 2: (Converse of theorem 1)
If the angle subtended by the chords of a circle at the centre are equal, then

the chords are equal.

Proof:
Let AB and CD be two chords of the circle.
Given that ZAOB =COD
We have to prove that AB CD
Consider triangles AOB and COD BC

OA OC (Radii of a circle)
OB OD (Radii of a circle)

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 Mathematics CIRCLES
AOB COD (Given)
AAOB ACOD (SAS Congruence rule)
AB CD (CPCT)
Perpendicular from the centre to a chord
In the figure, AB is a chord and OM is the
O
perpendicular distance form centre to chord

A
Theorem 3
The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.

Proof
We are given a circle with centre O. AB is a chord of this circle. OM is the

perpendicular from centre to chord.

We have to prove that OM bisects AB.
i.e., to prove that AM = BM

Join OA and OB
Consider triangles OAM and OBM.
****,

M
- - .- .
OA OB (Radii of a circle)
LOMA = 2OMB 90° (Since OM.LAB)
OM = OM (Common side)
AOAM AOBM (RHS Congruence rule)
AM BM (CPCT)
Theorem 4: (Converse of theorem 3)
The line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular
to the chord.
Proof:
E are given a circle with centre O. AB is a chord of this circle. A line OM is

oned from centre to chord such that OM bisects the chord.

.e., AM =
BM

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Mathemalic
We have to prove that OMLAB
Join OA and OB
O
Consider traingles OMA and OMB

OA OB (Radii of a circle) AY
AM BM (OM bisects AB)
OM OM (Common side)
AOMA AOMB (SSS Congruence rule)
2OMA 2OMB (CPCT)(1)
But OMA+ OMB 1800 (Linear pair)
2OMA+ 2OMA 1800 (From (1)]
2 OMA 180
LOMA = 180 90

LOMA = 2OMB = 90°

OMLAB
lustration 1
AB is a chord of the circle with centre O and radius 13cm. If
OMLAB and
OM 5cm, find the length
of the chord.

Consider AOMA, which is a right triangle

by Pythagoras theorem,
(hypotenuse (base? +(altitude? 13cm

OA2 AM2+ OM2 5cm

132 AM2+52 M

169 = AM2 +25

AM2 169 25 144

AM 144 12cm
Since by theorem, "Perpendicular from centre to chord bisects the chord
AB 2 x AM =2x 12 24cm

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Mathematics CIRCLES
llustration 2
A chord of circle is of length 6cm and is at a distance of 4cm from the centre.
Find the radius of the circle.
s.
Let AB be the chord and OM is the perpendicular from centre to chord.
Since perpendicular from centre bisects the chord, OM bisects AB

ie.,AM BM = =
3cm

Now consider the right triangle OMA

.By Pythagoras theorem,
OA OM+AM
32+42 M
9+ 16 25
OA = 25 5cm

i.e., radius 5cm

Circles through three points

How many circles can you draw through a single point?

We can draw infinitely many circles through the point P.

Similarly there are infinitely many circles passing through two points.

But there is a unique circle passing

through three non collinear points.
This is the following theorem.
a

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 CIRCLES Mathematica
Theorem 5
There is one and only one circle passing through
three given non-collinear points

Equal chords and their distance from the centre.

Theorem 6
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant
from the centre.
Theorem says that if AB = CD then N
M
OM ON

Theorem 7 (Converse of theorem 6)

Chords equidistant from the centre of
a circle are equal in length.
Theorem says that if OM ON
then AB = CD

Angle subtended by an arc of a circle

Given a circle with centre O and A. B, P and Q are points on it

Then the angle subtended by the arc APB at Q is obtained by

joining the
endpoints A and B to Q.

i.e., ZAQB is the angle subtended by

AP at Q

Angle subtended by an arc

at the centre (Central angle)
Angle subtended by an arc at the centre is the angle obtained by joining the
endpoints of the arc to centre.

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CIRCLES
la the figure, LAOB is the angle subtended
at the centre. LAOB is also
by the arc APB
known as central angle of the arc APB
Theorem 8
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angfe subtended
by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
minor arc.
Consider any
In the figure PQ is a minor arc. A is any point on
the circle.Then, angle subtended by
PQ at centre = <POQ

Angle subtended by PQ at the point

A on the circle = ZPAQ

Then theorem saysthat, POQ=24PAQ

Now consider any major arc

In the figure PQ is a major arc

Angle subtended by Pa at centre= <POQ
Angle subtended by Pa at A LPAQ
Then by theorem, POQ = 2 PAQ
*****

Now consider the semicircle

PQ is a semi circle
Angle subtended by PQ at centre 2POQ
P
Angle by PQ at A
subtended ZPAQ =

Then theorem says that, POQ 2 2PAQ

B
Theorem 9 C

Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal

Equation
n the figure, ZPAQ, ZPBQ and 4PCQ are angles
nthe same segment. Then the theorem says that
PAQ= PBQ <PCQ

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=
A
P
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O-
Mathem
Theorem 10
Angle in a semicircle is a right angle
In the figure, PAQ is the angle in the
semicircle. Then theorem says that 2PAQ = 90

Theorem 11
Ifa line segmentjoining two points subtends equal angles at two other por
the line segrment. the
lying on the same side of the line containing
points lie on a circle (i.e., they are concyclic)
AB is a line segment. AB subtends
equal angles at C and D on the same side of it.
i.e., ZACB = ZADB. Then this theorem

say that A,B,C and D lie on circle.

i.e. A,B,C and D are concyclic.

Cyclic quadrilateral DA
A quadrilateral is cyclic if its all four
vertices lie on a circle.
In the figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Theorem 12
The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180
Proof
We are given a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD.
We have to prove that
LA+ 2C
180 and
LB+ 2D = 1800

Join AC and BD. B

Then ACB and ZADB are angles in the same segment determined by
chord AB.

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 Mathematics CIRCLES
LACB = LADB-(1) [anglesi in the same segment ofa circle are equal)

Similarly BAC and 2BDC are the angles in the same segment determined
by the chord BC
B A C = LBDC-(2) angles in th same segment of a circle are equail

(1)+(2)
LACB+ LBAC LADB+LBDC
LACB+4BAC = LADC (Since ADB ZBDC = ZADC)

LABC+ LACB+ ZBAC LABC+LADC (adding ABC on both sides)

180 = LABC+ LADC (In AABC.ABC+ZACB+4BAC =180°)

i.e., ZABC+ ZADC 180

B + 4D = 180

But the angles in a quadrilateral is 360

LA+ZB+ 2C + 2D = 360°
LA+ LC = 360- LB - 2D

360 (B 2D)
360 180 = 180°

i.e., LA + 2C 180
and B + ZD = 180

Theorem 13 (Converse of theorem 12)

If the sum of any pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180°, then the
quadrilateral is cyclic.
In a quadrilateral ABCD
LA+ 4C 180° and B + 2D = 180° ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

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