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PDF Solution Manual For Essentials of Human Development A Life Span View 2Nd Edition Robert V Kail John C Cavanaugh 2 Online Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Solution Manual For Essentials of Human Development A Life Span View 2Nd Edition Robert V Kail John C Cavanaugh 2 Online Ebook Full Chapter
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Solution Manual for Essentials of Human Development: A Life-Span View, 2nd Edition, Robert V
Chapter 6
Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in
Middle Childhood
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Cognitive Development
• What are the distinguishing characteristics of thought during Piaget’s concrete-operational and
formal-operational stages?
• How do children use strategies and monitoring to improve learning and remembering?
Academic Skills
• What are the components of skilled reading?
• As children develop, how does their writing improve?
• How do arithmetic skills change during the elementary-school years?
• What are the hallmarks of effective schools and effective teachers?
Physical Development
• How much do school-age children grow?
• How do motor skills improve during the elementary-school years?
• Are American children physically fit?
• What are the consequences of participating in sports?
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Cognitive Development
A. More Sophisticated Thinking: Piaget’s Version
1. The Concrete-Operational Period (7-11 years of age)
a) Children become less egocentric.
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Chapter 6
b) Children are able to reverse their thinking because they have acquired mental
operations, which are actions that can be performed on objects or ideas, and that
consistently yield a result.
c) Thinking is limited to the tangible and real.
2. The Formal-Operational Period (ages 11 to adulthood)
a) Adolescents are able to apply psychological operations to abstract entities.
b) Using deductive reasoning, adolescents understand that conclusions are based on
facts.
3. Comments on Piaget’s View
a) Piaget overestimated cognitive competence in adolescents.
B. Information-Processing Strategies for Learning and Remembering
1. Information-processing psychologists focus on the means by which children store
information in permanent memory and retrieve it when needed later.
2. We use a number of memory strategies to learn new information
a) Organization involves structuring information so that related information is together.
b) Elaboration involves embellishing information to make it more memorable.
3. Metacognition
a) Effective use of strategies for learning and remembering begins with an analysis of the
goals of any learning task and includes monitoring one’s performance.
b) Metamemory refers to an intuitive understanding of memory.
c) Metacognitive knowledge is the growing knowledge and awareness of cognitive
processes.
II. Aptitudes for School
A. Theories of Intelligence
1. Initial theories of intelligence (Spearman) proposed that a general factor for intelligence
exists.
2. Next Thurstone and Thurstone emphasized the specific components of intelligence.
3. John Carroll proposed a hierarchal theory with three levels, which is a compromise
between the two views of intelligence—general vs. distinct abilities.
4. Howard Gardner identified nine distinct intelligences.
5. Prompted by Gardner’s theory, researchers have begun to look at other nontraditional
aspects of intelligence
a) Emotional intelligence is the ability to use one’s own and others’ emotions to solve
problems and live happily.
b) People who are emotionally intelligent tend to have more satisfying interpersonal
relationships, have greater self-esteem, and be more effective in the workplace.
6. Robert Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence says that people use three different
kinds of abilities
a) Analytic ability involves analyzing problems and generating different solutions.
b) Creative ability involves dealing adaptively with novel situations and problems.
c) Practical ability involves knowing which solution or plan will actually work.
7. Each culture defines what it means to be intelligent.
B. The Development of Intelligence Testing
1. Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon developed a way to determine which children needed
special instruction by first identifying problems that typical age children could solve.
2. Mental age (MA) is a measure of children’s performance corresponding to the
chronological age of those whose performance equals the child’s.
3. Binet and Simon used MA to distinguish “bright” from “dull” children.
C. The Stanford-Binet
1. Using Binet’s work, Lewis Terman created the Stanford-Binet in 1916.
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Off to School
2. Terman introduced the concept of the intelligence quotient (IQ), which was the ratio of
mental age to chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100.
3. IQ scores are now determined by comparing the child’s test performance to others of their
same age who have taken the test.
4. The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV, and the Kaufman
Assessment Battery for Children-II are currently the popular intelligence tests.
D. Do Tests Work?
1. IQ tests do a reasonable job of predicting school success and occupational success.
E. Heredity and Environmental Factors
1. Fraternal twins’ IQ scores are less similar than scores for identical twins.
2. Children with high test scores tend to come from homes that are well organized and have
plenty of appropriate play materials.
