Sustainable Transport & Urban

Development – 08-10
International School of Urban Sciences, University of Seoul
Fall, 2022

Young-Jun MOON, Ph.D.

Chief Director, Korea Transport Institute (KOTI)
 Vehicle to Infrastructure Connectivity
§ Vehicle & ICT Convergence for V2X (V2I, V2V, V2N, V2P) Connectivity

§ Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS)

A u t o m o t i ve Wo r l d I T Wo r l d

V2I
IVN-Sensor CDMA, DSRC, WLAN, ..

X-by-Wire, MOST, … RSU

Rear
Camera
Multi
media
Gyro
V2V
In-Vehicle
Sens. Network
Vehicle
G/W
VMC, WAVE, … Vehicle
Distance
Sens.
Wheel
Sens.
V2N

IVN Bluetooth, USB, …

Nomadic Device
CAN, LIN, Flexray,…

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 Cooperative ITS (C-ITS)
v C-ITS Architecture : ISO/TC204

Personal ITS Station Central ITS Station

Central Central Border

Gateway Host Router
Applications Applications

Management

Management
Facilities Facilities

Security

Security
Management
Facilities

Management
Networking

Security
Networking & Networking

Security
... ... ...

& Transport Transport & Transport

Access Access
Technologies Access
Technologies Technologies
Networking
Ethernet CAN bus Ethernet
Ethernet IPv6
...

& Transport
Central System
Access
Technologies
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Communication
Vehicle ITS Station Network Roadside ITS Station

Mobile
Router
Vehicle
Host
Vehicle
Gateway
VMS5.9 Roadside Access
Router
Roadside Border
Host Router
Applications
Gateway
Applications
Management

Management

Facilities Facilities
Security
Security

Management
Management
Facilities Facilities

Security
Management

Security
Networking ... Networking
... & Networking ...
Security

Management

Management
& Transport Transport & Transport

Security
Networking Networking Networking
... & Networking ...

Security
ECU
& Transport... ...
Transport
& Transport & Transport

ECU
Access Access Access
Technologies Technologies Technologies Access
Technologies Access Access
Technologies
Access
Ethernet CAN bus Technologies
5.9GHz Ethernet Ethernet Technologies
Ethernet IPv6

Ctrl SENS

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 Infrastructure Digitalization
§ Challenges of a resilient investment environment for transport systems

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Cooperative ITS (C-ITS)

(1990s-2010s)
Information Collection & Provision
- Vehicle Detection System (VDS)
- Road Surveillance & Monitoring
- Variable Message Signs (VMS)
(2020s-2040s)
Information Collection & Provision
- Digital Infrastructure by ICT (V2X)
- Mobile & Nomadic Devices
- Big Data & AI for Connected & Automated Driving

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Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

Sources : AUVSI 2014, San Francisco, by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), USDOT

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Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

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 Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)
• Two Tracks for CADS
• Passenger Car : High Speed & Designated Motorways
• Level 3 being in the Market around mid-2020 by OEM
• Public & Shared : Low Speed & Urban Mobility (e.g. UCASS in Sejong)
• Level 4 (Driverless) being in the Market before 2020 by SME

UCASS in Sejong

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization
• Level 3 : C-ITS based Digital Infrastructure
• Connected Vehicle & Infrastructure: V2I & V2V

Sources : AUVSI 2014, San Francisco

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization
• Level 4 : Automated ITS (A-ITS) based Logical Infrastructure
• Traffic Flow Management & Control based on Big Data & AI

Sources : AUVSI 2014, San Francisco

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization
Ø Infrastructure Requirements for CCAM
ü Physical Infrastructure
§ Vertical & Horizontal Alignment, Lanes, Pavements, etc.
ü Digital Infrastructure
§ Digital Signages, Traffic Information, etc.
§ V2X Communication Systems, IoT, Road Sensors, etc.
§ HD Local Dynamic Map & Positioning, etc.
ü Logical Infrastructure
§ Highway Traffic Management Systems based on Big Data & AI
§ Double Capacity: 3,600vphpl (or 7,200vphpl ?)
§ Accident and Fatality Zero, Carbon Free, etc.
§ Traffic Control and Management Systems in Urban Networks
§ Traffic Signal Control Systems
§ Mobility All Transit (e.g. Mobility as a Service, Mobility on Demand)

