Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy Sustainability Proceedings of Icimes 2020 1St Edition A N R Reddy Online Ebook Texxtbook Full Chapter PDF

Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy
Sustainability Proceedings of ICIMES

2020 1st Edition A.N.R. Reddy
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/intelligent-manufacturing-and-energy-sustainability-pr
oceedings-of-icimes-2020-1st-edition-a-n-r-reddy/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Recent Advances in Manufacturing Automation Design and

Energy Technologies Proceedings from ICoFT 2020 1st
Edition Sendhil Kumar Natarajan
https://ebookmeta.com/product/recent-advances-in-manufacturing-
automation-design-and-energy-technologies-proceedings-from-
icoft-2020-1st-edition-sendhil-kumar-natarajan/
Soft Computing and Signal Processing Proceedings of 3rd

ICSCSP 2020 Volume 2 1340 Advances in Intelligent
Systems and Computing 1340 V. Sivakumar Reddy (Editor)
https://ebookmeta.com/product/soft-computing-and-signal-
processing-proceedings-of-3rd-icscsp-2020-volume-2-1340-advances-
in-intelligent-systems-and-computing-1340-v-sivakumar-reddy-
editor/
Advances in Clean Energy and Sustainability Proceedings

of ICAER 2022 Suryanarayana Doolla
https://ebookmeta.com/product/advances-in-clean-energy-and-
sustainability-proceedings-of-icaer-2022-suryanarayana-doolla/
Energy and Sustainable Futures Proceedings of 2nd ICESF

2020 1st Edition Iosif Mporas
https://ebookmeta.com/product/energy-and-sustainable-futures-
proceedings-of-2nd-icesf-2020-1st-edition-iosif-mporas/
Advances in Thermofluids and Renewable Energy Select
Proceedings of TFRE 2020 1st Edition Pinakeswar Mahanta
https://ebookmeta.com/product/advances-in-thermofluids-and-
renewable-energy-select-proceedings-of-tfre-2020-1st-edition-
pinakeswar-mahanta/
Advances in Energy Technology Select Proceedings of

EMSME 2020 1st Edition Ramesh C. Bansal
https://ebookmeta.com/product/advances-in-energy-technology-
select-proceedings-of-emsme-2020-1st-edition-ramesh-c-bansal/
Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Computing

Proceedings of ICSISCET 2020 Algorithms for Intelligent
Systems Hari Mohan Dubey (Editor)
https://ebookmeta.com/product/artificial-intelligence-and-
sustainable-computing-proceedings-of-icsiscet-2020-algorithms-
for-intelligent-systems-hari-mohan-dubey-editor/
Intelligent Machining of Complex Aviation Components

Research on Intelligent Manufacturing Dinghua Zhang
https://ebookmeta.com/product/intelligent-machining-of-complex-
aviation-components-research-on-intelligent-manufacturing-
dinghua-zhang/
Intelligent Manufacturing 1st Edition Chao An Lai
https://ebookmeta.com/product/intelligent-manufacturing-1st-
edition-chao-an-lai/
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 213
A. N. R. Reddy
Deepak Marla
Margarita N. Favorskaya
Suresh Chandra Satapathy Editors
Intelligent
Manufacturing
and Energy
Sustainability
Proceedings of ICIMES 2020
123
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Volume 213
Series Editors
Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International,
Shoreham-by-sea, UK
Lakhmi C. Jain, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Centre for
Artificial Intelligence, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses the
topics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of the
series is to make available a platform for the publication of books on all aspects of
single and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latest
results available in a readily-accessible form. Volumes on interdisciplinary research
combining two or more of these areas is particularly sought.
The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and
intelligence in a broad sense. Its scope is systems having embedded knowledge
and intelligence, which may be applied to the solution of world problems in
industry, the environment and the community. It also focusses on the
knowledge-transfer methodologies and innovation strategies employed to make
this happen effectively. The combination of intelligent systems tools and a broad
range of applications introduces a need for a synergy of disciplines from science,
technology, business and the humanities. The series will include conference
proceedings, edited collections, monographs, handbooks, reference books, and
other relevant types of book in areas of science and technology where smart
systems and technologies can offer innovative solutions.
High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for the
series. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure that
contributions are subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process and adhere
to KES quality principles.
Indexed by SCOPUS, EI Compendex, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH,
Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), SCImago, DBLP.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767

A. N. R. Reddy Deepak Marla
• •
Margarita N. Favorskaya
•
Suresh Chandra Satapathy

Editors
Intelligent Manufacturing
and Energy Sustainability
Proceedings of ICIMES 2020
123
Editors
A. N. R. Reddy Deepak Marla
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Malla Reddy College Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
and Technology Mumbai, India
Secunderabad, Telangana, India
Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Margarita N. Favorskaya School of Computer Engineering
Department of Informatics KIIT University
and Computer Techniques Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Siberian State University of Science
and Technology
Krasnoyarsk, Russia
ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic)

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
ISBN 978-981-33-4442-6 ISBN 978-981-33-4443-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4443-3
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
ICIMES 2020 Committees
Conference Committee
Chief Patron
Sri. Ch. Malla Reddy, Founder Chairman, MRGI
Patrons
Sri. Ch. Mahendar Reddy, Secretary, MRGI
Sri. Ch. Bhadra Reddy, President, MRGI
Conference Chair
Dr. V. S. K. Reddy, Principal
Honorary Chairs
Dr. Lakshmi C. Jain, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Dr. Margarita N. Favorskaya, Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science
and Technology, Russia
Publication Chair
Dr. Suresh Chandra Satapathy, Professor, KIIT, Bhubaneswar, India
Convener
Dr. M. Murali Krishna, Dean—Academics
Organizing Chair
Dr. A. N. R. Reddy, HOD—Mechanical Engineering
Organizing Secretary
Dr. Srikar Potnuru, Associate Professor-Mechanical Engineering
v
vi ICIMES 2020 Committees
Coordinator
Prof. Harish Makena, Assistant Professor-Mechanical Engineering
Editorial Board
Dr. A. N. R. Reddy, Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology, India

Dr. Deepak Marla, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
Dr. Margarita N. Favorskaya, Siberian State University of Science and Technology,
Russia
Dr. Suresh Chandra Satapathy, KIIT, Bhubaneswar, India
International Advisory Committee
Dr. Narayanan Kulathu Ramaiyer, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia

Dr. Abu Saleh Ahmed, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Dr. Shahrol Mohamaddan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Dr. Jaesool Shim, Yeunagnam University, South Korea
Dr. V. Vasudeva Rao, University of South Africa, South Africa
Dr. Sinin Hamdan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Dr. Amiya Bhaumik, Lincoln University College, Malaysia
Dr. Bhaskar Kura, University of New Orleans, LA, USA
Dr. Devarayapalli K. C., Yeunagnam University, South Korea
Dr. Raja V. Pulikollu, Electric Power Research Institute, North Carolina, USA
Dr. Nguyen Dang Nam, Duy Tan University, Vietnam
Dr. Angel Sanz Anderes, UPM, Madrid, Spain
Dr. S. V. Prabhakar, Yeunagnam University, South Korea
Dr. Yequing Bao, University of Alabama, USA
Dr. Sabastian Franchini, UPM, Madrid, Spain
National Advisory Committee
Dr. G. Balu, DOAD, DRDL, Telangana, India

Dr. K. Vijay Kumar Reddy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Dr. P. K. Jain, Centre for carbon Materials, ARCI, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Dr. Susanta Kumar Sahoo, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India
Dr. K. S. Reddy, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. G. Raghavendra, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
ICIMES 2020 Committees vii
Dr. T. Gangadhar, National Institute of Technology Tadepalligudem, Andhra

Pradesh, India
Dr. U. S. Paul Russel, Air India, India
Dr. V. P. Chandra Mohan, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana,
India
Dr. P. Narsimha Reddy, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India
Dr. Swami Naidu, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Dr. Vemuri Laxmi Narayana, Rajamahendri Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. P. H. V. Sesha Talpa Sai, Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology,
Hyderabad, India
Industry Advisory Committee
Mr. Uma Shankar, Farm Division, Mahindra and Mahindra, Zaheerabad, India
Mr. Sunil Maheshwari, Adroitec Engineering Solutions Pvt. Ltd. India
Mr. Uddagiri Vidyasagar, TCS, Hyderabad, India
Mr. Narva Pavan Kumar, Verizon, India
Organizing Committee
Dr. V. Madhusudhana Reddy, Professor

Dr. T. Siva Kumar, Professor
Dr. T. Lokeswara Rao, Professor
Dr. Trisekhar Reddy, Professor
Dr. B. Jain A. R. Tony, Professor
Prof. Sridhar Akarapu, Assistant Professor
Prof. Akhila Kakera, Assistant Professor
Preface
The International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy

Sustainability (ICIMES 2020) was successfully organized by Malla Reddy College
of Engineering and Technology, an UGC Autonomous Institution, during August
21–22, 2020, at Hyderabad. The objective of this conference was to provide
opportunities for the researchers, academicians and industry persons to interact and
exchange the ideas, experience and gain expertise in the cutting-edge technologies
pertaining to Industry 4.0. Research papers were received and subjected to a rig-
orous peer review process with the help of editorial board, program committee and
external reviewers. The editorial committee has finally accepted 19.5% manuscripts
for publication in a single volume with Springer SIST series.
Our sincere thanks to the Chief Guest and Keynote speaker Ir. Dr. Lim Soh Fong -
Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Sarawak,
Malaysia. Our special thanks to all the session chairs for their immense support.
The Session Chairs are:
1. Ir. Dr. David Chua Sing Ngie, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia
Sarawak, (UNIMAS), Sarawak, Malaysia
2. Dr. Shahrol bin Mohamaddan, Faculty of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of
Technology (SIT), Tokyo, Japan
3. Dr. Elammaran Jayamani, Faculty of Engineering, Swinburne University of
Technology, Sarawak Campus, Malaysia
4. Dr. Deepak Marla, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT
Bombay, India.
5. Dr. D. K. Charyulu, Research Professor, Yeungnam University, South Korea.
6. Dr. S. V. Prabhakar Vattikuti, Research Professor, Yeungnam University, South
Korea.
We are indebted to the editorial board, program committee and external reviewers
who have produced critical reviews in a short time.
We express our heartfelt thanks to our Chief Patron Sri. Ch. Malla Reddy,
Founder Chairman, MRGI; Patrons Sri. Ch. Mahendar Reddy, Secretary, MRGI;
Sri. Ch. Bhadra Reddy, President, MRGI; Conference Chair Dr. V. S. K. Reddy;
ix
x Preface
Convener Dr. M. Murali Krishna; Organizing Chair Professor Dr. A. N. R. Reddy;

Organizing Secretary Dr. Srikar Potnuru; and Coordinator Mr. M. Harish for their
valuable contribution to successfully conduct the conference. Last but certainly not
least, our special thanks to all the authors without whom the conference would not
have taken place. Their technical contributions have made our proceedings rich and
praiseworthy.
Hyderabad, India Dr. A. N. R. Reddy

Mumbai, India Dr. Deepak Marla
Siberian, Russia Dr. Margarita N. Favorskaya
Bhubaneswar, India Dr. Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Contents
1 Metallographic Analysis of the Percentage of Carbon in the Test

Tube Based on Artificial Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Luigi O. Freire, Luis M. Navarrete, Byron P. Corrales,
and Jefferson A. Porras
2 Machinability Study of “Nickel Material” in Deep Micro-holes
Fabrication Through lECM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Md. Zishanur Rahman, Alok Kumar Das,
and Somnath Chattopadhyaya
3 Three-Dimensional FEM Analysis of Nanoparticle-Assisted
Radiofrequency Ablation of Tissue-Mimicking Phantom . . . . . . . . 23
Santosh Shiddaling Naik, Bhanu Prakash Bonthala,
and Ajay Kumar Yadav
4 Investigations on Electrochemical Discharge Machining
of Al2O3 Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
M. Vijay, T. Sekar, N. Muthukumaran, and K. Vijayakumar
5 Design and Numerical Simulation of PCM-Based Energy Storage
Device for Helmet Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Nagaraju Dora, Ch Ramsai, and Ch Srinivasa Rahul
6 Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Tank Filling Time
and Flow Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Akshay Saxena, Mayank Parasher, Mukul Anand, Nikhil Garg,
Supradeepan Katiresan, and P. S. Gurugubelli
7 GA-Based Tuning of Integral Controller for Frequency
Regulation of Hybrid Two-Area Power System
with Nonlinearities and Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
K. R. Roshin and E. K. Bindumol
xi
xii Contents
8 Design and Analysis of Vehicle Tyres with Phase Change