3. The impact of the environment on intelligence is also implicated by research on historical
changes in IQ scores.
4. The importance of a stimulating environment for intelligence is demonstrated by
intervention programs that prepare economically disadvantaged children for school.
F. The Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status
1. Ethnic groups differ in their average scores on intelligence tests. Asian Americans tend to
score the highest, followed by European Americans, Latino Americans, and African
Americans.
2. Children from economically advantaged homes, more likely to be European or Asian
American, tend to have higher test scores than children from economically disadvantaged
homes.
3. Group differences in IQ test scores are reduced but not eliminated when children from
comparable socioeconomic status are compared.
4. Group differences in test scores seem to arise form experience with test contents, test-
taking skills, and the impact of stereotypes.
G. Interpreting Test Scores
1. The average difference in IQ scores between various ethnic groups is relatively small
compared to the entire range of scores for these groups.
III. Special Children, Special Needs
A. Gifted Children
1. Traditionally, gifted children have been those with high scores on IQ tests; today,
definitions of giftedness are broader and include exceptional talent in an assortment of
areas.
2. Creativity
a) Gifted children are passionate about their subject and have a powerful desire to master
it.
b) Divergent thinking occurs when thinking in novel and unusual directions, which is
associated with creativity.
c) Both creativity and giftedness must be cultivated.
B. Children with Disabilities
1. Children with intellectual disability
a) Intellectual disability refers to substantially limitations in intellectual ability (IQ
score of 70 or lower) and problems adapting to an environment that emerges before
the age of 18.
b) Four factors place individuals at risk for intellectual disability: biomedical, social,
behavioral, and educational factors.
2. Children with learning disability
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Chapter 6
a)
Children with a learning disability (1) have difficulty mastering one or more
academic subjects; (2) exhibit normal intelligence; and (3) do not suffer from other
conditions that could explain poor performance, such as sensory impairment or
inadequate instruction.
b) The three common disabilities are difficulties reading words (developmental
dyslexia), difficulties understanding words that have been read (impaired reading
comprehension), and difficulties in mathematics (mathematical learning disability or
developmental dyscalculia).
c) Children with developmental dyslexia benefit from training in phonological
awareness along with explicit instruction on the connections between letters and their
sounds.
d) Children with impaired reading comprehension benefit from extensive instruction in
vocabulary and other language skills not specific to reading.
e) Mathematical disability reflects poor number sense and problems in the basic
cognitive processes that are used in doing arithmetic, such as working memory and
processing speed.
3. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
a) Roughly 3 to 5 percent of all school-age children are diagnosed with ADHD. Boys
outnumber girls by a 4:1 ratio.
b) Three symptoms are at the heart of ADHD
(1) Hyperactivity: children with ADHD are unusually energetic, fidgety, and
unable to keep still.
(2) Inattention: children with ADHD do not pay attention in class and seem
unable to concentrate on schoolwork.
(3) Impulsivity: children with ADHD often act before thinking.
c) ADHS is not caused by TV, food allergies, sugar, or poor home life.
d) ADHD is a chronic condition that is not outgrown in adolescence or young adulthood.
e) Researchers have worked hard to find effective treatments
(1) Stimulants have a calming influence for many children with ADHD and allow
them to focus their attention.
(2) Psychosocial treatments improve children’s cognitive and social skills.
(3) Several months of intensive treatment will not “cure” ADHD.
IV. Academic Skills
A. Reading
1. The foundations of reading include letter recognition and phonological awareness, which is
the ability to distinguish the sounds in spoken words.
2. Reading to children helps children develop phonological awareness.
3. Recognizing words
a) The first step in actual reading is identifying individual words.
b) Words are recognized through direct retrieval from long-term memory.
4. Comprehension
a) Once individual words are recognized, reading begins to have a lot in common with
understanding speech.
b) Several factors contribute to improved comprehension
(1) Children become more skilled at recognizing words, allowing effort to be
devoted to comprehension.
(2) Children acquire more general knowledge of their physical, social, and
psychological worlds.
(3) With experience, children use more appropriate reading strategies.
