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International Relations and the
European Union
Fourth Edition

Edited by

Christopher Hill

Michael Smith and

Sophie Vanhoonacker
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the

University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by
publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press
in the UK and in certain other countries

© Oxford University Press 2023

The moral rights of the authors have been asserted

First edition 2005

Second edition 2011
Third edition 2017

Impression: 1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law,
by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights
organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above
should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address
above

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022944243

ISBN 978–0–19–289734–3
eBook ISBN 978–0–19–265149–5

Printed in the UK by
Bell & Bain Ltd., Glasgow

Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for
information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained
in any third party website referenced in this work.

Created on: 22 December 2022 at 1:55 p.m.

Detailed Contents

PREFACE
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF BOXES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
EDITORS’ NOTE

Part I Frameworks
1 Introduction: Approaches and Concepts
Introduction

Assumptions

Three perspectives on international relations and the EU

Structure of the volume

Conclusion

FURTHER READING

2 The European Union in World Politics: An Historical

Overview
Introduction: the inherently international foundations of European
integration
 The premature attempts at foreign and defence integration, 1952–62

The beginnings of external economic relations

The origins and nature of European political cooperation

The successes and failures of European political cooperation

Managing the growing economic weight of the EEC and the EU

Towards a fully-fledged Common Foreign and Security Policy: Maastricht

and beyond

Addressing the capabilities gap

Towards an EU foreign policy identity?

Conclusion

FURTHER READING

3 The European Union and Theories of International

Relations
Introduction

Classical explanations: federalism and neofunctionalism

European integration and IR theory

Realist views of European integration and foreign policy

Liberal views

Cognitive, constructivist, and critical approaches

Europe’s power in world politics

NOTE

FURTHER READING
Part II Institutions and Processes
4 The Institutional Framework
Introduction: institutions and why they matter

Institutions and their impact in three policy areas

The EU as a crisis manager

Conclusion

NOTES

FURTHER READING

5 European Foreign Policy and the Role of Member

States: Europeanization or Renationalization?
Introduction

What is Europeanization?

Operationalizing the Europeanization of foreign policy

Conceptual and policy challenges

Conclusion

FURTHER READING

6 The Implementation of EU Foreign Policy

Introduction

The problem of implementation in EU foreign policy

Competences, resources, and interests in EU foreign policy

The instruments of EU foreign policy

 Civilian and military capability

Assessing the performance of EU foreign policy

Conclusion

NOTES

FURTHER READING

7 Democracy and the Populist Challenge

Introduction

Populism

Legitimacy standards and practices

Populist challenges

Conclusion

FURTHER READING

Part III Activities and Impact

8 The European Union as a Trade Power
Introduction

The road to European competence in trade

The EU trade policymaking process

Power through size: accession and exit

The exercise of the EU’s trade power

Conclusion

FURTHER READING
9 The European Union and the Global Political Economy
Introduction

Integration in the EU and the global political economy

The EU’s presence in the global political economy

The EU as a power in the global political economy

The EU and the governance of the global political economy: competition

and crisis

Conclusion

NOTE

FURTHER READING

10 The Challenge of the Environment, Energy, and

Climate Change
Introduction

Environmental policy

The climate and energy problem

Conclusion

NOTES

FURTHER READING

11 The European Union and International Development:

Evolving Tensions and Contested Transformations
Introduction

The rise and fall of a (post)colonial development policy

Development policy in the new century

 Perspectives on development, international relations, and the EU

Conclusion

NOTES

FURTHER READING

12 The Shadows of Empire: African Perceptions of Europe

and the EU
Introduction

The original sins: Europe’s enslavement and colonization of Africa

Historical African perceptions of Europe

Contemporary African perceptions of the EU

A dialogue of the deaf: contemporary Africa/EU relations

Conclusion

NOTES

FURTHER READING

13 An End to Enlargement: The EU, its Neighbourhood,

and European Order
Introduction

Concentric circles

Towards enlargement: the Copenhagen European Council, June 1993, and

its aftermath

Big-bang enlargement

Relations with South-Eastern Europe

Relations with Turkey

 Relations with the ‘wider Europe’

Conclusion

NOTE

FURTHER READING

14 The EU’s Security and Defence Policy: A New Leap

Forward?
Introduction: EU security and defence in the IR context

European security and defence in theoretical perspective

From foreign policy coordination to a European security and defence

policy

European military operations and capacity: the rhetoric and the reality

Development of strategic vision

Conclusion

NOTE

FURTHER READING

15 Migration: The Dilemmas of External Relations

Introduction

The context

EU policymaking on migration

The EU, migration, and the international system

Two special cases: Turkey and Libya

Conclusion
 NOTES

FURTHER READING

16 Internal Security and External Complication(s)

Introduction

The EU’s area of freedom, security, and justice and its external dimension:
normative origins and challenges

Post-Lisbon developments: policy dynamism and institutional

developments

Coordinating internal–external security during the Covid-19 crisis (2020–

22)

The EU’s answer to global security challenges

Conclusion

NOTES

FURTHER READING

17 The EU and the USA: Competitive Cooperation in a

Turbulent World
Introduction

The changing shape of EU–US relations

EU–US relations and the EU’s system of international relations

EU–US relations and the processes of international relations

EU–US relations and the EU as a power in international relations

Conclusion

FURTHER READING
 18 Global Europe: A Pivot to Asia?
Introduction

The EU and Asia: elusive strategic partnerships

The EU and Asia: ‘strategic’ partners in global and regional governance?

The EU as a structural power in Asia: how ambitious, how inhibited?

The EU as an interest-aggregation system: explaining EU foreign policy in

Asia

Conclusion

FURTHER READING

Part IV Evaluation and Conclusion

19 Principles in EU Foreign Policy: How Distinctive?
Introduction

Human rights: the EU as an agent for radical change in international

affairs?

External sovereignty and international law as guiding principles: the EU as

a ‘normal’ international actor

The principle of the common good: how ‘normal’ a power?

Conclusion

NOTES

FURTHER READING

20 Acting for Europe: Reassessing the European Union’s

Role in International Relations
 Introduction

The EU and the perspectives of international relations

The place of the EU in the international system

System, process, and power

Conclusion

NOTE

REFERENCES
INDEX
Preface

This is the fourth edition of a book first published in 2005 in the New
European Union series edited by John Peterson and Helen Wallace
and inspired by Helen and William Wallace’s original Policy-Making
in the European Union (now in its eighth edition).

