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Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe = 1 of the oldest settled regions. Located in the northern hemisphere, between Atlantic Ocean and
continental Asia => part of Eurasian continent
Boundaries:
Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea
Ural mts, Caucasus mts.
Marginal Seas:
Barents Sea, White Sea, Norwegian Sea, English Channel, Bay of Biscay
Inland seas:
Mediterranean Sea (Strait of Gibraltar, Bospor and Dardanelles), Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian
Sea, Aegean Sea, Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland
Mountain ranges:
Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathian mts., Rhodopi mts., Apennines, Massif Central
Largest rivers:
Volga – 3,530 km (Russia), Danube, Dnieper/Dnipro (Russia/Ukraine), Rhine (western EU), Elbe (CZ-D),
Wisla (PL)
Regional classification
Western Europe: France, Monaco, Benelux (Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourgh), The
United Kingdom, Ireland
Central Europe: The Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, Switzerland,
Lichtenstein, Germany
Northern Europe: Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia
Southern Europe: Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Italy, San Marino, Vatican, Greece, Malta
South-Eastern Europe: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro,
Macedonia, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria
Eastern Europe: Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Russia
Keywords
boundary, marginal/inland seas, mountain range, regional classification
https://www.slideshare.net/laurey1507/physical-geography-of-europe-11852826
Europe – relief
Europe (EU) – located in western part of Eurasian continent (the largest land mass on the Earth) with
distinctive historical, cultural and economic development.
Boundary between Europe and Asia = Ural mts., Emba river, northern coast of the Caspian Sea, along
the Kuma–Manych Depression to the Azov Sea, Strait of Bospor, Marmar sea, Strait of Dardanelles, the
Aegean sea
Formation of relief was determined by huge ice sheet (continental glacier) that covered Europe in
Quaternary ages (Ice age) _ centre in Scandinavia => thousands of lakes in Finland, Russia, Poland and
Germany.
N + E part of the glaciation = the oldest part of Europe => lowlands (depressions).
Keywords
Eurasian boundary, the N/W/S/E-most place, peninsulas, islands, glaciation, lowlands, the lowest/highest
point, active volcanoes
Climate
= varies from subtropical (Mediterranean) to temperate (moderate) and to polar.
Subtropical climate
= P, E, I, GR
2 distinctive seasons:
o hot, dry, sunny summers with plenty of droughts and fires
o rainy winter (almost no snowfall)
o => best climatic conditions for agriculture and tourism (destinations)
Temperate climate
= from the UK, Ireland to eastern Europe
maritime temperate climate – nearby ocean (marginal seas)
o quite stable climate, cooler summers and milder, rainy (snowy) winters
continental temperate climate – inland, further distances from the sea
o high amplitudes between summer and winter temperatures
core industrial regions located here, e.g. Manchester/Birmingham area, Ruhr region,
Dnipro plain, Volga industrial region
Polar climate
= northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia + Iceland
very cold, harsh climate with polar days and polar nights (beyond polar circles)
short summers (3-4 months) and long winters
almost no vegetation
Hydrology
Rivers
Volga, Danube, Dnipro, Don, Kama, Rhine, Wisla, Oder, Drava, Sava, Elbe, Seine, Loire, Ebro, Duero,
Guadiana, Guadalquivir
Soils
= the most fertile soils = chernozems (black earths) with a thick topsoil (humus) cover = in
lowlands and grasslands (steppes) located in the eastern part of Europe: Ukraine, southern Russia,
Hungary
Brown earths = central and western Europe (SK, PL, CZ, D, A)
Podzols = acidic nature _ taiga (coniferous/boreal forests)
Azonal soils = Rendzinas = developed on limestone
Keywords
subtropical/temperate/polar climate, steppes, river regimes, tarns, chernozem, brown earths,
podzols, azonal soils, rendzinas
Flora (vegetation) and fauna (animals) are as diverse as climatic conditions => many different
species in every climatic zone of Europe.
Vegetation cover
Polar climate
Tundra = eternal ice, mosses and lichens, dwarfy willows and pines
Taiga = boreal forest, i.e. firs, spruces, pines, larches
Taiga is the transition zone between the polar and continental temperate climate.