Material for Anti-freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
P. Venkata Ramana, Sai Rohan Gogulapati, K. Adithya Sharma,
K. Sanjay, and N. Varun Raj
9 Experimentation and Mathematical Modelling: Indirect Forced
Convection Solar Drying of Tomato with Novel Drying Chamber
Arrangement Using Phase Change Material as Thermal
Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
V. Sabareesh, K. John Milan, C. Muraleedharan, and B. Rohinikumar
10 Effect of Indoor and Outdoor Conditions on the Performance
of SHVCR System—An Experimental Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Surender Kumar and Rabinder Singh Bharj
11 An Integrated Switching Pattern and Sensorless Speed Control
for BLDC Motor Drive in Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
M. U. Deepa and G. R. Bindu
12 An ANN Approach for Predicting the Wear Behavior
of Nano SiC-Reinforced A356 MMNCs Synthesized
by Ultrasonic-Assisted Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Suneel Donthamsetty and Penugonda Suresh Babu
13 Multi-response Optimization of FSW Process Parameters
of ZE42 Alloy Using RSM-Based Grey Relational Analysis . . . . . . 125
Ramanan Gopalakrishnan, Darwins Anantha Kanakaraj,
Bino Prince Raja Dennis, and Ajith Raj Rajendran
14 Analysis and Modeling on Defects of Deep Micro-holes
Fabrication in Stainless Steel Through lECM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Md. Zishanur Rahman, Alok Kumar Das,
and Somnath Chattopadhyaya
15 An Iot-Based Smart Pet Food Dispenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
M. V. R. Durga Prasad, M. Anita, and T. Malyadri
16 Dynamic Performance Enhancement of Hybrid Tricycle
by Design of Efficient Transmission System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Amol Waddamwar, Suyog Kulkarni, and P. R. Dhamangaonkar
17 Pyroelectric Energy Harvesting Potential in Lead-Free
BZT-BST Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Satyanarayan Patel
18 Implementation of Online Self-Tuning Fuzzy-PI (STFPI)
Controller for Conical Tank System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
M. Lakshmanan, V. Kamatchi Kannan, K. Chitra, and S. Srinivasan
Contents xiii
19 Smart and Sustainable Shopping Cart for the Physically

Challenged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Prashant Kumar Soori, Kiran Mathews Abraham,
and Mohamed Al-Mujtaba Ali Idris Osman
20 Investigation of Surface Roughness in MQL Aided Turning
of Al/Cu/Zr Alloy Using PCD Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Md. Rezaul Karim, Sabbir Hossain Shawon, Shah Murtoza Morshed,
Abir Hasan, and Juairiya Binte Tariq
21 Comparative Analysis on the Effect of Minimum Quantity
Lubrication and Chilled Air Cooling During Turning Hardened
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Israt Sharmin, Mahjabin Moon, and Faysal Hasan Asik
22 Deposition of Single-Layer Oxide Films with Ion Beam
Sputtering Technique on Super-Polished Ceramic Glass
Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Laxminarayana Gangalakurti, K. Venugopal Reddy,
Chhabra Inder Mohan, Atchaih Naidu Varadharajula,
and Radhika Kanakam
23 A Review on Latest Trends in Derived Technologies of Friction
Stir Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Maddela Narender, V. Ajay Kumar, and Aluri Manoj
24 Investigation on Hybrid Polyester Composite Comprising of Sisal
and Coir as a Reinforcement and Fly Ash as Filler . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
M. L. Darshan, Srikumar Biradar, and K. S. Ravishankar
25 Thermal Performance Study of Double-Pass Solar Air Heater
in Almora District Zone of Uttarakhand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Divya Joshi, Satyendra Singh, and Sandeep Kandwal
26 Modeling and Optimal Control of Vehicle Air Conditioning
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Nassim Khaled and Harsha Mathur
27 Experimental and CFD Analysis of Artificial Dimples Surface
Roughness by Using Application of Domestic Solar
Water Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
M. Arun, Debabrata Barik, K. P. Sridhar, and G. Vignesh
28 Secure Privacy Analysis of HR Analytics—A Machine
Learning Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
V. Kakulapati
29 Identification of Parkinson’s Disease Using Machine Learning
and Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Ved Abhyankar and Rushikesh Tapdiya
xiv Contents
30 Assessment of Forensics Investigation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Pranay Chauhan and Pratosh Bansal
31 Smart Tourism Development in a Smart City: Mangaluru . . . . . . . 325
A. N. Parameswaran, K. S. Shivaprakasha, and Rekha Bhandarkar
32 Big Data Analytics and Internet of Things in Health
Informatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Pawan Singh Gangwar and Yasha Hasija
33 Medicinal Leaves Recognition Using Contour-Based
Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
B. R. Pushpa, K. B. Amaljith, and N. Megha
34 Deep Learning for Robot Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Mamilla Keerthikeshwar and S. Anto
35 Deep Learning Approach for Prediction of Handwritten
Telugu Vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Ch. Prathima and Naresh Babu Muppalaneni
36 Literature Review of Lean Methodology and Research Issues
for Identifying and Eliminating Waste in Software
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Mona Deshmukh and Prateek Srivastava
37 IQINN: Improve the Quality of Image by Neural Network . . . . . . 389
Priyanka Birajdar and Bashirahamad Momin
38 Traffic Monitoring System in Smart Cities Using Image
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Syed Qamrul Kazmi, Munindra Kumar Singh, and Saurabh Pal
39 Sensitivity Context-Aware PrivacyPreserving Sentiment
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
A. N. Ramya Shree, P. Kiran, and Sharan Chhibber
40 Analysis of Heart Disease Data Using K-Means Clustering
Algorithm in Orange Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Sarangam Kodati, Kumbala Pradeep Reddy, G. Ravi,
and Nara Sreekanth
41 Development of Biomass Green Champo Leaf DRAM
Memory Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Gaurang K. Patel, Jitendra P. Chaudhari, and S. P. Kosta
42 An Unscented Kalman Filter Approach for High-Precision
Indoor Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Yashwant Yerra, D. Ram Kumar Reddy, and P. Sudheesh
Contents xv
43 Implementation of Energy Detection Technique for Spread

Spectrum Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
T. Anjali, T. S. Aparna, M. Meera, A. Parvathy,
and Gayathri Narayanan
44 Implementation of Low Area ALU Using Reversible Logic
Formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Niveditha Duggi and Swaminadhan Rajula
45 Evaluation of Transfer Learning Model for Mango
Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Chanki Pandey, Prabira Kumar Sethy, Santi Kumari Behera,
Sharad Chandra Rajpoot, Bitti Pandey, Preesat Biswas,
and Millee Panigrahi
46 An Inter-Comparative Survey on State-of-the-Art
Detectors—R-CNN, YOLO, and SSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
B. Bhavya Sree, V. Yashwanth Bharadwaj, and N. Neelima
47 Diabetes Patients Hospital Re-admission Prediction Using
Machine Learning Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Sneha Grampurohit
48 Traffic Analysis Using IoT for Improving Secured
Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
K. Santhi Sri, P. Sandhya Krishna, V. Lakshman Narayana,
and Reshmi Khadherbhi
49 Implementation of a Network of Wireless Weather Stations
Using a Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Segundo G. Vacacela and Luigi O. Freire
50 Various Developments in the Design of Hovercrafts:
A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Jhansi Reddy Dodda, N. V. Srinivasulu, and Balem Rahul Reddy
51 Efficient Utilization of Home Energy During Pandemic—A
Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
A. P. Nikitha, Mir Mohammed Junaid Basha, M. N. Vijayakumar,
and M. S. Archana
52 Data Analytics Based Multimodal System for Fracture
Identification and Verification in CBIR Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
H. Manjula Gururaj Rao and G. S. Nagaraja
53 Solar PV-Driven Swaccha Jal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Rahul Virmani, Isha Rajput, Satish Kumar Gupta, Sarthak Singhal,
Rupali Gupta, and Harsh Kapil
xvi Contents
54 Field Performance Monitoring of Roof-Mounted SPV Systems:

Application of Internet-Enabled Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Navneet Raghunath, M. K. Deshmukh, and Sandip S. Deshmukh
55 Flow Modulation at Micro-combustor Inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Arees Qamareen, Shahood S. Alam, and Mubashshir A. Ansari
56 Study on Performance of Phase Change Material Integrated
Heat Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
G. Gnaneshwar, G. Sundara Subramanian, N. S. Hari Thiagarajan,
Lakshmi Narayanan, and D. Senthil Kumar
57 Design and Implementation of Smart Charging for LMV . . . . . . . . 591
A. Jeevitha, K. Vasudeva Banninthaya, and G. S. Srikanth
58 Experimental Transient Analysis of Radial Flow Clay
Desiccant Packed Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Abhijeet Boche and Ravikiran Kadoli
59 Coral—A Smart Water Body Health Monitoring System . . . . . . . . 609
Saket Vaibhav, R. Shakthivel, Nikhil Suresh, S. Jyothsna,
Arijit Datta, and K. Chitra
60 Recent Investigation on Ultrasonic Machining of Aluminum
Metal Matrix Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Rajkumar Ashok Patil-Tekale, Aditya Gadekar, Yash Gadhade,
Laukik Parakh, R. Balaji, and Ashish Selokar
61 Military Reconnaissance and Rescue Robot with Real-Time
Object Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Rakshana Ismail and Senthil Muthukumaraswamy
62 Finite Element Analysis and Design of a Four-Helical Coiled
Single Lumen Microcatheter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Mallapi Debashree Gayatri Reddy, Ruby Mishra,
and Manoranjan Mohapatra
63 Wear Modeling Revisited Using Feedback Control Theory . . . . . . . 659
M. Hanief and M. S. Charoo
64 Performance Assessment of Improved Solar Still Design
with Stepped-Corrugated Absorber Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Aasawari Bhaisare, Unmesh Wasnik, Aniket Sakhare, Pawan Thakur,
Akash Nimje, Abhishek Hiwarkar, Vikrant Katekar,
and Sandip Deshmukh
65 Parametric Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Single Lap Joint
Using Finite Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Abdul Aabid, Sher Afghan Khan, Turki Al-Khalifah, Bisma Parveez,
and Asraar Anjum
Contents xvii
66 Modelling and Analysis of Flat Disc Brake for Dynamic

Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
K. Viswanath Allamraju
67 Robust PV Fed Discrete Controller for Heating and Lighting
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
K. Viji, K. Chitra, and K. Uma Maheswari
68 Study of Effect of Variation of Parameters on the Performance
of a Solar Still . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Twinkle Rane, Parthsarathi Mulay, Namrata Kala,
and Archana Thosar
69 Friction and Wear Performance of Jatropha Oil Added
with Molybdenum Disulphide Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Zahid Mushtaq and M. Hanief
70 Layer Based Fabrication of Human-Scaled Body Parts
by Using Pneumatic Extrusion Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
O. Y. Venkata Subba Reddy, V. Venkatesh, A. N. R. Reddy,
and A. L. S. Brahma Reddy
71 Fuzzy-Based Power Management Strategy for Performance
Improvement of Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
J. S. Rakhi and T. Rajeev
72 Design of Pitch Box-Mounting Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
K. S. Prakasha, Shrishail Kakkeri, and D. Amaresh Kumar
73 Heat Transfer Enhancement in Automobile Radiator Through
the Application of CuO Nanofluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
M. Chandra Sekhara Reddy and Veeredhi Vasudeva Rao
74 Positioning of Wind Turbine in a Wind Farm for Optimum
Generation of Power Using Genetic Algorithm for Multiple
Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Khalid Anwar and Sandip Deshmukh
75 Eco-Efficiency and Business Performance Evaluation—Lean
and Green Manufacturing Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
R. Kishore, R. Pradeep, Suyash Roy, K. Ravi Teja, M. S. Narassima,
K. Ganesh, and S. P. Anbuudayasankar
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

About the Editors
Dr. A. N. R. Reddy Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the