We hope that the preceding editions of this book have contributed to

a situation whereby specialists in the European Union now see
International Relations (IR) as a natural source of material—
empirical and theoretical—for their research and teaching.
Conversely, IR specialists are now generally aware that studying the
EU’s role in the world throws much light on issues such as
sovereignty, multilateralism, diplomacy, and soft power, to name
only the most prominent examples. The EU’s global presence—
economic, political, cultural, and now also military, is a complex and
substantial phenomenon. The fact that it has significant problems as
well as strengths only adds to the importance of understanding it.
Our aim was from the outset to contribute to this process of opening
out, by explicitly bringing the discussion of the EU’s world role(s)
into a conversation with mainstream IR and political science. We
have attempted to do this by conceptualizing the issues ourselves, as
editors, in terms that are informed as much by our experience as
teachers of International Relations as by our special knowledge of
European affairs. But we have also chosen contributors who are in a
position to bridge the two areas of expertise. Contributors were
asked to use IR theory and to show how it is always potentially
relevant to the EU’s international experience. Conversely, all on the
team took great care to marry their specialist expertise to the broader
theme of the EU as a factor, and a player, in the international system.

As was the case with the first three editions, this is a research-led
text, aimed at advanced students and scholars, and we hope that
readers will find that it contains creative thinking and new, up to
date, empirical material, as well as a clear analysis of the central
problems at stake. We are immensely grateful to all our colleagues
for their insights, hard work, and continuing amiability despite the
strains imposed on everyone by the Covid-19 pandemic. Given the
pressures of home working, family support, and indeed health
concerns it is truly remarkable that no one asked to drop out and
how helpful everyone was over deadlines and revisions. The Russian
invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 was another personal and
professional shock for us all, but one to which colleagues have
responded very flexibly with updates in the midst of our going to
press.

All the chapters in this fourth edition have been thoroughly revised,
and three are wholly new—one taking an historical perspective, one
on migration, and one providing an important external perspective
on the EU, in this case from an African standpoint. In structural
terms Part I contains the three chapters which give the conceptual,
theoretical, and historical background to the more specific subjects
which make up the main body of the book. Part II consists of four
chapters on policymaking and inputs, grouped under ‘Institutions
and Processes’. Part III breaks things down according to issue areas
and to the EU’s relations with third parties. Part IV concludes the
book with a chapter explicitly addressing the normative issues and
one by the editors which looks back on the book’s overall themes in
the light of the detailed analyses from our specialist contributors.

Compared to the third edition we have welcomed four new authors

on board: Spyros Economides, Ana E. Juncos, and Adekeye Adebajo
have written single-author chapters, while Hai Yang has joined
Stephan Keukeleire in reflecting on Europe’s relationship to Asia. We
remain grateful to all those who helped to make previous editions a
success and thus made the current project possible. In particular we
wish to pay a tribute to the late Simon Duke, whose expertise on the
EU and more widely on security politics in Europe is much missed.

We have received much help from outside as well as from within the
team. Our thanks are particularly due to our editors at OUP, Sarah
Iles and Daisy Pemble, for their sympathetic support, and to those
involved in the production process, especially Anjana Karthikeyan. A
huge vote of thanks must go once again to Martin Mik of the
University of Warwick, without whose outstanding work in getting
the final manuscript together we should not have made our final
deadline—and this despite his heavy workload as an Assistant
Registrar. Finally, our greatest debt—as before—is owed to our
families, all of whom have been essential to our work and peace of
mind.
List of Figures

4.1 Decision-making in CFSP since the Lisbon Treaty

6.1 The Neighbourhood, Development and International

Cooperation Instrument (NDCI) (2021–27)
9.1 Development in interest rates on 10-year government
bonds (in per cent)
9.2 Euro exchange rate against the US dollar, 1999–2022
10.1 Major Russian gas pipelines to Europe

15.1 The EU’s external frontier showing the main migratory

routes

17.1 Transatlantic institutions (selected)

List of Boxes

4.1 Institutional framework for the EU–OACPS Partnership

Agreement
4.2 DG ECHO
4.3 CFSP decision-making rules (Article 31, TFEU)

4.4 Decisions in the area of CFSP since Lisbon (Article 25,

TFEU)
4.5 The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs
and Security Policy
4.6 The EEAS

4.7 The Petersberg tasks

5.1 The Europeanization of Turkish accession
6.1 Main CFSP outputs

6.2 The impact of Brexit on EU foreign policy resources

6.3 EU mediation in international crises

6.4 EU sanctions against Russia

8.1 EU trade policy instruments

8.2 Free trade and investment agreements negotiated by the

EU since the 2009 Lisbon Treaty

9.1 The path to the euro and EMU

10.1 ERTA: from internal to external competence

10.2 Some major international environmental agreements to
which the Union is a party

10.3 The European Green Deal and ‘fit for 55’ package

11.1 Europeanization and development

11.2 From the African Peace Facility to the European Peace

Facility
13.1 The EU and the wars in the former Yugoslavia

13.2 The EU’s membership conditions

13.3 The EU and the Republic of Cyprus

16.1 Frontex and pushbacks: the end of impunity?

16.2 New intergovernmentalism and coordinative

Europeanization

16.3 CSDP–JHA cooperation

16.4 Artificial Intelligence and the challenge of algorithmic

security governance

17.1 The EU–US economic relationship in the 21st century

17.2 Examples of transatlantic political initiatives (post-Cold

War)

17.3 The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

17.4 Areas of EU–US cooperation on combating terrorism

17.5 The EU, the USA, and Iran’s nuclear programmes

18.1 An overview of pluri- and multilateral initiatives (co-)led

by Asian actors
18.2 EU Strategy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific
List of Tables

2.1 International Relations and European Integration, 1945–

2003
3.1 The main approaches to integration
5.1 Three schools of thought on Europeanization

5.2 Forms of Europeanization

7.1 Procedures for Selected International Policies of the Union
8.1 Global exports and imports of goods and services in 2020
(in billion euros)
10.1 Sources of EU Natural Gas Imports 2021
10.2 Comparative carbon dioxide emissions 2019