(4) With experience, children better monitor their comprehension.
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Off to School
B. Writing
1. Knowledge about topics
a) With age, children have more to tell as they gain more knowledge about the world and
incorporate this knowledge into their writing.
2. Organizing writing
a) Young writers often use a knowledge-telling strategy, which involves writing down
information on the topic as they retrieve it from memory.
b) Knowledge-transforming strategy involves deciding what information to include
and how best to organize it for the point they wish to convey to their reader.
3. The mechanical requirements of writing
a) The language mechanics of writing is difficult to master.
b) Effective revising requires being able to detect problems and knowing how to correct
them, skills that improve with age and experience.
C. Math Skills
1. By kindergarten, children have mastered counting, and they use this skill as the starting
point for learning to add.
2. When children begin to receive formal instruction in arithmetic, they are able to add and
subtract mentally.
V. Effective Schools, Effective Teachers
A. School-Based Influences on Student Achievement
1. There are a number of characteristics of schools where students typically succeed
a) Academic excellence is the primary goal of the school and of every student in it.
b) The school climate is safe and nurturing.
c) Parents are involved.
d) Progress of students, teachers, and programs are monitored.
B. Teacher-Based Influences on Student Achievement
1. Students tend to learn the most when teachers
a) manage the classroom effectively so they can devote most of their time to instruction;
b) believe they are responsible for their students’ learning and that their students will
learn when taught well;
c) emphasize mastery of topics;
d) teach actively;
e) pay careful attention to pacing;
f) value tutoring; and
g) teach children techniques for monitoring and managing their own learning.
VI. Physical Development
A. Growth
1. Physical growth during the elementary-school years continues at the steady pace
established during the preschool years.
2. Most children gain about eight pounds and two to three inches per year.
3. Boys and girls are about the same size for most of the elementary-school years, but girls
are much more likely than boys to enter puberty toward the end of this period.
4. School-age children need to eat more to support their growth and provide energy for their
busy lives.
5. School-age children should eat breakfast, which provides one-fourth the days’ calories.
B. Development of Motor Skills
1. Elementary-school children’s greater size and strength contributes to improved motor
skills.
2. Fine motor skills also improve as children move through the elementary-school years.
3. Gender differences in motor skills
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Chapter 6
1. Does everyone reach formal-operational thinking? Piaget made it seem like everyone eventually
reaches formal-operational thought, and that most people did so around the age of 11 years. In
fact, a number of studies have indicated that many Americans never reach formal-operational
thought, that formal-operational thought may be culturally-bound (i.e., in some cultures, no one
attains formal-operational thought), that formal-operational thought may be attained much later
than Piaget believed, that formal-operational thought may be domain-specific (i.e., a person can
think at that level regarding something with which he or she has expertise but not in other
domains), and that once a person gains formal-operational thought, he or she may lose the ability
to think in that manner after completing formal schooling. In preparation for a lecture on this
topic, access and read the following articles/chapters, most of which are classics that first brought
to light these issues. After you have presented the research, ask your students what they think of
the findings. Do they believe these findings invalidate Piaget’s theory or at least invalidate the
formal-operational stage of development? If so, why? If not, why not? Do they believe that they
themselves think in the formal-operational manner in some settings and not others? Can they
imagine losing the ability to reason in this manner in their futures? Do they think older people in
their lives, like their parents, have retained that level of cognitive development? A discussion on
this topic can help students to think of development as a dynamic process that is multidirectional
and can be strongly subject to experiential factors.
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Off to School
• Cole, M. (1990). Cognitive development and formal schooling: The evidence from cross-
cultural research. In L.C. Moll (Ed.), Vygotsky and education (pp. 89-110). New York:
Cambridge University Press.
• Fischer, K. W., & Bidell, T. R. (1998). Dynamic development of psychological structures in
action and thought. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), & W. Damon (Series Ed.), Handbook of child
psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (5th ed., pp. 467-561). New
York: Wiley.
• Lehman, D.R. & Nisbett, R.E. (1990). A longitudinal study of the effects of undergraduate
training on reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 26, 952-960.
• Neimark, E. D. (1979). Current status of formal operations research. Human Development,
22, 60-67.