Department, obtained his B.Tech. and M.Tech. from JNT University, Hyderabad,
India, and Ph.D. from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. Dr. A. N. R. has
received many prestigious research innovation and academic excellence awards that
include Malaysian Government International Student Award ‘Malaysian
International Scholarship’; Zamalah Graduate Scholarship; Two Silver medals and
best Paper Presentation Awards for his state-of-the-art for research innovations in
biofuels and nano catalysts. His main research domains are bioenergy, pyrolysis of
biomass, synthesis of nano materials, spectrophotometry, applied & fluid
mechanics, modelling, optimization, DOE and TRIZ. Dr. A. N. R., as a Principle
Investigator, has successfully completed AICTE, Government of India sponsored
research project entitled ‘Multi Objective Optimization of Production Process
Parameters using Evolutionary Algorithms’, and guided many PG and UG projects.
He is a life member of several professional associations such as ORSI, ISTAM,
IndACM, ISTE, EWB, SAE India and ISSMO. Having over 20 years of service in
both academics and research, he has more than 35 publications to his credit in
various ISI/ Scopus indexed journals and Conference proceedings. Dr. A. N. R. was
an Organizing Chair and Editor for SIST Series ‘Proceedings of Intelligent
Manufacturing and Energy Sustainability 2019’, also he is actively involved in
organizing trainings, seminars, conferences, FDPs and workshops for the benefit of
academia.
Dr. Deepak Marla is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Department

of Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT
Bombay). He has obtained Ph.D. from IIT Bombay and had done his postdoctoral
work from the Technical University of Denmark and University of Illinois at
Urbana–Champaign. His work is in the domain of micro-/nano-manufacturing
using advanced techniques that involve lasers, electric discharges, electrochemical
reactions, plasmas and micro-tools. His research focuses on gaining a fundamental
xix
xx About the Editors
insight into these processes through a synergetic use of multi-physics modelling and
simulation, and experiments with an eye on addressing critical challenges at the
process level.
Dr. Margarita N. Favorskaya is Professor and Head of Department of Infor-

matics and Computer Techniques at Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science
and Technology, Russian Federation. Professor Favorskaya is a member of KES
organization since 2010, the IPC member and Chair of invited sessions of over 30
international conferences. She serves as Reviewer in international journals
(Neurocomputing, Knowledge Engineering and Soft Data Paradigms, Pattern
Recognition Letters, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence), Associate
Editor of Intelligent Decision Technologies Journal, International Journal of
Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Engineering Systems and International Journal of
Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems, Honorary Editor of the International Journal
of Knowledge Engineering and Soft Data Paradigms, Reviewer, Guest Editor and
Book Editor (Springer). She is the author or the co-author of 200 publications and
20 educational manuals in computer science. She co-authored/co-edited seven
books for Springer recently. She supervised nine Ph.D. candidates and is presently
supervising four Ph.D. students. Her main research interests are digital image and
video processing, remote sensing, pattern recognition, fractal image processing,
artificial intelligence and information technologies.
Suresh Chandra Satapathy is currently working as Professor, KIIT Deemed to be

University, Odisha, India. He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer Science Engineering
from JNTUH, Hyderabad, and Master’s degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha. He
has more than 27 years of teaching and research experience. His research interest
includes machine learning, data mining, swarm intelligence studies and their
applications to engineering. He has more than 98 publications to his credit in
various reputed international journals and conference proceedings. He has edited
many volumes from Springer AISC, LNEE, SIST and LNCS in the past, and he is
also the editorial board member in few international journals. He is a senior member
of IEEE and a life member of Computer Society of India. Currently, he is National
Chairman of Division-V (Education and Research) of Computer Society of India.
Chapter 1
Metallographic Analysis
of the Percentage of Carbon in the Test
Tube Based on Artificial Vision
Luigi O. Freire, Luis M. Navarrete, Byron P. Corrales,

and Jefferson A. Porras
Abstract This research was born with the purpose of accrediting metallographic
analysis tests aimed at microstructure composition techniques and morphological
analysis of metallic materials, which is mainly used in the national vehicle body-
work industry. It is based on the use of artificial vision tools. It is necessary to
have the requirements of the NTE INEN ISO / IEC 17025: Standard 2006 that
stipulates the General Requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories. An intercomparison test of results is implemented to validate the trace-
ability of measurements and to allow technical analysts to demonstrate knowledge
of how results are obtained through commercial metallographic analysis software.
The comparison of an acquisition, post-processing and results generation protocol
of a commercial image processing tool, with another one developed in-house using
free software is known as OpenCV.
1.1 Introduction
Metallographic testing laboratories need to prove competent to guarantee a level of

confidence in their results reports [1]. Center for the Promotion of Metal-Mechanical
Production CFPMC is in the implementation of a Metallographic Analysis Labora-
tory, in which the need to have validation techniques developed by the laboratory is
present to guarantee whether the methods used are valid according to the requirements
L. O. Freire (B) · L. M. Navarrete · B. P. Corrales · J. A. Porras

Universidad Técnica Cotopaxi, Latacunga, Ecuador
e-mail: luigi.freire@utc.edu.ec.com
L. M. Navarrete
e-mail: luis.navarrete7284@utc.edu.ec
B. P. Corrales
e-mail: byron.corrales@utc.edu.ec
J. A. Porras
e-mail: jefferson.porras0449@utc.edu.ec
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 1
A. N. R. Reddy et al. (eds.), Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy Sustainability,
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 213,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4443-3_1
2 L. O. Freire et al.
of normative requirements of the INEN ISO/IEC 17025 standard, which provides

compliance to both national and international traceability [2].
The software acquired for the first implementation is the Stream Basic version
1.9 of the Olympus brand and has tools for acquisition of metallographic images in
red green and blue “RGB (red, green, blue)” [3] and grayscale. In addition, it allows
capturing photos for further analysis using tools to support the metallographic charac-
terization of steels. However, according to what the quality standard for laboratories
imposes, a greater knowledge is required of how these results are obtained by techno-
logical means and how these can be compared to demonstrate their validity. The most
common forms for this purpose are the use of standard test tubes, inter-laboratory
tests or proprietary methods developed by the laboratory.
Ordinary carbon steels are essentially iron and carbon alloys with a content of up
to 1.2% carbon and from 0.25 to 1% manganese, as well as smaller amounts of other
elements; but in general, most steels contain less than 0.5% carbon [4].
Historically worldwide, a corresponding level of production of 90% has been
registered for carbon steels, and the remaining 10% would be alloyed steels. In the
compact vehicle industry, more and more alloy steels are used due to the need to
lighten weights in the self-supporting structures. According to the national techno-
logical level, the car body manufacturers use square profiles in their carbon steel
structures, obtained under the reference designation ASTM A36.
The task of evaluating the technical competence of a metallography laboratory is
based on the verification of compliance with the specific requirements of this refer-
ence material, in order to be subsequently evaluated so that a laboratory is compe-
tent, this being the Ecuadorian Accreditation Service (Servicio de Acreditación
Ecuatoriano SAE) [5].
For these reasons, the CFPMC considers it of great value to start with an inter-
comparison study of analyzed results of the commercial software image processing
with an alternative, and it becomes one of the first steps reached within the evaluation
of the technical competence and its formal recognition [6].
1.2 Basis
The research is carried out in the CFPMC of the Honorable Gobierno Provincial
de Tungurahua (HGPT), exclusively in the Metallographic Analysis Laboratory,
Climatic Tests and Thermal Treatments, being this a space to be demanded by the
Metalworking, Construction and Energy Industry.
The UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard was designed to be used by testing and cali-
bration laboratories when developing management systems for their quality, adminis-
trative and technical activities. When working under the regulations of this standard,
their technical competence and the validity of their results are recognized, responding
to the demands of the organizations or entities and giving themselves credibility to
their clients [7, 8].
1 Metallographic Analysis of the Percentage of Carbon … 3
1.3 Methodology
The procedure and the preparation of the material were done according to ASTM
E-3 [9], which specifies the different procedures for the correct preparation of
metallographic test tube.
1.3.1 Selection and Cutting of the Material to Be Analyzed
The area selections to analyze the square profile were: in the cross section to analyze
the microstructure and in the flat section to observe the inclusions.
The sections in the metallographic test tube were cut to avoid affecting the thermal
structure of the material. The sample must be manipulatable [10], but due to the small
size, these samples must be encapsulated to proceed to the next process.
1.3.2 Test Tube Mounting
The test tube was mounted on phenolic resin with the help of the metallographic
press according to standardized procedure [10]. The amount of resin that was used
was 15 gr. at a pressure of 4 bar with a heating temperature of 170 °C and a cooling
temperature of 60 °C, with an encapsulation time of 8 min.
1.3.3 Test Tube Roughing
The surface of the test tube passes through the roughing metallographic, in order to
flatten the surface and leave the same list for the polishing machine.
1.3.4 Gross Roughing
Once the test tube was encapsulated, the section to be analyzed was polished, the
abrasive process starts by using the disk number 120 during 5 min, the disk number
220 was used for a period of 15 min and finally placed disk number 600 for 20 min
[10].
In case the disk 600 is not efficient, it has a number 1200 abrasive disk. This disk
is recommended to be used to obtain a specular surface (it is the ideal surface in
which the law of reflection is perfectly fulfilled (incident angle = reflected angle)
[11].
a.100X b.200X c.500X
Fig. 1.1 Magnification
The initial speed of each polishing was 4 level (50 rpm), and as soon as the
polishing process advances, the speed increases from level 8–10 (200–300 rpm)
[12].
1.3.5 Fine Roughing
The fine polishing is finally performed, and the DiaMax Poly 3 um diamond paste
is used, the knob is changed to oil, a constant drip flow is regulated. The polishing
time must be that necessary for the surface to be speculated [10].
1.3.6 Chemical Attack
Counting with a washed and dried test tube, it was chemically attacked with Nital
(alcohol and nitric acid), from 2 to 5% of Nital to oxidize the section to be analyzed,
in this procedure, the pearlite darkens and differs from the ferrite. After 35 s, the
acid is removed with abundant water, and again, it is dried with a current of air by
means of the compressor to later observe the test tube in the microscope, proceed to
the microscope and observe the microstructure at 100×, 200× and 500× (Fig. 1.1).
1.3.7 Method of Interception (or Heyn)
The grain size is estimated by counting by means of a divided glass screen, the
number of grains intersected by one or more straight lines. The length of the line
in millimeters, divided by the average number of grains intersected by it, gives the
average grain intercept length.
An intercept is a segment of the test line that passes over a grain. An intersection
is a point where the test line is cut by a grain edge. Either of the two can be counted
with identical results in a single-phase material. When intercepts are counted, the
segments at the end of the test line that penetrate into a grain are scored as a half
intercept. When intersections are counted, the endpoints of the test line are not
intersections and are not counted except when they touch exactly one edge of grain,
then 1/2 intersection must be noted.
An intersection coinciding with the union of three grains should be noted as 11/2
as marked by ASTM E 112 [13].
G = (6.643856 log 10 × NL) − 30288 (1.1)
NL = N i/(L/M) (1.2)
Being:
G Grain size
NL Number of grains per mm
Ni Intercepted grains
L Length of the online test
M Magnification.
1.3.8 Procedure Analysis with Privative Software
The microstructure of the metallographic test tube, where it is observed that it corre-
sponds to a ferritic–pearlite steel, that is to say, a carbon steel with a low percentage
of carbon.
For this, the software marks the carbon grains with red (Fig. 1.2).
Next, the calculation of the percentages relative to the red color is shown.
255 100%
90 x x = 35.294%
Fig. 1.2 Magnification 200× and image segmentation

The percentage of pearlite is 32.654%

%C − 0.008
%P = ∗ 100 (1.3)
0.8 − 0.008
%C = 0.2875%
1.3.9 Grain Size Determination
In the determination of the grain size, the interception method has been used, with
which the grain size was determined (Fig. 1.3):
The following tables show the quantification by the divisions made in the
horizontal as well as the vertical direction (Table 1.1).
Vertical Direction
In the vertical direction, the grain number was determined by computer-aided drawing
tools. In addition, its size was calculated by the recommended formulation as shown
below:
Fig. 1.3 Measuring grain

size measured with CAD
tools
Table 1.1 No. of grains

No. of lines No. of grains vertical No. of grains horizontal
lines lines
1 51 71
2 55 70
3 53 72
4 56 70
5 54 71
51 + 55 + 53 + 56 + 54
No. of Grainsaverage = = 53.8 grains (1.4)
5
500 µm
E= = 9.29368 µm (1.5)
53.8 grains