11.1 Evolution of EU–ACP relations

11.2 Aid efforts by the EU’s member states

13.1 The EU’s agreements with its neighbours

13.2 Applications for EU membership since 1987

14.1 Dates and Host Countries for CSDP Missions

15.1 Timeline: The EU and third country arrivals

15.2 Number of first-time asylum applicants (non-EU citizens),
2019 and 2020
15.3 Bilateral agreements linked to readmission
18.1 EU merchandise trade with main partners (2020)
List of Abbreviations

AAF-SAP African Alternative Framework to the

Structural Adjustment Programmes
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific states
ACTA Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement

ADMM+ ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus

AEC African Economic Community
AEF French Equatorial Africa (Afrique Équatoriale
Française)
AFCFTA African Continental Free Trade Area
AFET Committee on Foreign Affairs (European
Parliament)
AFSJ Area of Freedom, Security and Justice

AI Artificial intelligence
AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

ALSOC Ambassadorial Level Senior Officials Committee

ARF ASEAN Regional Forum

AOF French West Africa (Afrique Occidentale Française)

APF African Peace Facility
ASCM Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing
Measures

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting

ATN African Trade Network

AU African Union

AUKUS Australia—United Kingdom—United States

Partnership

BASIC Brazil, South Africa, India and China

BBC British Broadcasting Corporation

BBNJ biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction

BG Battle-group

BIH Bosnia Herzegovina

BIS Bank of International Settlements

BRI Belt and Road Initiative

BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, and China

CAI comprehensive agreement on investment

CAP Common Agricultural Policy

CBAM Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

CCP Common Commercial Policy

CDM clean development mechanism

CEDC Central European Defence Cooperation

CEECs countries of Central and Eastern Europe

CELAC Community of Latin American and Caribbean

States

CEPOL College of European Police

CET common external tariff

CETA Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
CFP Common Fisheries Policy

CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy

CIA Central Intelligence Agency (USA)

CIVCOM Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis

Management

CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union

CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

CMPA Crisis Management Participation Agreement

COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern

Africa

COP Conference of the Parties

COPS Political and Security Committee (French

acronym)

Coreper Committee of Permanent Representatives

COREU Correspondant Européen (EPC
communications network)
CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for
International Aviation

COSI Standing Committee on Operational Cooperation

on Internal Security

CPA Cotonou Partnership Agreement

CPCC Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
CPTPP Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific
Partnership
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in
Europe
CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy

CTC Counter-Terrorism Coordinator

DAC Development Assistance Committee

DCFTA Deep and comprehensive free trade agreement

DG Directorate-General

DG AGRI Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural

Development
DG DEVCO Directorate-General for International
Cooperation and Development

DG ECFIN Directorate-General for Economic and

Financial Affairs
DG ECHO Directorate-General for European Civil
Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

DG ENV Directorate-General for Environment

DG INTPA Directorate-General for International
Partnerships

DG NEAR Directorate-General for Neigbourhood and

Enlargement Negotiations
DG RELEX Directorate-General for External Relations

DG TRADE Directorate-General for Trade

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo

EAC East African Community

EACU East African Customs Union

EAP Eastern Partnership

EAS East Asia Summit
EASO European Asylum Support Office

EC European Community
ECA Economic Commission for Africa (United Nations)

ECB European Central Bank

ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States

ECD European Consensus on Development

ECDC European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control

ECJ European Court of Justice

ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States

ECRIS European Criminal Record Information System

ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EDC European Defence Community

EDF European Development Fund

EEA European Economic Area

EEAS European External Action Service

EEC European Economic Community

EFTA European Free Trade Association

EGA Environmental Goods Agreement
EGD European Green Deal

EMU European Monetary Union

EMS European Monetary System

ENP European Neighbourhood Policy

EP European Parliament

EPA Economic Partnership Agreement

EPC European Political Cooperation
EPF European Peace Facility

EPRS European Parliamentary Research Service

ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism

ERP European Recovery Programme

ERTA European Road Transport Agreement (ECJ
Judgment of 1971)

ESA Eastern and Southern Africa

ESDI European Security and Defence Identity

ESDP European Security and Defence Policy

ESS European Security Strategy

ETS Emissions Trading Scheme/System

EU European Union

E3/EU3 United Kingdom, France, and Germany

EU-LISA European Union Agency for the Operational

Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of
Freedom, Security and Justice

EU NAVFOR European Union Naval Force

EUCAP European Union Capacity Building Mission

EUFOR European Union Force

EUGS European Global Strategy

EULEX European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo

EUMC European Union Military Committee

EUMS European Union Military Staff

EUNAVFOR EU Naval Force

EUR euro
EURA European Union Readmission Agreement

EURODAC European Dactyloscopy (a database of

fingerprints of applicants for asylum and illegal
immigrants found within the EU)

EUROMED Euro-Mediterranean Partnership

EUROPOL European Police Office

EUSFTA EU–Singapore Free Trade Agreement

EUSRs European Union Special Representatives

EUTM European Union Training Mission

FAC Foreign Affairs Council

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (USA)

FDI Foreign direct investment

FAST Friends for Advancing Sustainable Trade

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FOCAC Forum on China–Africa Cooperation

FSC Foreign Sales Corporation

FTA Free Trade Agreement

FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

G7/8 Group of 7/8

G20 Group of Twenty

G22 a group of developing countries
G77 Group of 77

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP gross domestic product

GHG greenhouse gas

GMO genetically modified organism

GNI gross national income

GPE global political economy

GSP Generalized System of Preferences

HG 2010 Headline Goal 2010

HHG Helsinki Headline Goal

HLG headline goal

HR/VP High Representative/Vice-President

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

IBM Integrated border management

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former

Yugoslavia

IEA International Energy Agency

IGC Intergovernmental Conference

IMF International Monetary Fund

IMO International Maritime Organization
INTA Committee on International Trade (European
Parliament)

INTCEN Intelligence Analysis and Situation Centre of

the European Union
IOM International Organization for Migration

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPE international political economy

IR International Relations

ISIS Islamic State

JAES Joint Africa-EU Strategy

JHA justice and home affairs

KFOR Kosovo Forces (NATO)

LDCs least developed countries

LGBT lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender

LI Liberal Intergovernmentalism

LIC Low-income country

LNG liquid natural gas

LPA Lagos Plan of Action

LRTAP Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air
Pollution
MAI Multilateral Agreement on Investment

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MENA Middle East and North Africa

MEP Member of the European Parliament

MERCOSUR Southern Common Market

MFF Multiannual Financial Framework

MFN most favoured nation

MIC Middle-income country

MILREPS military representatives

MPCC Military Planning and Conduct Capability

MRA Mutual Recognition Agreement

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NDCs nationally determined contributions