2. Creativity and extrinsic motivators. A fascinating topic to discuss in relation to creativity and
cognitive development is how extrinsic motivators may negatively impact divergent thought.
Share with your students the classic research conducted by Teresa Amabile on this topic. She
found that children who were told that their drawings would be judged and awarded prizes drew
more standard, less creative drawings than their peers who were told that they would win prizes
via random raffle. Findings from Amabile and similar results have been contested, however, as
reviewed thoroughly by Eisenberger and Rhoades (2001). Access these articles and share the
research with your students. Then discuss whether they believe rewards have negatively impacted
creativity in the past. How could we still provide extrinsic motivators without damaging students’
creativity? Perhaps even more importantly, how can we get children to be intrinsically motivated
about learning such that they naturally take more creative approaches to their studies? Fruitful
discussion can arise that interweaves the topics of cognitive development, creativity, academic
skills, and school aptitude together, covering many sections of Chapter 6 at once.
• Amabile, T.M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential
conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 357-376.
• Eisenberger, R., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Incremental effects of reward on creativity.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 728-741.
3. Childhood Obesity. Childhood obesity is a growing issue. According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, about 37 percent of children in the United States are overweight and
roughly 16 percent of children ages 2 to 19 are obese. Over the past two decades, obesity has
tripled among 6- to 19-year-olds. To tie in with this chapter on physical development and
physical fitness, you could create a lecture on the psychological correlates and consequences of
childhood obesity. The following articles are a good starting point. After presenting the research,
ask your students to brainstorm ways to intervene in the childhood obesity epidemic.
• Birch, L.L., & Ventura, A.K. (2009). Preventing childhood obesity: What works?
International Journal of Obesity, 33, S74-81.
• Puder, J.J., & Munsch, S. (2010). Psychological correlates of childhood obesity.
International Journal of Obesity, 34, S37-43.
• White, B., Nicholls, D., Christie, D., Cole, T.J., & Viner, R.M. (2012). Childhood
psychological function and obesity risk across the lifecourse: Findings from the 1970 British
Cohort Study. International Journal of Obesity, 36, 511-6.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part,
except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-
protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 6
IN-CLASS ACTIVITIES
Demonstrations
1. Present Piagetian tasks. Help your students better understand the cognitive-operational and
formal-operational stages of cognitive development by demonstrating Piagetian tasks. Ideally you
could bring children and adolescents representing a range of ages into class to complete the
following tasks. Alternatively, you could seek out videotaped demonstrations of the tasks online,
such as by searching for current videos on YouTube.
• The Pendulum Task. You’ll need to have a length of string, a set of weights that can be
attached to the string, and something from which the string and weights can hang (you may
be able to easily borrow such a setup from the physics department). Ask the children and
adolescents to figure out which of three factors – string length, weight, and strength of their
push – is most important in determining the speed of swing of the pendulum. Individuals
who vary only one of these factors at a time (i.e., those who make use of the experimental
method) will be most successful in solving the problem. These individuals are in the
formal-operational stage of thinking, Piaget said. Children in the concrete-operational stage
tend to vary multiple factors at once and/or to guess randomly.
• Conservation Tasks. To demonstrate the difference between preoperational- and concrete-
operational thought, demonstrate some conservation tasks. A good overview of these tasks
can be found at www2.ohlone.edu/people/mmcdowell/ecs300/piagetiantasks.pdf.
• The Three Mountains Task. This task demonstrates how concrete operational children
can understand multiple perspectives while preoperational cannot get beyond their
egocentric point of view. Place a doll or stuffed animal on a table facing the child. Put some
items between the doll and the child (Piaget used a diorama of three mountains of varying
heights, but anything three-dimensional that looks different from each side will work). Ask
the child what he sees. Then ask the child what the doll sees. Preoperational children will
give a description of the doll’s perspective that matches their own. Concrete-operational
children will realize that they and the doll see different things.
2. Show a video about intelligence testing and stereotype threat. The Discovering Psychology series
offers an episode about intelligence, testing, and stereotype threat. You can find this episode
streaming online for free from the Annenberg Foundation at
http://www.learner.org/resources/series138.html. Share this video with your class and then
discuss their thoughts on intelligence testing. Does the finding of stereotype threat completely
invalidate such testing? Why or why not? Does “intelligence” continue to be a meaningful and
useful concept in contemporary psychology?