E
G = 10 − 6.64391 log (1.6)
10
G vertical = 10.211357 ∼
= 10
The grain size obtained is 10.211357, the average diameter is 9.29368 µm, and
therefore, the grain size in the vertical direction is 10.
Horizontal Direction
This is obtained in the same way as in the vertical direction as it is presented in the
following development:
Grains numbers(average) = 71 + 70 + 72 + 70 + 71 = 70.8 grains
E = 9.322 µm
G Horizontal = 10.2025 ≈ 10
The grain size obtained is 10.2025, the average diameter is 9.322 µm, and
therefore, the grain size in the horizontal direction is 10.
When making the comparison of microstructures, it can be clearly seen that the
grain size is number 10, when compared with the photograph of the Metals Handbook
(Fig. 1.4).
The process is summarized in the conversion of RGB color spaces to grayscale
and the conditioning through different filtering algorithms in order to have an image
banalization that contains information close to reality. The post-processing is done
with pixel count programming to discriminate and differentiate the characteristics
Fig. 1.4 Comparison with

pattern images of the metal
handbook [14]
of metallographic structures. This process generates as a result of the percentage

corresponding to the clearest images represented by the ferrite and the darker ones
that represent the pearlite, according to the material analyzed.
As a synthesis of the implemented algorithm, it can be summarized that the image
of the microscope is taken, and as a first step, a grayscale image transformation is
carried out, as every real image has a certain noise inherent to the sensor, it is necessary
to implement a noise reduction stage, in this case as a first step, a Gaussian smoothing
with a minimum kernel is used to then perform a Laplacian convolution.
Next, it is necessary to make an “opening” to delimit and improve the contours of
each analyzed grain, thus leaving the image ready to perform a threshold search that
minimizes the intraclass disagreement, defined as a weighted sum of disagreement
of two classes, being the weights, the probability of separating the two classes by a
threshold based on the maximum disagreement among the elements of the present
classes.
Once the dynamic binarization has been carried out, as a next step, it is necessary
to delimit the contours of the structures found in the image to calculate the percentage
represented by the black regions in relation to the blank regions present in the image
analyzer, which is 572 px per side.
The filtering stage has been determined for convolution and morphological
processing in their respective stages of erosion and expansion according to what
is described in the main program. The result of what is described can be seen in the
following images.
The binarization shown in Fig. 5d is the penultimate process of post-treatment step
to obtain the percentages of ferrite and pearlite in the case of carbon steels obtained
by image capture using the microscope, and this is compared to the total pixels of
the image and is shown as a percentage (Fig. 1.6).
1.4 Results Analysis
The implemented algorithm, it can be summarized that the image of the microscope is
taken and as a first step a grayscale image transformation is carried out, as every real
image has a certain noise inherent to the sensor, it is necessary to implement a noise
reduction stage, in this case as a first step a Gaussian smoothing with a minimum
kernel is used to then perform a Laplacian convolution.
Next, it is necessary to make an “opening” to delimit and improve the contours of
each analyzed grain, thus leaving the image ready to perform a threshold search that
minimizes the intraclass disagreement, defined as a weighted sum of disagreement
of two classes, being the weights, the probability of separating the two classes by a
threshold based on the maximum disagreement among the elements of the present
classes.
Once the dynamic binarization has been carried out, as a next step, it is necessary
to delimit the contours of the structures found in the image to calculate the percentage
Fig. 1.5 Filtering of images
Fig. 1.6 Pixel count
represented by the black regions in relation to the blank regions present in the image
analyzer, which is 572 px per side.
The metallographic sample obtained through a standard preparation process guar-
anteed the quality and reliability of the observations of the material and its digital
acquisition through the payment program Stream Basic.
The software Scope Photo, used in the conventional process for the determination
of the percentage of pearlite, depends on the experience and the visual acuity of the
technician to aim at the correct segmentation of reds within the image. This practice
is common in the laboratory because the commercial software does not have solvers
for direct post-treatment in this aspect.
The developed process allowed to determine percentages close to those of an expe-

rienced staff and its direct calculation, demonstrating that the technical competence
is valid according to this essay.
The result obtained from the percentage of pearlite maintains a difference some-
what greater than 10% because it no longer depends on the experience of the techni-
cian and the method used, and it should be noted that the system corrects the possible
human failure that may exist in the evaluation of each trial. Another important fact
is the recalculation of equivalent carbon C = 0.2499% with a variation of 3%.
1.5 Conclusions
The type test presented as a reference by the Ecuadorian Accreditation Service

allowed evaluating and knowing all the gaps in the data acquisition system that
the laboratory has, being a clear starting source to comply with the technical part of
the developed test.
Based on the classical method, it can be determined that the analyzed specimen
of a square profile of [25 × 3 mm] is probably an ASTM A36 steel because it is a
carbon steel with a content of 0.26% C, the size grain obtained by the intersection
method was grain size number 10.
Metallographic analysis methods require special attention to image processing to
generate reliable results.
The system presented allows the addition of new characteristics for material anal-
ysis according to technical requirements, this being the starting point for new jobs
such as the determination of grain size.
References
1. Standars Council of Canada, https://www.scc.ca/

2. Servicio de Acreditación Ecuatoriano, https://www.acreditacion.gob.ec/
3. R.A.B. Fernandes, B. Diniz, R. Ribeiro, M. Humayun, Artificial vision through neuronal
stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 519, 122–128 (2012)
4. W.F. Smith, Fundamentos de La Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales (Xoncepción Fernandez
Madrid, España, 2018).
5. R. Mendoza, Elaboración de la documentación y el manual de calidad bajo la norma ISO/IEC
17025 para el laboratorio de Física en la facultad de Mecánica con fines de acreditación ante
el Organismo de Acreditación Ecuatoriano (OAE), Riobamba (2014)
6. L&S Consultores C.A., www.lysconsultores.com
7. International Organization for Standardization, https://www.iso.org/
8. International Electrotechnical Commission, https://www.iec.ch/
9. T. Kevin O’brien, Composite materials: fatigue and fracture, vol. 4, ed. by W.W. Stinchcomb ,
N.E. Ashbaugh (1993) pp 507–537
10. ASTM: Standard practice for Preparation of Metallographic Test tube, Annual Book of ASTM
standards (2009), pp. 1–8
11. E. Rivas, Comportamiento Espectral de Superficies (Technical report, Optativa Sensores

Remotos LTA, 2019).
12. TECMICRO S.A., https://tecmicro.es/
13. ASTM: Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size, Annual Book of ASTM
standards (2013), pp. 1–27
14. ASTM, Metals Handbook Desk, ASM International, Annual Book of ASTM standards (1998)
Chapter 2
Machinability Study of “Nickel
Material” in Deep Micro-holes
Fabrication Through µECM
Md. Zishanur Rahman, Alok Kumar Das, and Somnath Chattopadhyaya
Abstract In current years, demands of parts and products with deep micro-holes
have fast raised. Micro-electrochemical machining (μECM) is one of the cost-
effective techniques and a better alternative for the fabrication of deep micro-holes in
hard-to-machine materials with precise dimensions and good surface finish. Selec-
tion of suitable electrolyte material plays most important role in μECM of a particular
material. Quality of deep micro-holes can be highly controlled by selecting suitable
electrolyte material as well as its concentration. In this research, aqueous solution of
H2 SO4 electrolyte (acidic) is used for the study of machinability characteristics of
“nickel material” in deep micro-holes fabrication through the process of μECM. To
the best of author’s knowledge a very few studies has been attempted in deep micro-
holes fabrication in “nickel material” through μECM. In this study, all experiments
are conducted using Taguchi L9 (33 ) OA design with fabricated cylindrical tung-
sten micro-tool electrode of diameter 108 μm. Machining parameters are optimized
using Taguchi technique, and ANOVA is employed to investigate the influence of
these parameters on the response outputs such as average diameter (Dh), overcut
(OC), and diameter difference (Dd). In last, the dominant machining parameters for
the responses have been found out, and the regression models have been developed.
Md. Z. Rahman (B) · A. K. Das · S. Chattopadhyaya

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
e-mail: rzishan10@gmail.com
A. K. Das
e-mail: eralok@yahoo.co.in
S. Chattopadhyaya
e-mail: somuismu@gmail.com
Md. Z. Rahman
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nalanda College of Engineering, Chandi (Nalanda),
DST, Govt. of Bihar, Nalanda, Bihar, India
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4443-3_2
14 Md. Z. Rahman et al.
2.1 Introduction
Tool-wear rate, MRR, surface roughness, over cut, aspect ratio, diameter error,
etc., are some of the inherent characteristics of machinability which are commonly
used for measuring the machining performance. A low cutting force diminishes
the tool-wear and enhances machining performance, and a low surface roughness
on machined surface indicates the favorable cutting performance with acceptable
surface quality. The conventional methods for micromachining encounter various
problems such as residual stresses, unintended heat generation near cutting zone,
poor surface quality, high cutting force, rapid wear of tool, and extensile burr forma-
tion. μECM is one of the cost-effective techniques to machine micro-components
with reasonably precise dimensions and good quality of surface finish for hard-to-
machine and exotic materials needed for various industrial applications, especially
in aerospace industries, electronic, and computer [1–5]. These days, demands of
products with micro-holes have increased. Wire drawing dies, miniature oil sprayers,
turbine blades, miniature mixers, cooling channels, spinner holes, miniature oil atom-
izers, inkjet printer nozzle, diesel fuel injection nozzles, drug delivery orifices, etc.,
are some of the widely used products which contain the micro-holes [6–9]. Economy
of production cost for deep micro-hole fabrication is necessary along with precise
dimension and good quality of surface finish. Considering these requirements, μECM
have turned out to be a useful and effective alternative for producing deep micro-
holes in exotic and hard-to-machine materials [10, 11]. Acidic electrolytes have more
advantages for μECM process as the reaction products dissolved in the electrolytic
solution during the electrolysis. This permit the inter electrode gap (i.e., gap between
the micro-tool electrode and the micro-hole) to be produced as small as possible [12].
In this research, an acidic electrolyte, i.e., aqueous solution of H2 SO4 electrolyte,
is used for the study of machinability characteristics of “nickel material” in deep
micro-holes fabrication through μECM process. Pulsed DC voltage (V), electrolyte
concentration (Mol/L), and pulse frequency (KHz) are chosen as machining parame-
ters in order to investigate their effects on response outputs, i.e., average diameter of
micro-hole “Dh” [μm], radial overcut “OC” [μm], and diameter difference of micro-
hole “Dd” [μm]. All experiments are conducted using Taguchi L9 (33 ) orthogonal
array (OA) design with fabricated cylindrical tungsten micro-tool electrode of diam-
eter 108 μm. Machining parameters has been optimized using Taguchi technique. In
last, the dominant machining parameters for the responses have been found out by
employing ANOVA, and the regression models have been developed.
2.2 Experimentation
An in-house sinking type μECM setup (as shown in Fig. 2.1a) is used to fabricate
deep through micro-holes in nickel plate. Anodic workpiece of nickel material having
thickness 1050 μm is clamped on a fabricated fixture inside the machining chamber,
2 Machinability Study of “Nickel Material” in Deep … 15
Fig. 2.1 a μECM setup, b enlarge view of machining chamber, c setup configuration
and the machining chamber is filled with the H2 SO4 electrolyte as shown in Fig. 2.1b,
c. During the fabrication of micro-hole, the pulsed DC power supply is connected
across the micro-tool electrode (cathode) and the workpiece (anode). For holding this
micro-tool electrode, ultra-precision spindle-collet is used. This cathodic micro-tool
electrode is emerged just 2 mm deep inside electrolyte during all the experiments.
For each of the experiments, fresh electrolyte is used for maintaining the uniform
pH of the electrolyte which is also important to get accurate experimental results.
After many trial runs, the feasible working range (low level and upper level) of
each machining parameters is decided. All the experiments are conducted with a
maximum constant tool feed of 50 μm/minute and a constant duty cycle of 49%.
2.2.1 Experimental Design
Orthogonal array, control factors, and response factors are selected according to
Taguchi design technique. The selected control factors for this study are three
machining parameters: pulsed DC voltage (V), electrolyte concentration (Mol/L),
and pulse frequency (KHz). For three control factors, three level tests for each factor
are taken as given in Table 2.1. Average diameter of micro-hole “Dh” [μm], radial
overcut “OC” [μm], and diameter difference of micro-hole “Dd” [μm] are chosen
as response factors for the experimentation. To accommodate three control factors
(machining parameters) and their three levels, standard Taguchi’s L9 (33 ) OA design
is selected for achieving the objectives of how the controlled parameters influence
the response factors (output), and what are the optimum machining parameters to
Table 2.1 Control factors and its values for the experiments
Control factors (machining parameters) Code Levels
1 2 3
Pulse DC voltage (V) X 9 11 13
Electrolyte concentration (Mol/L) Y 0.4 0.6 0.8
Pulse frequency (KHz) Z 160 180 200
Table 2.2 Design of experiments (L9 OA-design) and corresponding results