NDICI Neighbourhood, Development and International

Cooperation Instrument
NGEU NextGenerationEU

NGO non-governmental organisation

NIEO New International Economic Order

NORDEFCO Nordic Defence Cooperation

NPE Normative Power Europe

NTA New Transatlantic Agenda

OACPS Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific

States

OAU Organization for African Unity

ODA official development assistance

OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and

Development

OHQ Operational Headquarters

OPCW Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical

Weapons

OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries

OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in
Europe

PAP Pan-African Parliament

PCA Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

PCD policy coherence for development

PEPP pandemic emergency purchase programme

PESCO Permanent Structured Cooperation

PNR Passenger Name Record

PSC Political and Security Committee

QMV qualified majority voting

R&D Research and Development

RCEP Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

REC regional economic community

REIO Regional Economic Integration Organisation

RMI Raw Materials Initiative
RRF Recovery and Resilience Facility

RRF Resilience and Recovery Fund

RRP Recovery and Resilience Plan

SA Strategic autonomy
SACU Southern African Customs Union

SADC Southern African Development Community

SDG Sustainable Development Goal (United Nations)

SEA Single European Act

SGP Stability and Growth Pact

SIS Schengen Information System

SIS II Schengen Information System II

SMP Single Market Programme

SOC security operational centre

SPA Strategic Partnership Agreement

SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards

SWIFT Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial

Telecommunications
TAD Transatlantic Declaration

TCA Trade and Cooperation Agreement

TDCA Trade, Development, and Cooperation Agreement
TEP Transatlantic Economic Partnership

TEU Treaty on European Union

TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

TPC Trade Policy Committee

TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

TTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

UK United Kingdom
UKIP United Kingdom Independence Party

UN United Nations
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development

UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the

Sea
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees

UNSC United Nations Security Council

US/USA United States (of America)

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

VAT value-added tax
WB World Bank

WEU Western European Union

WHO World Health Organisation
WMD weapons of mass destruction
WTO World Trade Organization
List of Contributors

Adekeye Adebajo University of Pretoria

Filippo Andreatta University of Bologna

Maurizio Carbone University of Glasgow

Spyros Economides London School of Economics and Political Science

Christopher Hill Cambridge University and SAIS Europe, Johns

Hopkins

Jolyon Howorth University of Bristol

Ana E. Juncos University of Bristol

Stephan Keukeleire Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

Christopher Lord ARENA, University of Oslo

Sophie Meunier Princeton University

Kalypso Nicolaïdis European University Institute, Florence

Karolina Pomorska Leiden University

Helene Sjursen ARENA, University of Oslo

Karen E. Smith London School of Economics and Political Science

Michael Smith University of Warwick

Rebecca Steffenson Mat-Su College, Alaska

Sophie Maastricht University

Vanhoonacker
Amy Verdun University of Victoria, British Columbia

John Vogler Keele University

Sarah Wolff Queen Mary University of London

Hai Yang Sun Yat-Sen University

Lorenzo University of Bologna

Zambernardi
Editors’ Note

Readers should note that most references in the text are to the
consolidated list of References at the end of the book. There are,
however, a few which refer to the Further Reading sections at the
end of each chapter.

It may also be worth pointing out that International Relations

(uppercase) refers to the academic subject, and to its literature,
whereas international relations (lower case) refers to the actual
world of interaction between states, peoples, organizations, and
individuals.

New to this edition:

• A chapter on the historical context on the links between

European integration and the EU’s international relations,
covering key events from the 20th century, written by the
editors.

• The implementation of EU foreign policy is explored in a

new Chapter 6, where Professor Ana E. Juncos looks at the
EU’s ability to impact international relations and its
diplomatic, economic, and security capabilities to do this.
• A new Chapter 12, by Professor Adekeye Adebajo, examines
African perceptions of Europe and the European Union
through a historical approach, from European slavery and
colonialism through to contemporary Africa–EU relations,
discussing Pan-Africanist and pro-European viewpoints.

• An important new Chapter 15 explores the EU’s policy-

making in relation to migration, and includes cases studies
on the EU’s international relations with Turkey and Libya.

• A brand new Chapter 18 on the EU’s engagement with Asia

explores relationships with China, India, Japan, South
Korea, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
PART I
FR AM EW OR KS

1 Introduction: Approaches and Concepts

Christopher Hill, Michael Smith, and Sophie
Vanhoonacker
2 The European Union in World Politics: An Historical
Overview
Christopher Hill, Michael Smith, and Sophie
Vanhoonacker