3. Have a school psychologist come to class. School psychologists have firsthand, encyclopedic
knowledge of disabilities that affect students in the classroom and the assessments used to
diagnose these disabilities. Ask the school psychologist to share some case studies (with
identifying details changed) and to discuss unique challenges he or she has seen students with
disabilities face and overcome. Your students will probably have questions about various
disabilities, such as ADHD and autism. Finally, having a school psychologist come into class is a
great opportunity to discuss career opportunities for your students. You can ask the psychologist
about educational background and credentials required for the career path, the opportunities
available in the field, the job requirements, and whether he or she would recommend that others
become a school psychologist. He or she might also discuss how school psychology differs from
related career paths, such as counseling psychology or school social work.
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except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-
protected website for classroom use.
Off to School
Projects
1. Explore the differences between concrete- and formal-operational thinking. Complete Handout 6-
2, which asks you to pose questions to individuals from two age groups. Doing so will help you
better understand how concrete-operational thought differs from formal-operational thought.
2. Examine toys marketed for children in the middle childhood years. Go to your local toy store
and/or explore a toy store online and pick out five toys that school-age children may like to use.
Fill out Handout 6-3 for these toys. Attach photos of each of the toys to the handout.
3. Which intelligences are your strongest? Take the opportunity to better understand Gardner’s
theory of multiple intelligences and yourself by completing the online assessment found at
http://www.literacynet.org/mi/assessment/findyourstrengths.html. The inventory contains 80
questions, so make sure you have enough time to complete it fully when you start it. After
completing the inventory, write a three-page paper discussing your strengths and weaknesses.
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protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 6
What could you do to make better use of your strongest intelligences in your current life? Do you
agree with Gardner’s labeling of these abilities as “intelligences” or not? Interweave your
knowledge of Gardner’s theory and yourself throughout the paper.
Journal Prompts
1. Your thoughts on intelligence tests. Write a journal entry providing your opinion about
intelligence tests. Have you ever taken one, either formally or informally (e.g., on the Internet for
fun)? Do you think the scores of IQ tests are meaningful and/or useful? What are the major
strengths and weaknesses of IQ tests, in your opinion? Do the ethnic and socioeconomic
differences that your textbook authors discussed make you question the value of IQ tests, or do
you believe these differences are not problematic? Should IQ testing continue? If so, why? If not,
why not?
2. Who was your favorite teacher? Think back to your favorite teacher of all time. Describe when
and for what subject you had this teacher. What characteristics did he or she have? What made
him or her particularly engaging, thought-provoking and/or memorable? Why do you call him or
her your “favorite”? Compare your description with the description of effective teachers that the
textbook authors provide in this chapter; does your favorite teacher have most or all of these
characteristics? If not, explore why you like this teacher anyway. Would you still call him or her
“effective”?
3. The role of physical activity in your life. As the textbook authors discuss, physical fitness is key
to mental, emotional and physical health. Write a journal entry discussing the ways in which
sports and/or physical fitness have been a part of your life. Have you always been athletically
skilled and has physical activity come naturally to you? On the contrary, have you struggled and
not wanted to engage in physical activity? What is your current relationship to physical fitness?
Do you want to make any changes? Why or why not?
1. As a second-grade teacher, what strategies would your students be likely to use to help them learn
words in a weekly spelling test?
Sample Answer: My students would probably use three primary strategies. They would use
rehearsal, which is repetitively practicing the spelling of the words on the test. Second, they
would probably use the organization strategy, in which they would put words that were spelled
similarly together while studying. Finally, they may use the strategy of elaboration, in which they
embellish the information to make it more memorable. For instance, to remember that “couch” is
spelled with a “u,” they might picture a couch with a “u” shape.
2. As a school psychologist, you administer an IQ test to a 9-year-old and compute the child’s score
to be 90. When you report the result to the child’s parents, they’re upset and conclude that their
child isn’t “college material.” What would you say to them?