Exp. Mach. Param. and Designation di (μm) do Dh OC Dd
run levels (μm) (μm) (μm) (μm)
X Y Z
1 1 1 1 X1Y 1Z1 703 541 622 257.0 162
2 1 2 2 X1Y 2Z2 731 561 646 269.0 170
3 1 3 3 X1Y 3Z3 788 594 691 291.5 194
4 2 1 2 X2Y 1Z2 797 601 699 295.5 196
5 2 2 3 X2Y 2Z3 849 641 745 318.5 208
6 2 3 1 X2Y 3Z1 944 698 821 356.5 246
7 3 1 3 X3Y 1Z3 932 680 806 349.0 252
8 3 2 1 X3Y 2Z1 1006 734 870 381.0 272
9 3 3 2 X3Y 3Z2 1115 807 961 426.5 308
obtain minimum average diameter, minimum overcut, and minimum diameter differ-
ence of micro-hole. According to Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array design (Table 2.2),
nine experimental runs are conducted based on deep through micro-holes fabrica-
tion in nickel plate through the process of μECM using H2 SO4 electrolyte (aqueous).
Microscopic views of fabricated micro-hole at experimental run-2 are explained in
Fig. 2.2.
2.2.2 Measurement of Responses (“Dh,” “OC,” and “Dd”)
In this study, response output such as “Dh,” “OC,” and “Dd” are calculated for each
machined micro-hole by using equation number 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3, respectively, which
are formulated according to the geometry of fabricated micro-hole through μECM.
A metallurgical microscope (Model: BX51M of OLYMPUS) was used to measure
the diameters di and do.
(i) Average diameter;
di + do
Dh = (2.1)
2
Fig. 2.2 Microscopic views of fabricated micro-hole at experimental run-2
(ii) Radial overcut;
Dh − Dt
OC = (2.2)
2
(iii) Diameter difference;
Dd = di − do (2.3)
where
di Diameter of micro-hole at entrance (μm)
do Diameter of micro-hole at exit (μm)
Dt Diameter of micro-tool electrode (μm).
2.3 Results and Discussions
Under this section, all experimental results are analyzed through S/N ratio and
ANOVA. The optimum machining parameters required for the minimum “Dh,”
minimum “OC” and minimum “Dd” are obtained by using Eq. 2.4 in which “y”
is the observed data. For all “Dh,”, “OC,” and “Dd,” S/N ratios and level values are
calculated using MINITAB-17 software. Table 2.2 depicts the design of experiments
and their corresponding results. The level of a response output with the greatest S/N
ratio gives an optimal level, regardless of the type of response characteristics (such
as “Dh,” “OC,” “Dd”). For analyzing the effects of machining parameters on “Dh,”
“OC,” and “Dd,” main effects plot of S/N ratios and interaction plot are generated as
shown in Figs. 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6.
S/N ratio equation:
Fig. 2.3 a Main effects plot of SN ratio and b interaction plot for “Dh”
Fig. 2.4 a Main effects plot of SN ratio and b interaction plot for “OC”
Fig. 2.5 a Main effects plot of SN ratio and b interaction plot for “Dd”
For smaller is the better characteristic, (minimize):
S 1 2
= 10 log y (2.4)
N n
Fig. 2.6 Comparison between experimental and predicted values of a “Dh” b “OC” c “Dd”
2.3.1 Analysis of Responses (“Dh,” “OC,” and “Dd”)
Figures 2.3a, 2.4a, and 2.5a reveal that the “Dh,” “OC,” and “Dd” obtained are the
minimum (optimal) at the first level of pulsed DC voltage (X1), the first level of
electrolyte concentration (Y 1), and the third level of pulse frequency (Z3). As a
result, optimal parameter for all “Dh,”, “OC,” and “Dd” is X1Y 1Z3, i.e., puled DC
voltage 9 V, electrolyte concentration 0.4 Mol/L, and pulse frequency 200 KHz.
According to the S/N ratio table, it is observed that pulsed DC voltage (V) has
more influence, electrolyte concentration (Mol/L) has moderate influence, and pulse
frequency (KHz) has less influence on “Dh,”, “OC,” and “Dd” all in the fabrication
of deep micro-holes in nickel plate through μECM process under H2 SO4 electrolyte.
Main effect plot of mean for “Dh,”, “OC,” and “Dd” as shown in Figs. 2.3b, 2.4b, and
2.5b indicate that “Dh,”, “OC,” and “Dd” all increase with increases of electrolyte
concentration as well as pulsed DC voltage and decreases with increase of pulse
frequency [13–15].
ANOVA has been applied for significance level α = 0.05 (or confidence level
= 95%). Control factors (machining parameters) with P-value obtained < 0.05 are
acknowledged as statistically significant contribution. Following are the ANOVA
results for:
(i) Average diameter (Dh) of fabricated micro-holes; illustrate that the pulsed DC
voltage has more influence (77.60%) on the “Dh” which are statistically signifi-
cant, while electrolyte concentration (20.48%) on the “Dh” has moderate influ-
ence, which are also statistically significant in the fabrication of deep micro-
hole in nickel plate through μECM process under H2 SO4 electrolyte. Pulse
frequency has least influence on “Dh,” which is statistically not significant.
The error contribution is 0.54.89% for “Dh.”
(ii) Overcut (OC) in fabricated micro-holes; illustrate that the pulsed DC voltage
has more influence (77.60%) on the “OC” which are statistically significant,
while electrolyte concentration (20.48%) on the “OC” has moderate influence,
which are also statistically significant in the fabrication of deep micro-hole in
nickel plate through μECM process under H2 SO4 electrolyte. Pulse frequency
has least influence on “OC,” which is statistically not significant. The error
contribution is 0.89% for “OC.”
(iii) Diameter difference (Dd) in fabricated micro-hole; illustrate that pulsed DC

voltage (81.73%) on the “Dd” has more influence, which are statistically
significant, while the electrolyte concentration (17.39%) on the “Dd” has
moderate influence, which are also statistically significant in the fabrication
of deep micro-hole in nickel plate through μECM process under H2 SO4 elec-
trolyte. Pulse frequency has least influence on “Dd,” which is statistically not
significant. The error contribution is 0.25% for “Dd.”
2.4 Development of Regression Models
Regression modeling has been done for obtaining the relationship between cutting
parameters [“X,” “Y,” and “Z”] and response outputs [“Dh”, “OC” and “Dd”] using
statistical software “MINITAB-17.” After neglecting insignificant coefficient, the
developed regression models are:
(a) Regression model of average diameter;
Dh = 891.3 − 51X − 530Y − 1.025Z + 2.75X 2

+ 270.8Y 2 − 0.000833Z 2 + 45.83X Y + 0.1083X Z (2.5)
For which R2 = 99.94%

(b) Regression model of radial overcut;
OC = 391.6 − 25.5X − 265Y − 0.5125Z + 1.375X 2

+ 135.4Y 2 − 0.000417Z 2 + 22.92X Y + 0.05417X Z (2.6)

(c) Regression model of diameter difference
Dd = 353.3 − 41.67X − 231.7Y − 0.08333Z + 2.417X 2

+ 216.7Y 2 − 0.001667Z 2 + 8.333X Y + 0.05X Z (2.7)

In regression model analysis, usually R2 value is used for validating the devel-
oped regression models, and R2 value should lie between 0.8 and 1.0 [16]. In current
study, the developed regression models [Eqs. (2.5), (2.6) and (2.7)] are consistent
because of R2 is greater than 90%. The predicted values obtained from developed
regression models are compared with the experimental values of “Dh,”, “OC,” and
“Dd” as shown in Fig. 2.6a–c, respectively. These figures predict that the variations
between predicted and experimental values are very minimal. Therefore, the devel-
oped regression models of second-order are statistically significant for “Dh,”, “OC,”
and “Dd.” Hence, these models [Eqs. (2.5), (2.6), and (2.7)] can be used for further
analysis.
2.5 Conclusions
This article has been focused on the machinability study of nickel material in deep
micro-hole fabrication through the process of μECM using fabricated tungsten
micro-tool electrode (cylindrical) under H2 SO4 electrolyte. Following conclusions
are summarized on the ground of experimental results and their analysis:
• Pulsed DC voltage 9 V, electrolyte concentration 0.4 Mol/L, pulse frequency
200KHz, duty cycle 49%, and feed rate 50 μm/min are the optimum parameters
for minimum average diameter “Dh,” minimum over cut “OC” and minimum
diameter difference “Dd” in the fabrication of deep micro-hole in nickel plate
through μECM process under H2 SO4 electrolyte.
• Interaction plot for “Dh,”, “OC,” and “Dd,” indicate that “Dh,” “OC,” and “Dd” all
increase with increase of electrolyte concentration as well as pulsed DC voltage.
• ANOVA results for “Dh” and “OC” indicate that the pulsed DC voltage has
more influence (77.60%) on the “Dh” and “OC,” both which are statistically
significant, while electrolyte concentration (20.48%) on the “Dh” and “OC” both
has moderate influence, which are also statistically significant in the fabrication of
deep micro-hole in nickel plate through μECM process under H2 SO4 electrolyte.
Pulse frequency has least influence on “Dh” and “OC,” which is statistically not
significant. The error contribution is 0.54.89% for “Dh” and “OC” both.
• ANOVA results for “Dd” indicate that the pulsed DC voltage (81.73%) on the
“Dd” has more influence, which are statistically significant, while the electrolyte
concentration (17.39%) on the “Dd” has moderate influence, which are also statis-
tically significant in the fabrication of deep micro-hole in nickel plate through
μECM process under H2 SO4 electrolyte. Pulse frequency has least influence on
“Dd” which are statistically not significant.
• Since the developed regression models are statistically significant, these models
can be used for further analysis.
• Experimental results indicate that still there is need of development in electrolyte
or development in electrolyte control system or development in electrodes to
improve the machinability characteristics (such as overcut, aspect ratio, and diam-
eter difference of micro-hole) of “nickel material” in deep micro-hole fabrication
through μECM.
References
1. T. Geethapriyan, V. Thulasikanth, V. Singh, A.C.A. Raj, T. Lakshmanan, A. Chaudhury, Perfor-

mance characteristics of electrochemical micro ma-chining of tungsten carbide. Mater. Today
Proc. 27(3), 2381–2384 (2020)
2. X.L. Chen, G.C. Fan, C.H. Lin, B.Y. Dong, Z.N. Guo, X.L. Fang, N.S. Qu, Investigation on the
electrochemical machining of micro groove using masked porous cathode. J. Mater. Process.
Technol. 276, 116406 (2020)
3. A. Kadirvel, P. Hariharan, S. Gowri, Experimental investigation on the electrode specific
performance in micro-EDM of die-steel. Mater. Manuf. Process 28(4), 390–396 (2013)
4. S.S. Park, M. Malekian, Mechanistic modeling and accurate measurement of micro end milling
forces. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 58, 49–52 (2008)
5. M.Z. Rahman, A.K. Das, S. Chattopadhyaya, Microhole drilling through electrochemical
processes: a review. Mat. And Man. Proc. 33(13), 1379–1405 (2017)
6. B. Muralikrishnan, J. Stone, Fiber deflection probe uncertainty analysis for micro holes. NCSLI
Meas. 3(1), 38–44 (2016)
7. M.L. Wang, J.Z. Li, Z.Y. Yu, X. Li, Micro-drilling of pre-sintered alumina ceramic. Adv. Mater.
Res. 1120–1121, 27–31 (2015)
8. X.L. He et al., Micro-hole drilled by EDM-ECM combined processing. Key Eng. Mater. 562–
565, 52–56 (2013)
9. M. Rusli, K. Furutani, Performance of micro-hole drilling by ultrasonic-assisted electro-
chemical discharge machining. Adv. Mater. Res. 445, 865–870 (2012)
10. Y.J. Chang, Y.C. Hung, C.L. Kuo, J.C. Hsu, C.C. Ho, Hybrid stamping and laser micro-
machining process for micro-scale hole drilling. Mater. Manuf. Process. 32(15), 1685–1691
(2017)
11. D. Zhu, W. Wang, X.L. Fang, N.S. Qu, Z.Y. Xu, Electrochemical drilling of multiple holes
with electrolyte-extraction. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 59, 239–240 (2010)
12. R.J. Leese, A. Ivanov, Electrochemical micromachining: an introduction. Adv. Mech. Eng.
8(1), 1–13 (2016)
13. B. Ghoshal, B. Bhattacharyya, Shape control in micro borehole generation by EMM with the
assistance of vibration of tool. Prec. Eng. 38, 127–137 (2014)
14. M.A.H. Mithu, G. Fantoni, J. Ciampi, M. Santochi, On how tool geometry, applied frequency
and machining parameters influence electrochemical micro-drilling. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci.
Technol. 5, 202–213 (2012)
15. P. Agrawa, A. Manoria, H. Jain, R. Thakur, Value engineering of micro manufacturing using
ecm and its applications. IJMERR 1, 2 (2012)
16. E. Kuram, B. Ozcelik, Multi-objective optimization using Taguchi based grey relational anal-
ysis for micro-milling of Al 7075 material with ball nose end mill. Measurement 46(6),
1849–1864 (2013)
Chapter 3
Three-Dimensional FEM Analysis
of Nanoparticle-Assisted Radiofrequency
Ablation of Tissue-Mimicking Phantom
Santosh Shiddaling Naik, Bhanu Prakash Bonthala, and Ajay Kumar Yadav
Abstract Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive procedure to

damage the cancer cells. In RFA, heat is generated only at the center zone of the tumor,
and this heat has to propagate up to the periphery of the tumor. Since the thermal
conductivity of phantom is low, it reduces heat transfer rate, and time required for
complete ablation of tumor will be more. Since the ablation time is one of the main
concerns, it is required to reduce it below the standard time (≈7.3 min). The abla-
tion time can be reduced by injecting the nanoparticles into the tumor. In this paper,
numerical studies are conducted on PAG phantom to analyze the effect of nanopar-
ticle assisted RFA on the ablation time. Results indicate that in case of nanoparticles
assisted RFA, heat conduction rate increases and takes lesser time (17.56% less) to
ablate the tumor completely than that in conventional RFA.
3.1 Introduction
In radiofrequency ablation, cancer tissue is ablated by passing electric current in

radiofrequency range (350–500 kHz). This causes resistive heating due to which
temperature rises, and when the temperature reaches 50 °C, tissue undergoes coag-
ulative necrosis [1]. In conventional RFA, heat conduction rate in tumor is very low
due to which ablation time is more. To decrease the ablation time, different treatment
methods have been emerged, including microwave ablation [2]. Different electrode
designs have also been done viz multiple electrode, bipolar electrode, internally
cooled electrode, and perfusion electrode [3]. From the literature studies, it is found
S. S. Naik (B) · B. P. Bonthala · A. K. Yadav

