Oxidation
Increase in Oxidation State
Addition of oxygen atom
Addition of electronegative atom
Removal of hydrogen
Removal of electropositive atom
Removal of electron
Reduction
Decrease in Oxidation State
Removal of oxygen atom
Removal of electronegative atom
Addition of hydrogen
Addition of electropositive atom
Addition of electron
 Element Half Cell Reduction Reaction E (Volts)
Li Li+ + e = Li -3.05
K K+ + e = K -2.92
Ba Ba2+ + 2e = Ba -2.90
Ca Ca2+ + 2e = Ca -2.76
Na Na+ + e = Na -2.71
Mg Mg2+ + 2e = Mg -2.38
Al Al3+ + 3e = Al -1.67
Mn Mn2+ + 2e = Mn -1.03
Zn Zn2+ + 2e = Zn -0.76
Cr Cr3+ + 3e = Cr -0.74
Fe Fe2+ + 2e = Fe -0.44
Ni Ni2+ + 2e = Ni -0.25
Pb Pb2+ + 2e = Pb -0.13
H2 2H+ + 2e = H2 0.00
Cu Cu2+ + 2e = Cu +0.34
I2 I2 + 2e = 2I- +0.54
Fe Fe3+ + 3e = Fe +0.77
Ag Ag+ + e = Ag +0.80
Hg Hg2+ + 2e = Hg +0.09
Br2 Br2 + 2e = 2Br- +1.08
Cl2 Cl2 + 2e = 2Cl- +1.36
Au Au3+ + 3e = Au +1.50
F2 F2 + 2e = 2F- +2.87

You
Oxidation occurs at the anode, therefore, electrons flow away from the anode. Reduction occurs at the cathode, therefore, electrons flow towards the cathode.
ChatGPT
ChatGPT
Exactly! That's a concise summary of the principles behind electrochemical reactions. In an electrochemical cell, oxidation happens at the anode where electrons are lost,
while reduction occurs at the cathode where electrons are gained. This creates an electron flow from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, generating an
electric current.
You
Am I right ''Cathode have a positive core and accumulate negative charge on their surfacce, as current flows. Anode have a negative core and accumulate positive charge
on their surface, as current flows.
ChatGPT
ChatGPT
Actually, it's a bit different. In electrochemical cells, including batteries and electrolytic cells, the cathode is where reduction occurs, so it attracts electrons and becomes
negatively charged. Conversely, the anode is where oxidation occurs, so it loses electrons and becomes positively charged.

In a galvanic cell (like a battery), electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit, so the anode's negative charge diminishes as it loses electrons,
while the cathode's positive charge decreases as it gains electrons.

In an electrolytic cell, which operates with an external power source to drive non-spontaneous reactions, the flow of electrons is reversed compared to a galvanic cell.
However, the charge buildup on the electrodes still follows the same pattern: the anode becomes positively charged and the cathode becomes negatively charged as
current flows.

You
Cations migrate to the cathode. Anions migrate to the anode.
ChatGPT
ChatGPT
Exactly right! In electrolytic cells, cations (positively charged ions) are attracted to the cathode, where reduction occurs, while anions (negatively charged ions) are
attracted to the anode, where oxidation occurs. This migration of ions is essential for the electrolysis process, where substances are broken down into their constituent
ions through the application of an electric current.

You
Make a tabular difference between Electrolytic cell and voltaic cell.
Chat
 Property Electrolytic Cell Voltaic Cell
Energy Source External electrical power source Spontaneous chemical reactions
Reaction Type Non-spontaneous (requires external energy input) Spontaneous (occurs spontaneously)
Purpose Electrolysis (breaking down compounds) Generating electricity
Anode Positive electrode (where oxidation occurs) Negative electrode (where oxidation occurs)
Cathode Negative electrode (where reduction occurs) Positive electrode (where reduction occurs)
Electron Flow From anode to cathode through the external circuit From anode to cathode through the external circuit
Chemical Reactions Endothermic (absorbs energy) Exothermic (releases energy)
Electrolyte Conductive solution or molten salt Conductive solution or salt bridge
Example Electrolysis of water, electroplating Batteries, fuel cells

Electrolytic (Nickel-iron cell)

Galvanic (Zinc-cerium cell)

Oxidation

Occurs at Anode Anode

Sign of Terminal Positive (+) Negative (-)

Ni(OH) + OH ↔ NiOOH + H O +
Half-Reaction 2e Zn → Zn + 2e

EMF E = -0.52 V E = +0.76 V

Reduction

Occurs at Cathode Cathode

Sign of Terminal Negative Positive

Half-Reaction Fe(OH) + 2e ↔ Fe + 2OH Ce + e ↔ Ce

 Electrolytic (Nickel-iron cell)
Galvanic (Zinc-cerium cell)

EMF E = −0.89 V E = +1.44 V

Electrolytic Cell

EMF Signage Negative (-) Positive (+)

EMF Value E = -1.41 V E = +2.20 V

Electron flow From anode to cathode From anode to cathode

Gibbs Free Energy

(ΔG ) Positive (+) Negative (-)

Spontaneous No Yes

Characteristics Aqueous or molten electrolyte Salt bridge with inert electrolyte (i.e. K SO )
 Cell

Voltaic/Galvanic
Electrolytic Cell
Cell

Primary Cell Secondary cell

(Non rechargeable) (Rechargeable)

Nickel Cadmium
Daniell Cell
Cell

Lead Storage
Dry Cell
Battery

Alkaline Cell Fuel Cell