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization
§ V2X Issues for CADS

Sources : Qualcomm, 2016

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization

§ V2X Issues for CADS

Sources : Qualcomm, 2016

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization

§ V2X Issues for CADS

802.11p has established the foundation for V2X Introducing Cellular V2X (C-V2X)
A unified connectivity platform for the connected vehicle of the future
Part of Release 14 of the global 3GPP standard
Wi-Fi based technology – 802.11p standard Target C-V2X specification completion end of 20161
Adapted for latency-critical V2X communications in the 5.9 GHz band
Builds upon existing LTE connectivity platform for automotive
LTE already delivering key services today, e.g. telematics, eCall, connected infotainment
Established security and upper layer specifications
With service layer / performance requirements defined by SDOs, e.g.SAE, ETSI-ITS1
Enhances LTE Direct for V2X direct communications
Improvements over 802.11p – up to a few additional seconds of alert latency and 2x range2
QCA6584 Path to DSRC2 rulemaking in USA by NHSTA3 expected to start in 20164
Based on 802.11p standard
Leverages existing LTE networks for V2X network communications
Using LTE Broadcast optimized for V2X to offer additional applications/services
2nd generation Qualcomm
Large scale field trials completed over the last decade
*

Technologies 802.11p
offering with integrated Commercially available technology here today Rich roadmap towards 5G with strong ecosystem support
Wi-Fi LAN and Bluetooth Technology evolution to address expanding capabilities/use cases

1 For Direct communications component (enhancements to LTE Direct) – overall spec completion expected mid-2017; 2 Based on Qualcomm Research simulations (see future slides for further information) 11
1 Standard Development Organizations, e.g. Society for Automotive Engineers, European Telecommunications Standards Institute – Intelligent Transport Systems; 2 Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC);
3National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 4
Sources : Qualcomm, 2016
To improve road safety for future ‘light vehicles’ – Qualcomm has conducted extensive research into various use cases for DSRC, including V2P applications that
could extend the safety benefits to vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists 9

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization

V2X is a key technology enabler to enhanced ADAS

Bringing significant value to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)

V2N

V2P

LiDAR
Radar
V2V
Computer
Vision V2I

Improved active safety Better traffic efficiency Increased situational awareness

Provides 360◦ non-line-of-sight Allows vehicles to safely drive Provides ability to gather data from
awareness, e.g. intersections/on- closer to each other and enables further ahead to deliver a more
ramps, environmental conditions optimization of overall traffic flow predictable driving experience

Sources : Qualcomm, 2016 7

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization
V2X enables a broad and growing set of use cases
Much more than collision avoidance

Blind
intersection
Forward collision warning Do Not Pass Warning (DNPW)

Cooperative
adaptive
cruise control &
platooning
Queue warning Curve speed warning

Vulnerable Road Discover parking Traffic signal priority Emergency

User (VRU) alerts and charging and optimal speed advisory vehicle alert

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Sources : Qualcomm, 2016

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization
Part of rich roadmap of technologies
Paving the path to 5G

Advanced MIMO Unlicensed spectrum eLAA

5G
Rel-15 and beyond
256QAM Internet of Things Enhanced CA
FeICIC Massive/FD-MIMO
FDD-TDD CA
Carrier aggregation Enhanced Broadcast
Device-to-device C-V2X
SON+ CoMP
Dual connectivity Low Latency

Rel-10/11/12 Rel-13 and beyond

LTE Advanced LTE Advanced Pro

2015 2020+
Note: Estimated commercial dates. Not all features commercialized at the same time Sources : Qualcomm, 2016 12

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 CADS & Infrastructure Digitalization

Sources : Qualcomm, 2016

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 What to be Issued?

§ Investment issues of digital infrastructure for V2X connectivity

§ DSRC (WAVE) V2X based on IEEE 801.11p by Public Sectors
§ Cellular V2X based on 4G/LTE and/or 5G by Private Sectors
§ Distribution of 70GHz Spectrum for Sharing WAVE V2X with C-V2X?

§ Management issues for Smart Mobility & CAD services

§ Who owns the big data collected by V2X, Public(Government) and/or Private?
§ How much do users pay to get the services to be affordable?

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