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, India
e-mail: santoshnaik819@gmail.com
B. P. Bonthala
e-mail: bhanuprakash9653@gmail.com
A. K. Yadav
e-mail: ajaykyadav@nitk.edu.in
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4443-3_3
24 S. S. Naik et al.
that a lot of research has been done on the development of alternative RFA electrode
design, and little attention has been focused to improving the thermal properties of
the tumor in order to improve the destruction of the tumor within less time during the
radiofrequency ablation treatment. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (thermal
conductivity = 40 W/mK [4]) are used to enhance the thermal properties of the tumor
(phantom).
3.2 Simulation Methodology
We modeled a monopolar (14 gauge, multitine (9 tines)) RF ablation electrode,

deployed up to 2 cm. This 9-tine electrode is inserted in the center of the PAG
phantom (Fig. 3.1). We performed FEM analysis under the temperature-controlled
mode (target set temperature 95 °C) and checked the ablation time for the same tumor
size (3 cm diameter) for different cases viz., without nanoparticles and with nanopar-
ticles. We selected the temperature-controlled mode to avoid excessive temperature
at the center of tumor so as to avoid the charring of tumor. To validate the developed
model, we also conducted an experimental in vitro study using multitine electrode on
polyacrylamide gel (PAG) phantom. The material properties used in the numerical
study for different domains are presented in Table 3.1 [5, 6] and Table 3.2 [5]. The
study is carried out numerically in COMSOL Multiphysics software.
Fig. 3.1 3D model

representing a tumor
(phantom) and multitine
monopolar electrode
3 Three-Dimensional FEM Analysis of Nanoparticle-Assisted … 25
Table 3.1 Electrical and thermophysical properties of the phantom, human liver, and electrode
FEM region Electrical Thermal Specific heat Density ρ(kg/m3 )
conductivity conductivity capacity c(J/kg-K)
σ (S/m) k(W/m K)
Phantom 0.117 0.59 3676 1069
Human liver 0.148 0.52 3800 1060
Electrode 108 18 840 6450
Table 3.2 Kinetic parameters

Kinetic properties Liver Tumor
of tissue and tumor
Frequency Factor f (1/s) 7.39 × 1039 Same as liver
Activation energy A (J/mol) 2.577 × 105 Same as liver
3.2.1 Governing Equations
The electric voltage distribution within the tumor due to applied voltage on RF
electrode can be calculated by using the generalized Laplace equation [7],
∇ · (σ ∇V ) = 0 (3.1)
where σ (S/m) is the electrical conductivity and V (volt) is the applied voltage. The
heat energy per unit volume deposited in the tissue is expressed as is given by,
Qs = σ · E 2 (3.2)
where E (volt/m) is electric field distribution within the tumor. Temperature

distribution within tumor (phantom) is given by Pennes bioheat equation [8],
∂T
ρc = ∇(k · ∇T ) + Q s + Q m − ρb cb wb (T − Tb ) (3.3)
∂t
where ρ, c, k, and T are the density (kg/m3 ), specific heat (J/kg K), thermal conduc-
tivity (W/m K), and temperature (K) of tumor (phantom), respectively. ωb , ρ b , cb,
and T b are the blood perfusion rate (1/s), density of blood (kg/m3 ), specific heat
(J/kg K), and temperature of blood, respectively. Qm (W/m3 ) is the heat generated by
metabolic activity (negligible), and Qs (W/m3 ) is the resistive heat generated at the
center of the tumor. The induced thermal damage is computed by using the first-order
Arrhenius rate equation,
t
A
(t) = f e RT dt (3.4)
0
26 S. S. Naik et al.
Here, T is the tissue temperature at time t, A is the activation energy, f is the

frequency factor, and R is the universal gas constant (8314 J/kmol K) [5]. A damage
integral Ω = 1.0 (corresponds to 63% probability of cell death), and isothermal
temperature 50 °C has been assumed to be the point at which cancerous cells
undergoes irreversible damage [1].
3.2.2 Boundary Conditions
Initial temperature and voltage of an entire tissue domain have been set to 37 ˚C (core
body temperature) and zero volts, respectively. The multitine electrode boundaries
have been set to variable voltage source computed by the PID controller. The electric
potential on one side of the tumor was set to zero (grounded). Electrical insulation
condition has been set for the insulated trocar part. For the other inner boundaries
of the FEM model, electrical and thermal continuity boundary conditions have been
applied.
3.2.3 Models Used for Computing Effective Properties
The effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle enriched tumor is calculated by

using Maxwell’s model [9]. Maxwell is the first person to theoretically investigate
conduction of suspended particles. The equation used to calculate effective thermal
conductivity is,
3(kn − kt )v
keff = kt + (3.5)
(kn + 2kt ) − (kn − kt )v
where k eff , k n , k t are thermal conductivities of nanoparticle enriched tissue,

nanoparticle, and liver tissue, respectively.v is the volume fraction of nanoparticles.
The effective density and effective specific heat can be approximated as [4],
ρeff = ρt (1 − v) + ρn v (3.6)
ceff = ct (1 − v) + cn v (3.7)
where ρ eff , ρ n , ρ t are densities of nanoparticle enriched tissue, nanoparticle, and liver
tissue, respectively, and ceff , cn, ct are specific heats of nanoparticle enriched tissue,
nanoparticle, and liver tissue, respectively.
3 Three-Dimensional FEM Analysis of Nanoparticle-Assisted … 27
Fig. 3.2 Experimental setup

of RF ablation
3.3 Experimental Methodology
In order to validate the results obtained from numerical study, an experimental study
is done on the PAG tissue-mimicking phantom gel [6] using multitine electrode. Here,
the electrode is deployed to 2 cm according to manufacturer’s standard. RITA model
1500× RF generator is used for generating high-frequency (460 kHz ± 5%) current.
The maximum power output of the RF generator is 250 ± 2 W. Experimental setup
is shown in Fig. 3.2. Two K type thermocouples are inserted at 15 and 20 mm from
the electrode centerline. Temperature readings at these two locations are acquired by
the data acquisition module.
3.4 Results and Discussion
Comparison is made between simulation and experimental data at two different

locations, one at 15 mm from the electrode center line and another at 20 mm from the
electrode center line as shown in Fig. 3.3. It is apparent that the simulated results are
in good agreement with the experimental results for the case without nanoparticles.
Hence, the developed numerical model can be used for further study with different
cases. Numerical simulation is carried out at a target set temperature of 95 °C for
3 different cases, without nanoparticles, with 0.02 volume fraction of nanoparticles
(v), and 0.06 volume fraction of nanoparticles (v). The temperature at three different
points (P1, P2, and P3) is plotted with respect to time to find the treatment time for
ablation of 15 mm radius tumor (3 cm diameter tumor). The points P1 and P2 are
at 15 mm from electrode centerline, and point P3 is at 20 mm from the electrode
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The engines (Fig. 119) have eight wheels—viz., a pair of leading radial, two pairs
of coupled, and a pair of trailing radial. The cylinders are inside, and have 26in.
stroke, the diameter being 18in. The diameters of the wheels are:—
Radial, 3ft. 7¾in.

Coupled (driving and trailing), 5ft. 8in.
Wheel base, 24ft. 4in., divided as follows:—
Front radial wheel to centre of driving,
7ft. 10½in.; driving to rear coupled,
8ft. 7in.; rear coupled to trailing radial, 7ft. 10½in.
Weight loaded (leading radial wheel), 13 tons 10 cwt.
” ” (driving), 16 tons 12 cwt.
” ” (rear coupled), 15 tons 2 cwt.
” ” (trailing radial), 10 tons 15 cwt.
Total, 55 tons 19 cwt.
Fig. 120.—OIL-FIRED SADDLE TANK SHUNTING ENGINE,

LANCASHIRE AND YORKSHIRE RAILWAY
The boiler, fire-box, etc., dimensions are the same as the “H” class. The tanks of
these locomotives hold 1,340 gallons of water, and the bunkers two tons of coal.
The above three classes form the leading types of locomotives of Mr. Aspinall’s
designing. Fig. 120 illustrates a four-wheel-coupled saddle tank locomotive
designed by Mr. Aspinall, and fired with oil, on Holden’s system. It is used for
shunting at Liverpool.
Fig. 121.—“DUNALASTAIR,” CALEDONIAN RAILWAY
At the present time the locomotives of the Caledonian Railway hold first place in
the popular mind for speed and hauling capacity. This result has been attained
through the remarkable performances of the engines of the “Dunalastair” class,
constructed at St. Rollox Works from the designs of Mr. J. F. McIntosh, the present
locomotive superintendent of the Caledonian Railway.
These engines (Fig. 121) have been frequently described, but it is as well to
recapitulate the leading dimensions. The cylinders are inside, 18¼in. diameter and
26in. stroke. The engine is supported by a leading bogie, and by four-coupled
wheels of 6ft. 6in. diameter. The bogie wheel base is 6ft. 6in.; centre of bogie to
driving wheel, 9ft. 11in.; D. to T., 9ft.; total length over buffers (engine and tender),
53ft. 9¾in. The weight in working order is: Engine—bogie, 15 tons 14 cwt. 3 qr.; D.,
16 tons; T., 15 tons 5 cwt.; tender—L., 12 tons 13 cwt.; M., 13 tons 4 cwt.; and T., 13
tons 4 cwt. 2 qr.; total, 86 tons 1 cwt. 1 qr.
The tractive force is 14,400lb. Water capacity of tender is 3,570 gallons. The
working pressure is 160lb. The leading feature of the engine consists of the large
heating surface—viz., tubes, 1,284.45 sq. ft., and fire-box, 118.78 sq. ft. To obtain
this result the boiler has been “high pitched,” giving the engine a rather squat
appearance, and causing the driving wheels to appear to be of smaller diameter
than is actually the case.
An extended cab is provided for the protection of the driver and fireman. The
splendid work performed by these machines has frequently been chronicled, the
principal feature being the daily run from Carlisle to Stirling, 118 miles, in 123
minutes, without a stop; this trip includes the tremendous pull up the Beattock Bank,
with a rise of 650ft. in ten miles. Yet Sir James Thompson, the general manager of
the Caledonian Railway, said of this class of engine, “But, effective as it is, we are
already improving upon it, and it will undoubtedly be superseded by our next type of
engines.”
As Sir J. Thompson intimated, Mr. McIntosh improved upon the above type, the
result being the excellent “Dunalastair 2” (Fig. 123). These fine engines also are
employed to haul the heavy West Coast corridor trains between Carlisle and
Glasgow, and Edinburgh and the North.
Fig. 122.—ONE OF McINTOSH’S FAMOUS “DUNALASTAIR 2,”