Sample Answer: 90 is well within the range of normal; we get concerned when an individual has
an IQ below 70 and shows other signs of an intellectual disability. While 90 is below “average,”
all we really gain from IQ tests is an indicator of how well a child is likely to do in a school that
espouses middle-class values. This child will likely do just fine in college. In addition, there are
many effective intervention projects that can help kids improve their school performance if the
child needs them.
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except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-
protected website for classroom use.
Off to School
4. As a second-grade teacher, what are some of the main obstacles that your students face as
beginning writers?
Sample Answer: Students have to develop the content for their written work, learn how to
organize their writing, and master the mechanical requirements of writing. With regard to content,
this will often automatically improve with age, as students have more experiences. Regarding
organization, students will gradually learn to shift from using a knowledge-telling strategy while
writing to using a knowledge-transforming strategy. Finally, students must learn how to write in
print and cursive well so that they can focus on their content.
5. Imagine that you are a supervisor in your city’s department of parks and recreation. You need to
present a workshop to new coaches for a basketball program for first- and second-graders. What
would you emphasize?
Sample Answer: I would want our department of parks and recreation to focus on skill
development over winning and losing. I would emphasize enjoyment of the activities. I would tell
our coaches that they should not criticize or punish their players for their efforts or else the
children may stop playing. Coaches must maintain realistic expectations for the age of the
children they are coaching and must coach positively, praising children. Sports should be fun!
After students have read the “Linking Research to Life” section of the text, have them answer the
following questions:
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Chapter 6
KEY TERMS
• mental operations
• deductive reasoning
• organization
• elaboration
• metamemory
• metacognitive knowledge
• emotional intelligence
• analytic ability
• creative ability
• practical ability
• mental age (MA)
• intelligence quotient (IQ)
• divergent thinking
• intellectual disability
• learning disability
• phonological awareness
• knowledge-telling strategy
• knowledge-transforming strategy
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except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-
protected website for classroom use.
HANDOUT 6-1: AN INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM
Fill out the following IEP for your imagined case study of an individual who has ADHD. Fictionalize the
details of the case while making use of information of Chapter 6 for terminology and specific details. For
more information on the IEP’s sections, refer to
http://www2.ed.gov/parents/needs/speced/iepguide/index.html
Student’s Name: ___________________________________________
Current Performance:
Participation in Tests:
Measuring Progress:
HANDOUT 6-2: ASSESSING COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Find an individual who is probably in the concrete-operational stage (about 7 to 11 years of age) and
another who may be in the formal-operational stage (over 11 years of age) and then complete this form.
Notice that often HOW a person reasons is more important than the accuracy of the answer, in Piaget’s
opinion.
Ask your participants, “If Bill is taller than Greg, and Greg is taller than Tom, who is tallest?”
(This is a test of inferential reasoning.)
What methods does the younger person use to come to an answer (e.g., drawing, using objects, simply
thinking)?
What methods does the older person use to come to an answer (e.g., drawing, using objects, simply
thinking)?
Do you think their methods of reasoning indicate that the younger person is in the concrete-operational
stage and that the older person is in the formal-operational stage? Why or why not?
Ask your participants, “If you were able to have a third eye, where would it be, and why?”
Do you think their answers indicate that the younger person is in the concrete-operational stage and that
the older person is in the formal-operational stage? Why or why not?
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part,
except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-
protected website for classroom use.
HANDOUT 6-3: ANALYZING TOYS
Instructions are listed under Project #1.
Toy #1
Description:
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on cognitive development?
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on physical development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for cognitive development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for physical development?
Toy #2
Description:
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on cognitive development?
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on physical development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for cognitive development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for physical development?
Toy #3
Description:
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on cognitive development?
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on physical development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for cognitive development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for physical development?
Toy #4
Description:
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on cognitive development?
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on physical development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for cognitive development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for physical development?
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part,
except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-
protected website for classroom use.
Solution Manual for Essentials of Human Development: A Life-Span View, 2nd Edition, Robert V
Toy #5
Description:
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on cognitive development?
In what ways (if at all) does this toy spur on physical development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for cognitive development?
What could be added or changed on this toy to make it more effective for physical development?
Attach photographs of all of your chosen toys to the back of this handout.
Alors le poète a peur que nul ne vienne plus jamais secourir ces
délaissés. Il demande :
Note.