3 The European Union and Theories of International

Relations
Filippo Andreatta and Lorenzo Zambernardi
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picking up the fruit under the trees. When the olives are ripe, they
turn black and drop from the trees. The oil is squeezed from them by
a common press. The olives used for pickling are taken from the tree
before they are ripe.
At noon we arrived at Mola di Gaeta, one of the most delightful
spots I ever beheld. It stands on the sea-shore, and is skirted by a
range of lofty hills covered with orange groves. The trees were laden
with fruit as bright as gold. The fresh green foliage, the clear sky, the
blue sea, and the white towers of Gaeta which appear on a
promontory stretching out into the ocean, all combine to form a most
enchanting prospect. I do not wonder that Cicero chose this spot for
his country-seat; here they showed us the spot where, according to
Plutarch, he was killed. Further on we continued to find the same
abundance of olive trees: this appears to be a great oil district. A
range of rocky mountains at a distance seemed to consist of nothing
but naked crags; but the plains and low hills are under good
cultivation. The soil in most parts is very rich, and the country wants
nothing but a good government and an industrious people, to make
the kingdom of Naples one of the most flourishing territories on the
face of the earth. In the afternoon we traversed a steep, narrow
mountain pass, and entered upon a wild, rugged country. I got out of
the carriage and trudged along on foot, for the road was so hilly that I
could keep ahead of the horses. The country exhibited quite a
solitude; there was neither house nor human being to be seen for
miles. Suddenly the notes of a wild kind of music fell on my ear, and
looking down a rocky glen, I discovered a shepherd tending his flock,
and piping on a reed in the true Arcadian style. It was the first
genuine spectacle of pastoral life that I had ever seen, and I halted
some minutes to take a view of him. Very pretty poems have been
written about pastoral manners, in which shepherds and
shepherdesses make fine romantic figures. The sight of a real
shepherd, however, is enough to dissipate all the romance of this
subject. This fellow wore the true pastoral dress, jacket and leggins
of sheepskin, with the wool outside!—a more ragged, scarecrow-
looking object never met my eyes. I would give a round sum of
money to get one of these Neapolitan shepherds to show himself in
the streets of Boston. An Indian sachem would be nothing in
comparison to him.
The country continued wild and broken till we reached Fondi, a
town among the mountains, once notorious for its robberies. These
were carried on so openly and to such an extent, that the
government were obliged to surround the town with troops, and
threaten to batter every house to the ground with cannon, unless the
leaders of the banditti were given up. Since these fellows have been
hanged, and the roads guarded with soldiers, travelling has been
pretty safe. But nothing except force prevents the inhabitants of
Fondi from resuming their old habits of robbery. I never saw so
villanous-looking a set of ragamuffins anywhere else. Every man and
boy in the town has the genuine countenance of a cut-throat; and the
women do not look much better. We stopped here just long enough
to get our passports examined; but that was long enough. Though
the people are not allowed to rob, they almost make up for it in
begging; for their impudence and obstinacy in this business nearly
amount to violence. The whole population were either crowding
around us, begging, or lying in crowds about the church steps, lazily
sunning themselves. I longed to stir up the louts, and set them to
work. From laziness to begging, and from begging to robbery, is a
regular and almost inevitable progress.
The road beyond Fondi ran along the shores, and in the afternoon
we reached the territory of the Pope. The first sight we saw here was
a herd of buffaloes in a field. These animals are tame, and used the
same as oxen. They are not like the buffalo, or, more properly, bison
of the western prairies, but a distinct species of quadruped. At night
we reached Terracina, the first town in the papal dominions. It stands
on the seashore, at the foot of a lofty, precipitous rock. During the
night the wind was high, and drove a heavy surf upon the beach. A
bright moonlight made a stroll along the shore very pleasant. In the
morning the wind had gone down, and we recommenced our
journey. Here we entered upon the famous Pontine marshes, over
which the road passes nearly thirty miles in a straight line, and a
great part of the way bordered by trees. These marshes consist of
swampy and boggy tracts, with lagoons of water and patches of dry
pasture-land interspersed here and there. Herds of buffaloes and
black swine were roaming about in the dry spots, and the lagoons
were covered with flocks of wild ducks and other waterfowl; but not a
human being or a house was to be seen. These marshes breed so
pestilential an air in summer, that the neighborhood is uninhabitable.
They are bordered by a range of mountains on one side, and on the
other by the Mediterranean.
There were no thick woods anywhere to be seen; a few scattered
cork and ilex trees were all that met the eye. The mountains were
bare to their very summits. The country, after passing the marshes,
became very beautiful, and as we approached the town of Velletri we
beheld the most enchanting landscapes. Here, for the first time, I
heard the nightingale. He sings in the most lively and voluble strain,
and is well worthy of his great reputation among the feathered
songsters; but there is no American bird whom he resembles in tone
or manner. We stopped for the night at Velletri, which stands on a
commanding eminence, with an almost boundless prospect toward
the south. On the other side, you look down a deep valley and up the
side of a mountain beyond, covered with verdant fields, gardens,
vineyards, and every variety of cultivation.
Rome was now but twenty-four Italian or eighteen English miles
distant. The morning broke delightfully, and my impatience to see the
great capital of the world was at such a height, that I would not wait
for the carriage, but set out on foot. Long strings of wagons were
coming from Rome, having left that city late the preceding night. It
was amusing to notice that the drivers were nearly all fast asleep.
The horses were eating all the way, each one having a bundle of hay
tied to the head of the shaft in such a manner that he could help
himself. The road over which I was passing was the celebrated
Appian way, and is paved neatly and durably with square stones laid
diamond-wise. As the day drew on, I met the country people going to
their work. The women have a curious head-dress, consisting of a
square fold of cloth, starched stiff and laid flat on the top of the head,
often fastened with a silver pin as big as a kitchen skewer.
 Two or three more small towns on the road could not induce me
to slacken my pace towards the great object of my curiosity. At
length, about the middle of the forenoon, as I ascended a steep hill, I
caught sight of a lofty dome at a distance, which I instantly knew for
St. Peter’s! Rome indeed was before me!—a sight which no man can
behold for the first time without emotions impossible to describe. I
stopped involuntarily. A wide plain extended from the foot of the
eminence on which I stood to the walls of Rome. Long lines of
aqueducts, ruined towers, and broken masses of walls and other
architecture, chequered the surface of the plain; and the whole
exhibited a striking spectacle of ruin and desolation. This was the
Campagna di Roma, which, in the day of its prosperity, was covered
with houses and gardens, the suburbs of the great city. Now,
everything is still, solitary and lifeless. As I approached the city, I saw
nothing around me but fields without fences, overgrown with
brambles; not a house nor a garden, nor a human being, except here
and there a ragged shepherd watching his sheep, which were
browsing among the ruins! Nearer the city, I passed occasionally a
field of wheat, and now and then a house; but hardly any people
were to be seen, and nothing of the hurry, life and bustle which
indicate the neighborhood of a populous city. This spectacle of
solitude and desolation continued even after passing the gates of
Rome; for half the territory within the walls is an utter waste.

Rattlesnakes.—Two men, Egbert Galusha and Reuben Davis,

residing in the town of Dresden, on the east side of Lake George,
recently killed, in three days, on the east side of Tongue Mountain, in
the town of Bolton, eleven hundred and four rattlesnakes! They were
confined to rocks and uninhabited places. Some of the reptiles were
of an enormous size, having from six to twenty rattles. They were
killed for their oil or grease, which is said to be very valuable. We will
turn out Warren county against the world for rattlesnakes!—Glenns’
Falls Clarion.
 Knights Templars.