CALEDONIAN RAILWAY EXPRESS LOCOMOTIVES
From Glasgow to Carlisle one of the engines hauls the 2.0 p.m. corridor train
without a pilot throughout the journey, the weight of the train, excluding passengers,
luggage, and tender of engine, is upwards of 350 tons. The dimensions are: wheels,
6ft. 6in., D. and T. coupled, with leading bogie; cylinders 19in. by 26in. Tender runs
on two four-wheel bogies; water capacity, 4,125 gallons. The weights on wheels are
as follows: engine—bogie, 16 tons 6 cwt.; driving wheels, 16 tons 17 cwt.; trailing,
15 tons 17 cwt.—total, 49 tons. Tender: front bogie, 22 tons 11¾ cwt.; hind bogie, 22
tons 6¼ cwt.—total, 45 tons. Total weight of engine and tender in working order, 94
tons. Total length over buffers (engine and tender), 57ft. 3¾in.; tractive force,
16,840lb.; working pressure, 175lb. per sq. in. Heating surface: tubes, 1,381.22 sq.
ft.; fire-box, 118.78 sq. ft.—total, 1,500 sq. ft.
Bogie wheel base, 6ft. 6in.; centre of bogie to driving, 10ft. 11in.; driving to
trailing, 9ft.; distance between bogie centres of tender, 11ft. 3in.; total tender wheel
base, 16ft. 9in.
Fig. 123.—SIX-WHEELS-COUPLED CONDENSING ENGINE,
CALEDONIAN RAILWAY
Another new type of engine introduced by Mr. McIntosh has 5ft. 6in. coupled
wheels. It is a passenger-goods, or mixed traffic engine (Fig. 123), for working
goods, mineral and heavy passenger and excursion trains through the Glasgow
Central Underground Railway. Wheel base, L. to D., 7ft. 6in.; D. to T., 8ft. 9in.;
cylinders, 18in. by 26in.; six-wheeled tender; water capacity, 2,800 gallons.
Another good design of Caledonian Railway engines is the “Carbrook” (Fig. 124)
class, constructed from Mr. D. Drummond’s specification with a leading bogie, and
four-coupled wheels of 6ft. 6in. diameter. The weight of these engines is: bogie, 14
tons 15 cwt.; D., 15 tons 4 cwt.; T., 15 tons; L., 10 tons 16 cwt. 2 qr.; M., 14 tons 6
cwt. 3 qr. Wheel base: bogie, 6ft. 6in.; centre of bogie to D., 9ft. 1Oin.; D. to T., 9ft.;
total length over buffers (engine and tender), 54ft. 6in. Water capacity of tender,
3,560 gallons. The safety valve is located on top of the dome, an unsymmetrical
practice which spoils the outline. There is also another type of Mr. Drummond’s
engines, with cylinders, 18in. by 26in. stroke. Wheel base and water capacity as in
the “Dunalastair” class; but the weight and tractive force are dissimilar. The former,
on bogie, is 14 tons 13 cwt. 2 qr.; D., 15 tons 7 cwt. 3 qr.; tender, L., 12 tons 13 cwt.;
M., 13 tons 4 cwt.; T., 13 tons 4 cwt. 2 qr.; total, 84 tons 6 cwt. 3 qr. The tractive
force is 12,900lb.
Fig. 124.—“CARBROOK,” ONE OF DRUMMOND’S EXPRESS
ENGINES FOR THE CALEDONIAN RAILWAY
To give full details of all the 44 types of Caledonian Railway engines would be
rather wearisome to the reader, so of the remaining classes, particulars only are
appended:—
Passenger Engines with Tenders.
Diameter of Driving Wheels:

5ft. 9in. four-coupled, with leading bogie. Cylinders, 18in. by 26in. stroke.
7ft. single, with leading bogie and pair of trailing wheels. Cylinders, 18in. by
26in. stroke.
7ft. four-coupled, with leading bogie. Cylinders, 18in. by 24in. stroke. (This
is a rebuilt type of engine.) Tender only holds 1,880 gallons.
7ft. four-coupled, with a small pair of leading wheels. Cylinders, 17in.
diameter by 24in. stroke. No dome on boiler.
6ft. 6in. four-coupled (D. and T.), with a small pair of leading wheels.
Cylinders, 17in. by 24in. stroke. No dome to engine, and only four
wheels to tender, with a water capacity of 1,428 gallons.
6ft. D. and T. coupled, small leading wheels. No dome. Cylinders, 17in.
diameter by 22in. stroke. Six-wheel tender.
8ft. 2in. single, small leading and trailing wheels. No dome. Cylinders, 17in.
diameter by 24in. stroke. Six-wheel tender.
6ft, D. and T. coupled, small loading wheels, rebuilt by Drummond, with
safety valve on dome. Cylinders, 18in. by 24in.
5ft. D. and T. coupled, with leading bogie. Cylinders, 18in. by 24in. Four-
wheel tender; water capacity, 1,550 gallons.
7ft. single. Cylinders, 17¾in. by 22in. No dome. Four-wheel tender, 1,384
gallons.
Fig. 125.—McINTOSH’S 5ft. 9in. CONDENSING-TANK ENGINE,
CALEDONIAN RAILWAY
Passenger Tanks.
5ft. L. and D. coupled, trailing bogie; cylinders, 16in. by 22in.; Drummond
valve; water capacity of tanks, 830 gallons.
5ft. single (for use of officials): cylinders, 9½in. diameter by 15in. stroke;
well-tank holds 520 gallons; bunker, 30 cwt. of coal; wheel base: L. to
D., 6ft. 6in.; D. to T., 7ft, 6in. Weight: L., 7 tons 10 cwt. 3 qr.; D., 11 tons
6 cwt. 2 qr.; T., 7 tons 16 cwt, 1 qr.; tractive force, 2,489lb.
5ft. D. and T. coupled; cylinders, 17½in. by 22in. Water, 820 gallons.
5ft. 6in. L. and D. coupled; cylinders, 16in. by 20in. Water, 450 gallons.
4ft. 6in. L. and D. coupled with trailing bogie; cylinders, 18in. by 22in. Water
capacity, 950 gallons.
3ft. 8in. L. and D. coupled, and pair of trailing wheels; cylinders, 14in. by
20in. stroke. The saddle tank holds 800 gallons.
5ft. 8in. radial L. and T. wheels, and 4 coupled wheels (eight wheels in all);
cylinders, 17½in. by 22in. Water in side tanks, 1,200 gallons. Coal in
bunker, 3 tons.
5ft. D. and T. coupled with leading bogie; cylinders, 17in. by 24in.
5ft. 9in. L. and D. coupled, with trailing bogie; cylinders, 18in. by 26in. This
class is fitted with condensing apparatus. (Fig. 125.)
GOODS ENGINES WITH TENDERS.

6ft. D. and T. coupled, with pair of leading wheels. Cylinders, 18in. diameter,
by 24in. stroke. Six-wheel tender; water capacity, 1,840 gallons.
5ft. six-wheels coupled. Cylinders 18in. by 26in. 6-wheel tender; water
capacity, 2,500 gallons.
The following engines have no domes:—

5ft. 6-wheels coupled. Inside cylinders, 17in. by 24in. 6-wheel tender; water
capacity, 1,800 gallons.
5ft. (mineral engine) L. and D. coupled, small trailing wheels, no dome.
Cylinders, 17in. by 24in. 4-wheel tender; 1,542 gallons.
5ft. 6-wheels-coupled mineral engine. Wheel base: L. to D., 5ft. 6in.; D. to
T., 5ft. 6in.; all wheels under boiler barrel. Cylinders, 18in. by 24in. 6-
wheel tender; water capacity, 1,840 gallons.
5ft. 6-wheels coupled mineral engine. Cylinders, 17in. by 24in. 4-wheel
tender; water capacity, 1,383 gallons.
5ft 6in. L. and D. coupled and small pair trailing wheels; inside cylinder,
16in. by 20in. 4-wheel tender.
4ft, 8in. L. and D. coupled, mineral engine. Cylinders, 17in. by 20in. 4-wheel
tender; water capacity, 1,000 gallons.
(A similar class of engines has cylinders 17in. diameter by 18in. stroke.)

5ft. D. and T. coupled, with pair of small leading wheels. Cylinders, 17in. by
24in. 4-wheel tender; 1,545 gallons.
5ft. D. and T. coupled, with small leading wheels. Cylinders, 17in. by 20in.
6-wheel tender; water capacity, 1,700 gallons.
MINERAL TANK ENGINES.

4ft. 6in. 6-wheels coupled, saddle tank, holding 1,000 gallons of water;
safety valves on dome; cylinders 18in. by 26in.
4ft. 6in. 6-wheels coupled, side tanks, with condensing apparatus;
cylinders, 18in. by 26in.
4ft 6in. 6-wheels coupled; saddle tank; cylinders, 18in. by 26in.
4ft. 6-wheels coupled; saddle tank, 1,000 gallons; cylinders, 18in. by 22in.
stroke.
4ft. 6-wheels coupled; saddle tank, 940 gallons. Cylinders, 17in. by 20in. No
dome.
3ft. 8in. 4-wheels-coupled; wheel base, 7ft.; saddle tank, 800 gallons.
Cylinders, 14in. by 20in.
There is a similar class of engine built by Neilson’s, the difference being in
the weight. That of the former is, on leading axle, 13 tons 14 cwt. 1 qr.;
on driving axle, 13 tons 13 cwt. 1 qr.
Weight of Neilson’s class: L., 13 tons 10 cwt. 3 qr.; D., 13 tons 9 cwt. 1 qr.
3ft. 8in. 6-wheels-coupled, saddle tank; water capacity, 900 gallons.
Drummond’s safety valves. Cylinders, 14in. by 20in. stroke.
Lastly, a class of 4-wheel engines, with coupled wheels, 3ft. 6in. diameter;
side tanks hold 500 gallons. No dome, cab, or weather-board; wheel
base, 6ft. 3in. Cylinders, 14in. diameter, 22in. stroke.
Fig. 126.—“No. 143,” TAFF VALE RAILWAY INCLINE TANK

LOCOMOTIVE
Engine “No. 143” (Fig. 126) is one of three peculiar locomotives, specially
constructed for working on the Pwllyrhebog Incline, of 1 in 13, on the Taff Vale
Railway. The fire-box and roof slopes backwards, so that when the engine works
bunker first up the incline, the water is level over the top of the fire-box. She is fitted
with, two draw-bars for attaching a wire rope. This rope is coupled to a low draw-bar
under the drag-plate, so as to keep the rope below the axles of the wagons, which
follow the engine down the incline, or are pushed up before the engine. “143” has
cast-iron “Sleigh” brakes acting on the rails, in addition to the usual steam brakes on
the wheels. The dome is placed on the fire-box, and the regulator is within it, so as
to ensure dry steam when working on the incline. Wheels, 5ft. 3in. diameter.
Cylinders, 17½in. by 26in. Weight, 44 tons 15 cwts.
A FAVOURITE LOCOMOTIVE OF THE
ISLE OF WIGHT CENTRAL RAILWAY
CHAPTER XV.
Great Western “convertible” locomotives—The value of names in locomotive
practice—Water troughs on the G.W.R—Dean’s 7ft. 8in. singles—His
“Armstrong” class—An extension smoke-box on the G.W.R.; the
“Devonshire” class—7ft. “singles”—“2202” and “3225,” four-coupled G.W.
engines—The “Barrington”—Great Western passenger tanks—“Bull Dog”
design—“No. 36,” Great Western Railway —A six-wheel coupled goods
engine with a leading bogie —Ivatt’s advent on the Great Northern, and his
innovations —“Domes” to the fore—New goods and tank engines —Rebuilt
“Stirlings”—Ivatt’s inside cylinder four-coupled bogie engines—His chef
d’œuvre “990”—A ten-wheel tank on the G.N.R—“266,” the latest Great
Northern engine—Possibilities of the future—Great North of Scotland
locomotives—Manson’s designs—James Johnson’s tank and tender
engines—Furness engines, passenger and goods—The 1896 “express”
design—Pettigrew’s new goods engines—Highland Railway engines—A
Great Central Railway locomotive—Some Irish locomotives—Belfast and
Northern Counties Compounds—The “Restrevor” class, G.N. (I.)—Great
Southern and Western standard passenger design—A locomotive for an
Irish “light” railway.
The broad-guage having been finally abandoned on the G.W.R. in
May, 1892, it became necessary to re-arrange the locomotive power.
Previous to that date Mr. W. Dean, the G.W.R. Locomotive
Superintendent, had constructed at Swindon several six-wheeled
express locomotives (Fig. 127), with “single” driving wheels, 7ft. 8in. in
diameter, inside cylinders 20in. in diameter, and a stroke of 24in., and
weighing 44 tons 4 cwt., of which 13 tons 4 cwt. was on the leading axle.
This class of engine was designed to work the West of England
expresses between London and Newton Abbot, consequent upon the
conversion of the gauge, and the locomotives were therefore built upon
strictly narrow-gauge dimensions, but some few of them were worked on
the West of England expresses whilst the gauge was yet broad, and for
this purpose the wheels were fixed outside the framing. In this condition
they had a very curious and ungainly appearance, intensified by the
squat chimney, large dome, and bulged fire-box covering.
After the alteration of the gauge had been effected, and the wheels of
the engines of this class had been fixed in their normal position, their
appearance was considerably improved, but there still remained about
the locomotives a somewhat indescribable want of symmetry and unison
of outline. However, it was decided to substitute a bogie for the pair of
leading wheels, whilst the diameter of the cylinders was reduced to 19
itches. These alterations, coupled with other minor improvements, added
to the admittedly good qualities of the engines as locomotive machines,
soon caused the class, thus improved, to gain a high place in the
estimation of both experts and the railway public. The amount of bright
brass about the engines and the names carried by them—mostly those
of famous broad-gauge engines, or popular broad and narrow-gauge,
Great Western Railway officials—have also added to the prestige of the
design. Let cynics say what they will, one feels more interest for, say, the
“Rover” than he can ever expect to for plain “No. 999.”
The adoption of water troughs on the Great Western Railway, and the
addition of the “pick-up” apparatus to the tenders of these engines,
enables the Great Western Railway to perform many daily runs for length
and speed that, a few years back, would rightly have been considered
quite phenomenal. Happily, we improve with giant strides in matters
locomotive at the tail end of the 19th century.
Photo F. Moore
Fig. 127.—7ft. 8in. “SINGLE” CONVERTIBLE ENGINE, GREAT
WESTERN RAILWAY
With the adoption of the normal gauge over the whole of the Great
Western Railway system, engines of this class are now used on the
expresses on all sections where the character of the gradients allows
such engines to be run with proper economy. Under these
circumstances, it is not surprising to learn that additional batches of
engines of Mr. Dean’s 7ft. 8in. “single” design (Fig. 128) are being added
to the Great Western Railway locomotive stock at not infrequent
intervals. At the present time, there are 71 of these engines at work, and
nine others under construction—probably a larger number of one class
of modern express locomotives than can be found elsewhere.
Fig. 128.—“EMPRESS OF INDIA,” A STANDARD GREAT