Temperate climate
Mixed forest = mixed species of coniferous and deciduous trees
Deciduous forest = maples, limes, oaks, beeches, chestnuts
Grasslands = grass which height depends upon received precipitation
Subtropical climate
Subtropical woodland = semiarid, plenty of scrubs/shrubs, small pines, xerophytic plants,
pyrophytic plants, wild olives, cork oaks, cedars
Animal life
Polar climate
Tundra = polar rabbits, polar foxes, polar bears, seals, buck caribou
Taiga = squirrels, owls, lynxes, wolves, salmons
Temperate climate
Mixed forest = species of coniferous and deciduous forests
Deciduous forest = brown bears, wild boars, chamois, trout
Grasslands = rodent species, pheasants, various bird species
Subtropical climate
Subtropical woodland = lizards, sea-gulls, mouflons, chameleons
Keywords
vegetation and animals of polar, temperate (continental and maritime) and subtropical climate, tundra, taiga,
deciduous forests, Mediterranean woodland
1. Rozloha, poloha a členitosť Európy
Európa :
- svetadiel
- západná časť Eurázijského kontinentu
- svojrázne prírodné podmienky
- odlišný kultúrny, hospodársky a historický vývoj
Rozloha Európy: - 10,5 mil. km², druhý najmenší svetadiel
Poloha Európy: - S,V a Z pologuľa
Členitosť pobrežia:
Polostrovy: Škandinávsky, Pyrenejský, Apeninský, Balkánsky, Jutský, poloostrov Krym, Kola....
Ostrovy: Britské ostrovy, Island, súostrovie Baleáry ( Menorca, Ibiza Mallorca), Sardínia, Sicília, Korzika,
Grécke ostrovy...
Zálivy: Botnický, Fínsky, Biskajský, Lionský, Bonifácky, Janovský, Benátsky
Prielivy: Gibraltársky, Lamanšský, Severný, Sv. Juraja, Dánsky, Dover, Lamanšsky,, Bospor, Dardanely,
Skagerrak, Kategat.
Moria: Barentsovo, Nórske, Severné, Baltské, Stredozemné, Jadranské, Egejské, Čierne, Azovské.
2.Povrch Európy
POHORIA :
Alpy ( najvyššie pohorie) - Mont Blanc 4810 m n.m.
Karpaty ( začínajú na našom území ) - Gerlachovský štít 2655 m n.m.
Pyreneje - Pico de Aneto 3404 m n.m.
Apeniny - Corno Grande 2912 m n.m.
Škandinávske vrchy - Galdhopiggen 2469 m n.m.
Dináre -Maja Jezercë 2 694 m n. m
NÍŽINY :
- zaberajú 60% povrchu Európy
Východoeuópska nížina - najrozsiahlejšia
Kaspická nížina - preliačina
Severonemecká nížina
Francúzska nížina
Pádska nížina
Veľká Dunajská kotlina
Veľkopoľská nížina
Počasie:
premenlivé
mení sa s ročnými obdobiami
rôzne vzduchové hmoty spôsobujú striedanie teplého, chladného, suchého a vlhkého počasia
4. Vodstvo Európy
Úmoria:
A) BARENTSOVO MORE: r. Pečora, Severná Dvina,
B) BALTSKÉ MORE: r. Visla, Odra
C) SEVERNÉ MORE: r. Labe, Rýn
D) STREDOZEMNÉ MORE: r. Rhône, Pad
E) ČIERNE MORE: r.Dunaj, Dneper, Don
F) KASPICKÉ MORE: r. Volga
Jazerá:
- väčšina ľadovcového pôvodu
LADOŽSKÉ, ONEŽSKÉ, VANNERN, KASPICKÉ...
Kaspické more – najväčšie jazero sveta
Moria:
BARENTSOVO, BIELE, NÓRSKE, SEVERNÉ, BALTSKÉ, KELTSKÉ, STREDOZEMNÉ, LIGURSKÉ,
TYRRHENSKÉ, IÓNSKÉ, JADRANSKÉ, EGEJSKÉ, KRÉTSKE, ČIERNE, AZOVSKÉ, KASPICKÉ
Rieky:
TEMŽA, SEINA, LOIRA, GARONNE, DOURO, TEJO, EBRO, RHONE, PAD, TIBER, DUNAJ,
DNESTER, DNEPER, DON, VOLGA, URAL, EMBA, PEČORA, SEVERNÁ DVINA, VISLA, ODRA,
LABE
DUNAJ- pramení v čiernom lese, 2. najdlhšia rieka Európy preteká cez Nemecko, Rakúsko, Slovensko,
Maďarsko, Srbsko, Chorvátsko, Rumunsko, Bulharsko, Moldavsko, Ukrajina a ústi do Čierneho mora
VOLGA – najdlhšia rieka Európy