About seven or eight hundred years ago, it was the custom of

Christians, in various parts of the world, to go to the city of
Jerusalem, to say prayers and perform penances, thinking that they
benefited their souls thereby. Jerusalem belonged to the Turks then,
as it does now; and it frequently happened that these Christians
were ill-treated by the inhabitants, who despised and hated them.
This ill-treatment roused the people of Europe to vengeance, and
vast armies went to take Jerusalem from the Turks, whom they
called infidels. There were several of these wonderful expeditions,
called Crusades, during the tenth, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, in
which several millions of people lost their lives. Jerusalem was taken
from the Turks, but they got it back again after a short time.
 It was about the period of the crusades that Knight-Errantry took
its rise. The knights-errant, or wandering knights, rode on fine
horses, with spears and swords; and when they met each other they
went to battle, often for the fun of it. They pretended to go about to
relieve the distressed and to punish injustice: and there was need
enough of this—for, in that age of the world, there was a great deal
of cruelty and oppression. Sometimes these knights really performed
very noble and brave actions. The stories of their adventures,
preserved in ancient books, are very interesting.
The order of Knights Templars was formed at Jerusalem, by
seven gentlemen, about the year 1120. They professed to devote
themselves to the service of God, and actually set about punishing
robbers and thieves who troubled the Christians who went on
pilgrimages to Jerusalem. They increased in numbers, and had
apartments assigned them near Solomon’s Temple, whence they
were called Templars. After a time, the Templars were numerous in
Europe, where they grew very rich and powerful. At last they were
accused of high crimes; and, in the fourteenth century, the order was
suppressed.
 PETER PARLEY’S NEW STORIES.

No. IV.

The Garden of Peace.

There are few persons who do precisely as they ought to do. It is

very seldom that any one, even for a single day, discharges every
duty that rests upon him, at the same time avoiding everything that is
wrong. There is usually something neglected, delayed, or postponed,
that ought to be done to-day. There is usually some thought
entertained, some feeling indulged, some deed committed, that is
sinful. If any person doubts this, let him make the experiment; let him
watch every thought and action for a single day, and he will be very
likely to perceive that what we say is true—that all fall far short of
perfect obedience to the rule of right.
And yet, if a person can once make up his mind to do right, it is
the surest way to obtain happiness. The manner in which this may
be accomplished, and the pleasant consequences that follow, I shall
endeavor to show by an allegory, which will, at the same time, exhibit
the evils that proceed from an habitual and determined neglect of
duty.
In an ancient city of the East, two youths chanced to be passing a
beautiful garden. It was enclosed by a lofty trellis, which prevented
their entering the place; but, through its openings, they could
perceive that it was a most enchanting spot. It was not a place where
kitchen vegetables are produced, but it was embellished by every
object of nature and art that could give beauty to the landscape.
There were groves of lofty trees, with winding avenues between
them. There were green lawns, the grass of which seemed like
velvet. There were groups of shrubs, many of them in bloom, and
scattering delicious fragrance upon the atmosphere.
Between these pleasing objects there were fountains sending
their silvery showers into the air; and a stream of water, clear as
crystal, wound with gentle murmurs through the place. The charms
of this lovely scene were greatly heightened by the delicious music
of birds, the hum of bees, and the echoes of many youthful and
happy voices.
The two young men gazed upon the landscape with intense
interest; but as they could only see a portion of it through the trellis,
they looked out for some gate by which they might enter the garden.
At a little distance, they perceived an arch, and they went to the spot,
supposing that they should find an entrance here. There was,
indeed, a gate; but, behold, it was locked, and they found it
impossible to gain admittance!
While they were considering what course they should adopt, they
perceived an inscription upon the arch above, which ran as follows:
“Ne’er till to-morrow’s light delay
What may as well be done to-day;
Ne’er do the thing you’d wish undone
Viewed by to-morrow’s rising sun.
Observe these rules a single year,
And you may freely enter here.”

The two youths were much struck by these lines; and, before they
parted, both had agreed to make the experiment and try to live
according to the inscription. They were not only anxious to gain
admittance to the beautiful garden, but the idea of adopting a plan
like that proposed had something of novelty in it; and this is always
pleasing to the ardent heart of the young.
I need not tell the details of their progress in their trial. Both found
the task they had undertaken much more difficult than they at first
imagined. To their surprise, they found that following this rule
required an almost total change of their modes of life; and this taught
them, what they had not felt before, that a very large part of their
lives—a very large share of their thoughts, feelings and actions—
were wrong, though they were considered virtuous young men by
the society in which they lived.
After a few weeks, the younger of the two, finding that the scheme
put too many restraints upon his tastes, abandoned the trial. The
other persevered, and, at the end of the year, presented himself at
the arched gateway of the garden.
To his great joy, he was instantly admitted; and if the place
pleased him when seen dimly through the trellis, it appeared far
more lovely, now that he could actually tread its pathways, breathe
its balmy air, and mingle intimately with the scenes around. One
thing delighted, yet surprised him—which was this: it now seemed
easy for him to do right; nay, to do right, instead of requiring self-
denial and a sacrifice of his tastes and wishes, seemed to him to be
a matter of course, and the pleasantest thing he could do.
While he was thinking of this, a person came near, and the two
fell into conversation. After a little while, the youth told his companion
what he was thinking of, and asked him to account for his feelings.
“This place,” said the other, “is the Garden of Peace. It is the abode
of those who have adopted God’s will as the rule of their lives. It is a
happy home provided for those who have conquered selfishness;
those who have learned to put aside their passions and do their duty.
At first, it is difficult to do this; for, in early life, we adopt wrong
courses, and habit renders them easy. These habits become our
masters, and it is hard to break away from them. But if we triumph
over these habits, and if we adopt others, of a virtuous kind, then it is
easy to follow them; and the peace that flows from virtuous habits is
beyond the power of words to express. This lovely garden is but a
picture of the heart that is firmly established in the ways of virtue.
Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace.”
While the companions were thus conversing, and as they were
passing near the gateway, the youth saw on the other side the friend
who had resolved to follow the inscription, but who had given over
the trial. Upon this, the companion of the youth said, “Behold the
young man who could not conquer himself! How miserable is he in
comparison with yourself! What is it makes the difference? You are in
the Garden of Peace; he is excluded from it. This tall gateway is a
barrier that he cannot pass; this is the barrier, interposed by human
vices and human passions, which separates mankind from that
peace, of which we are all capable. Whoever can conquer himself,
and has resolved, firmly, that he will do it, has found the key of that
gate, and he may freely enter here. If he cannot do that, he must
continue to be an outcast from the Garden of Peace!”
 The Banana.

The banana tree is a kind of palm, found in hot climates. It is

common in South America, and we frequently see the fruit in our
markets. When this is cut in slices, dried in the sun, and pounded, it
produces a mealy substance that answers the purpose of bread. The
banana is also eaten without cooking, when ripe, and is esteemed
very delicious. The Spaniards always cut the fruit lengthwise, for
they have a superstitious dread of cutting it across, because the
pieces then have a resemblance to the cross on which Christ was
crucified.
The fruit of the banana tree is almost as large as a cucumber; the
leaves are five or six feet long and a foot wide.

Economy.—As a proof of domestic economy in France, it may be

stated that a short time back, in the commune of Bugey, in the
Saone-et-Loire, a man buried his wife in an old clock-case to save
the expense of a coffin, in defiance of the remonstrances of the
neighbors and a clergyman.
 Comparative Size of Animals.

This engraving represents several well-known animals, and

exhibits them in just proportion to one another. The elephant is the
largest, and the rat is the smallest, in the picture. The camelopard, or
giraffe, is the tallest—for while the elephant is only about nine or ten
feet high, the giraffe is seventeen.
It is well to be able to carry in the memory an accurate idea of the
comparative size of quadrupeds; and, therefore, I ask my young
reader to run over the picture with me. The elephant, with his curling
trunk and long tusks, takes the lead; and he is six times as large as a
horse. Next comes the rhinoceros, with a horn on his nose, and a
skin that makes him look as if he had a harness on.
Next comes the hippopotamus—a fellow that loves the mud—and
a stupid creature he seems to be. Then comes the tall giraffe, with
ears resembling horns, and standing up very straight for a four-
legged creature. The horse, one of the most graceful of animals, is
next. Then comes the lion—then the tiger—then the stag—then the
sheep—then the deer—then the antelope—then the wolf—then the
dog—then the jackal—then the fox—then the wild-cat—then the
rabbit—then, last and least, the rat.
 Merry’s Adventures.

chapter xviii.

We are told that the wandering Arabs, after the day’s march over
the desert which they love to inhabit, gather in groups at night and
amuse each other by telling tales. It always seemed to me that a
story under these circumstances would be more interesting than if
told in the house, by the quiet fireside; for the feelings and fancy are
apt to be excited when there is nothing but the heavens above us
and the wide landscape around us. Certain I am that Mat Olmsted’s
story of the Chippewa Chief and his bride Meena, seemed far more
interesting from the fact that it was related in the woods, by the side
of a watch-fire. It must be understood that my friend was no scholar;
and, though I have mended his language as to the grammar, I have
not added to its point or significance. His Yankee phrases and tone
gave additional force to his narrative; and, owing to this and the
circumstances under which he told his tale, it made such an
impression on my mind, that I remember it better than anything else
which has lain so long in memory.
I slept pretty well during the night, though I waked up several
times, and saw Mat with one eye open, at my side. Feeling that I had
a faithful sentinel to keep guard, I fell back into my repose. The sun
rose at last. It was a beautiful frosty morning, and the black and gray
squirrels were enlivening the woods with their merry gambols. I
should gladly have stayed in the place for a long time, and really
began to feel that I should like to turn Indian and make the forest my
dwelling-place. But this was momentary: we soon began our march,
and entering the high road, proceeded on our way to Albany.
I have not time or space to tell all the little adventures we met with
—all the good jokes Mat uttered, or the smart speeches he made. I
must hurry on in my story, for I am afraid that, if I do not, my readers
will think it like the old woman’s stocking—the more she knit, the
further she got from the end of it.
We reached Albany in a few days, and finding a sloop about
departing for New York, we concluded to take passage in her and go
to that city. This was a little out of our way, but we did not mind that.
The captain of the vessel was a Dutchman, and his name was Dyke.
He was a short, stout, broad-shouldered man, and his pantaloons
were made somewhat like petticoats hitched up between his legs.
He had a pipe in his mouth nearly the whole time; and such clouds of
smoke as he did send forth! Puff, puff, puff! Mat Olmsted called him
Captain Volcano, more than half the time. However, he was a good
sailor, and he managed the sloop very well.
Beside Mat and myself, there was a young man on board, who
had been collecting furs from the Indians, and was now proceeding
to sell them at New York. He was a pleasant fellow, and such lots of
stories as he and Mat and the Dutch captain told, I never heard
before. I could fill a book with them; but I shall only give a sample
from each of the narrators.
One moonlight evening, as we were gliding down the Hudson
river, its broad bosom seeming like a sea of silver, we were all
seated on the deck of the vessel, the captain, as usual, puffing at his
pipe as if he was carrying on a manufactory of clouds, and was paid
by the hogshead. For some time there was a dead silence; when at
last the captain took his pipe from his mouth, and gravely remarked
that his father was the bravest man that ever lived.
“How so?” says Matthew.
“Look there,” said Captain Dyke, pointing to a little island in the
river, which we were then passing. “That island,” he continued, “was
once the resort of Captain Kid, the famous pirate, who had a fine
ship in which he sailed over the world, and, robbing every vessel he
met of its money, collected a vast deal of gold and silver. After a long
voyage, he used to sail up this river and bury his money on this
island. When I was a boy, there was a hut still standing there, which
was said to have been built by Kid himself.
 “There were a great many wild stories told about this hut; for it
was said that the captain and his crew used to hold their revels
there. Long after the famous freebooter was hung, and his
companions were dead, it was maintained that strange noises were
heard in the hut, and several persons who had peeped in at night
declared that they had seen Kid there in the midst of his jolly sailors,
all of them drinking, singing, and telling wild tales of the sea.
“Now my father, as I said, was a brave man, and he offered to
sleep in the hut one night for a bottle of brandy. This banter was
accepted, and my father was put over to the island in a boat and left
to himself. He had taken care to have the bottle of brandy with him.
He repaired to the hut, and sat himself down upon a sailor’s chest
which chanced to be there.
“There was no furniture in the room, save a rough table which
stood in the centre, and an old-fashioned high-backed chair. My
father placed the bottle on the table, and which, by the way, was one
of your deep craft, with a long neck, and holding somewhere about
half a gallon.
“After sitting nearly an hour upon the chest, all the while looking at
the bottle, which glimmered in the moonlight that stole between the
rafters of the hut, my father laid himself down on the floor and tried to
go to sleep. He had not lain long, however, before the bottle slid
gently off the table, and then began to lengthen, till it grew up as tall
as a woman. Pretty soon it assumed the shape of one of my father’s
sweethearts, and beckoned to him to come and kiss her! With this
request he complied, of course, and then they fell to dancing in a
very merry style. As they were whirling round and round, the old
chair began to bob about, and at the same moment the rickety table
rocked to and fro, then whirled round and performed a pirouette
upon one of its legs. A moment after, these two joined hand in hand
with my father and his sweetheart, and round and round they flew.
Everything went on like a regular cotillon. It was back to back, cross
over, right and left, chassez, and balance to partners! My father was
in great spirits, and he performed the double shuffle to admiration.
The old table did the same, the high-backed chair followed, and Miss
Bottle beat them all. Such pigeon-wings as she executed never were
seen before! The whole party caught the spirit of the moment, and it
now seemed to be a strife to see which would surpass the rest in
feats of grace and agility.
“My father had seen many a frolic, but never such a one as that;
and, what was remarkable, the dance seemed constantly to increase
in quickness and merriment. The top of the table looked like the jolly
face of a Dutchman, the mouth stretched wide, and the eyes
goggling with laughter. The old chair seemed to nod and wink with
elvish mirth; and the maiden, who all the time appeared to have a
queer resemblance to a bottle, frisked and flirted the gayest of the
party. On went the dance, until my father was entirely out of breath;
but there was no cessation to the sport. There seemed to be an old
fiddler standing in one corner, but nothing save two eyes and his
elbow were distinctly visible. The latter flew more rapidly every
moment, the music quickened; and the dancers kept time. For seven
hours my father performed his part in the dance, until, at last, he
reeled, and, falling forward, knocked the table, the chair, and the
bottle all into a heap. The vision immediately vanished, and soon
after there was a rapping at the door. The people had come over to
the island, for it was now morning. They found my father in a swoon,
lying across the table, the chair crushed, and the bottle broken in a
hundred fragments, which lay scattered on the floor.”
“A strange story that,” says Matthew, as the Dutchman paused;
“but I wish to ask one question. Was there any liquor upon the floor
where the bottle was broken?”
“Not a drop,” said the Dutchman; “and that’s a good proof that old
Nick himself was there to drink the liquor.”
“No, no,” said Matthew, significantly; “it only proves that your
father kissed Miss Bottle a little too often; so he got drunk and had
the nightmare, and all this scene was a vision of his brain! This
proves that your father could drink two quarts of brandy in a single
night. I had an uncle who performed a greater feat than that in the
revolutionary war, for he captured a British officer with a sausage!”
“Indeed!” said the captain and the fur-trader both at once; “let us
hear the story.”
 “Well,” said Matthew; “it happened thus. At one time during the
war, as you all know, Washington was situated with his little army at
Tappan, near the North river, while Sir Harry Clinton, the British
commander, with his troops, were at New York. The space between
the two armies was called the Neutral Ground, and it was chiefly
occupied by a set of people called Cow-boys. These fellows went
back and forth, trading with both parties, and cheating everybody, as
they could get a chance.
“Now my uncle, whose name was Darby, was a Cow-boy by
profession, but he was a patriot in disguise, as you shall hear. One
cold winter’s night he was trudging along over the road with a bag of
sausages on his back, going to sell them to General Putnam, whose
quarters were at the distance of three or four miles. As he was
walking along over a lonely part of the road, it being a little after
sunset and already growing dark, he heard a horse’s gallop at no
great distance. He was at the bottom of a hill, and in the midst of a
thick wood. Looking to the top of the hill, he saw a man on
horseback, who now began gently to come down the descent. My
uncle was not only made for a patriot, but also for a great general.
Believing that the man on horseback was a British officer, the idea
suddenly entered his head that he would capture him, if it should
appear that he was unarmed. Accordingly, he thrust his hand hastily
into his wallet, took out one of the frozen sausages, crooked it in the
shape of a pistol, and stood still in the middle of the road. The
stranger soon approached, and my uncle Darby called out, ‘Who
goes there?’ ‘You must first tell me who you are!’ said the person on
horseback. ‘That’s as we can agree,’ said my uncle; ‘for it takes two
to make a bargain in these parts.’ All this time, he was looking very
sharp to see if the man had any weapons about him, and perceiving
that he was unarmed, he sprang upon him like a tiger, seized the
horse by the bridle, and thrust the muzzle of the seeming pistol in the
face of the rider.
“‘Dismount, or I’ll blow your brains out!’ said Darby. My uncle had
a voice of thunder, and the astonished traveller expected every
moment to be shot through the body. It was no time for parley; so the
man dismounted, and my uncle, putting his foot in the stirrup, sprung
to the saddle in an instant. ‘Now,’ said he, ‘my pretty fellow, you must
go and see old Put. To the right about face, forward, march!’ The
man hesitated, but my uncle pretended to cock his pistol, and
pointed it at the man’s breast. This settled the question, and the poor
fellow began doggedly to ascend the hill. Following him close
behind, and keeping his weapon in a threatening attitude, he
conducted the man along the road, and in the space of about an
hour ushered him into the presence of General Putnam. On
examination, he proved to be a British sergeant, who was out upon a
frolic, and, wishing to pass as an American, had left his weapons
behind. The story made a vast deal of fun in the camp, and my uncle
acquired great renown for his exploit. But patriotism is often
rewarded with ingratitude. My uncle received the sergeant’s horse, it
is true, as a recompense, but he was called ‘Sassage Darby’ during
the remainder of his life.”
When Matthew had done, the captain turned to the fur-trader, and
said, “We have each of us told our story; it is now your turn to tell
one.” “Well,” said the young man in reply; “you have related an
adventure of your father; our friend Matthew has told one of his
uncle; I will now relate one of myself.”
“When I was a boy, I read Robinson Crusoe, and so I had a great
fancy for going to sea. Nothing would do, but I must be a sailor. My
father and mother were both opposed to it; and, finding it impossible
to obtain their consent, I resolved to run away. Getting together a
little money, I packed up my clothes, and one night set off for New
London in Connecticut, a distance of about twenty miles from where
I lived. I there entered on board a schooner bound for Boston, which
sailed the next day. There were but five persons on board,—the
captain, his two sons, one sixteen and the other seventeen years
old,—an old sailor, and myself.
“It was the beginning of winter, but the weather was uncommonly
fine, and in a short time we were out upon the sea. We scudded
along with a light wind for a couple of days, when there was a
sudden change of weather. It first blew from the southeast, and
rained smartly. I was a little sea-sick, but still able to keep upon the
deck. The storm increased, and the wind shifting to the northeast, it