WESTERN 7ft. 8in. SINGLE EXPRESS LOCOMOTIVE
The huge pipe for delivering the feed-water to the boilers of these
engines, formerly placed in a conspicuous position, has been removed,
an alteration that has added much to the beauty of outline of these fine-
looking locomotives.
Mr. Dean has constructed a class of four-coupled engines, with a
leading bogie, known as the “Armstrong” class. In its salient features, the
design is a modification of the 7ft. 8in. single class described above, but
naturally several of the dimensions are dissimilar in the two classes.
“Armstrong” is No. 7, “Gooch” (Fig. 129), No. 8, “Charles Saunders,” No.
14, and “Brunel,” No. 16.
Fig. 129.—“GOOCH,” A 4-COUPLED EXPRESS ENGINE, GREAT
WESTERN RAILWAY
Immediately subsequent to the change of gauge in May, 1892, a

class of tank engines, with wheels four-coupled in front and a trailing
bogie, was built for working the fast passenger traffic west of Newton
Abbot. The bogies of these engines were fitted with Mansel wheels—
quite an exceptional practice in locomotive building.
Mr. Dean has since designed another class of locomotive to work the
fast train traffic over the severe gradients and curves so common to the
Great Western Railway main line west of Newton Abbot.
Fig. 130.—“PENDENNIS CASTLE,” ONE OF THE GREAT
WESTERN “HILL CLIMBERS”
These engines are popularly called the “Devonshire” or “Pendennis

Castle” class (Fig. 130), after the name given to the first engine
constructed on the plan. A prominent feature of the design is the
“extension” smoke-box—a feature copied from modern American
practice. Before constructing the “Pendennis Castle,” Mr. Dean had fitted
another engine—No. 426—with an extended smoke-box, and the result
of the trials made with this locomotive satisfied the Great Western
Railway locomotive superintendent as to the advantages of the
arrangement.
The cylinders of this class are 18in. diameter, the stroke being 26in.
The coupled wheels (D. and T.) are 5ft. 7½in. diameter, that of the
(leading) bogie being 3ft. 7½in. The use of Mansel wheels has also been
adopted both for the bogies and the tenders of the locomotives of this
class. The frames are double, and are specially contracted at the smoke-
box end to allow sufficient play to the bogie wheels. Both inside and
outside bearings are provided for the driving axle. The boiler is of steel,
the heating surface being: Tubes, 1,285.58 sq. ft.; fire-box, 112.60 sq. ft.;
steam pressure, 160lb.; grate area, 19 sq. ft.; weight of engine, 46 tons,
of which 15 tons 7 cwt. is on the driving axle, 17½ tons on the bogie, and
13 tons 3 cwt. on the trailing (coupled) axle. The tender holds 2,000
gallons of water, and weighs, loaded, 24 tons. Ten engines of this design
were originally constructed at Swindon—viz.:—
3252 Duke of Cornwall.

3253 Pendennis Castle.
3254 Boscawen.
3255 Cornubia.
3256 Excalibur.
3257 Guinevere.
3258 King Arthur.
3259 Lizard.
3260 Merlin.
3261 Mount Edgcumbe.
These proved so satisfactory in performing the peculiar duties

required from passenger engines on the West of England main line of
the Great Western Railway that a second batch of twenty was put in
hand. These commenced running in the early months of 1898. They are
named and numbered as follows:—
3262 Powderham. 3277 Earl of Devon.
3263 Sir Lancelot. 3278 Eddystone.
3264 St. Anthony. 3279 Exmoor.
3265 St. Germans. 3280 Falmouth.
3266 St. Ives. 3281 Fowey.
3267 St. Michael. 3282 Maristowe.
3268 Tamar. 3283 Mounts Bay.
3269 Tintagel. 3284 Newquay.
3270 Trevithick. 3285 St. Erth.
3271 Tre Pol and Pen. 3286 St. Just.
3272 Amyas. 3287 St. Agnes.
3273 Armorel. 3288 Tresco.
3274 Cornishman. 3289 Trefusis.
3275 Chough. 3290 Torbay.
3276 Dartmoor. 3291 Tregenna.
Several of these engines have the tenders fitted with the water pick-
up apparatus.
The names, it will be observed, should specially please the patrons of
the Great Western Railway residing in Devon and Cornwall, and help to
palliate the keen regret with which the abolition of the broad-gauge was
felt in those counties.
Among types of Great Western locomotives, one may be mentioned
—the 7ft. “singles” (Fig. 131), largely used for hauling the express trains
on the Birmingham and Northern lines. The cylinders are 18in. diameter,
the stroke being 24in. Heating surface, 1,250.31 square feet.
Fig. 131.—SINGLE EXPRESS ENGINE, 6-WHEEL TYPE, GREAT

WESTERN RAILWAY
Many of the passenger trains on the Gloucester and Weymouth

sections are worked by the 6ft. 6in. four-coupled engines, illustrated by
engine 2,202 (Fig. 132). The leading dimensions of this class are:
Cylinders, 17in. diameter; stroke, 24in.; heating surface, 1,363.5 sq. ft.
Weight of engine and tender, in working order, 59 tons 8 cwt.
Fig. 132.—6ft. 6in. 4-COUPLED PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE,
GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY
North of Wolverhampton, for working the West to North expresses,

and for other fast trains in the North Western district of the G.W.R., the
engines represented by 3,225 (Fig. 133) are largely used. This class has
cylinders 18in. by 24in. stroke; leading wheels 4ft. diameter, and
coupled, driving, and trailing wheels, 6ft. diameter. The heating surface
totals to 1,468.82 sq. ft.; and the weight of engine and tender, including
the load of 4 tons of coal and 3,000 gallons of water, amounts to 74½
tons.
Fig. 133.—6ft. 4-COUPLED PASSENGER ENGINE, GREAT
WESTERN RAILWAY
Fig. 134.—“BARRINGTON,” NEW TYPE OF 4-COUPLED ENGINE,

GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY
“Barrington” (Fig. 134) is one of Mr. Dean’s latest type of express
passenger engine. These powerful locomotives are somewhat of the
“Devonshire” type, having an extended smoke-box, whilst the “Belpaire”
fire-box is also introduced. In the framing, it will be noticed, early G.W.
practice is reverted to. The cylinders are 18in. by 26in. stroke. The bogie
wheels are 4ft., and the coupled wheels 6ft. 8in. in diameter. The engine
weighs 51 tons 13 cwt.; the tender, with the same amount of water and
coal as “3,225” class, 32½ tons.
A good deal of the G.W. passenger trains are hauled by smart little
six-wheel (four-coupled) tank engines, which are specially noted for
getting away quickly, and immediately attained high speeds. “No. 576”
(Fig. 135) represents a coupled in front engine of this description, but the
more generally known Great Western Railway passenger tank engines
have the driving and trailing wheels coupled; these are 5ft. diameter, the
cylinders being 16in. diameter by 24ft. stroke.
Fig. 135.—4-COUPLED IN FRONT PASSENGER TANK ENGINE,

G.W.R.
Mr. Dean’s latest creation for the Great Western Railway is named
“Bull Dog,” No. 3,312, and the design will be known as the “Bull Dog”
class. Except that the bogie wheels have spokes, the wheels, framing,
and motion are similar to the “Devonshire” class (Fig. 130). The boiler is
of gigantic proportions; the fire-box is of the Belpaire type, and projects
over the top and sides of the boiler barrel. The smoke-box is extended,
and steaming reversing gear is employed, whilst another improvement,
Davies and Metcalfe’s patent exhaust steam injector, is fitted to the
engine, and is being extensively adopted on Great Western Railway
locomotives. The name-plates are on the sides of the fire-box; the clack
valves are below the boiler barrel, behind the smoke-box. The cab of the
“Bull Dog” extends to the edge of the foot-plate, with a door in the front
on the fireman’s side.
Before closing these remarks on modern Great Western Railway
locomotives, some description of No. 36 is necessary. Here again we
have an adaptation of American practice—a six-wheels-coupled engine,
with a leading bogie, and an extension, smoke-box. The cylinders are
inside, 20in. diameter by 24in. stroke, with the steam chests below them.
The driving wheels are 4ft. 6in. diameter, the bogie wheels only 2ft. 8in.
diameter. All the wheels have outside bearings, and the driving wheels
have inside bearings in addition. The boiler contains 150 “Serve” tubes
of 2½in. diameter. The total heating surface is 2,385 sq. ft.; steam
pressure, 165lb.; grate area, 35 sq. ft. The weight is as follows: On
bogie, 12 tons 6 cwt.; leading coupled wheels, 15 tons 12 cwt.; driving
wheels, 16 tons 11 cwt.; and trailing wheels, 15 tons 1 cwt. Total weight
of engine, 59½ tons; of tender, 32 tons; together, 91½ tons. The tender
is fitted with a water pick-up apparatus. This locomotive has been
employed in hauling goods trains for many months past, and it is stated
to have hauled a train weighing 450 tons through the Severn Tunnel—
despite the severe gradients and length—in ten minutes, although for
such a load two goods engines of the usual Great Western design would
be required, and they would take 18 minutes to perform the trip.
Consequent upon the death of the late Mr. Patrick Stirling—one of
the best locomotive superintendents of his time—the directors of the
Great Northern Railway appointed Mr. H. A. Ivatt to the supreme
command at Doncaster. Mr. Ivatt received his early training in the
science of locomotive construction at Crewe, and left the Great Southern
and Western Railway (Ireland), where he was locomotive
superintendent, to succeed Mr. P. Stirling on the Great Northern Railway.
Mr. Ivatt, having decided opinions of his own relative to locomotive
design, soon set to work to introduce his ideas on the Great Northern
system; so that after many years—more than two decades—of domeless
locomotives, Doncaster awoke one morning to find a Stirling 8ft. “single”
fitted with a steam dome encased in a green-painted cover. It was
certainly a great surprise—the colour especially, for many had hoped to
see bright brass—but those interested survived the shock, and waited to
see some engines of Mr. Ivatt’s design on the Great Northern Railway.

Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy Sustainability Proceedings of Icimes 2020 1St Edition A N R Reddy Online Ebook Texxtbook Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy Sustainability Proceedings of Icimes 2020 1St Edition A N R Reddy Online Ebook Texxtbook Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy

Sustainability Proceedings of ICIMES

Recent Advances in Manufacturing Automation Design and

Soft Computing and Signal Processing Proceedings of 3rd

Advances in Clean Energy and Sustainability Proceedings

Energy and Sustainable Futures Proceedings of 2nd ICESF

Advances in Energy Technology Select Proceedings of

Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Computing

Intelligent Machining of Complex Aviation Components

Intelligent Manufacturing 1st Edition Chao An Lai

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767

Suresh Chandra Satapathy

ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic)

Dr. A. N. R. Reddy, Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology, India

International Advisory Committee

Dr. Narayanan Kulathu Ramaiyer, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia

National Advisory Committee

Dr. G. Balu, DOAD, DRDL, Telangana, India

Dr. T. Gangadhar, National Institute of Technology Tadepalligudem, Andhra

Industry Advisory Committee

Dr. V. Madhusudhana Reddy, Professor

The International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy

Convener Dr. M. Murali Krishna; Organizing Chair Professor Dr. A. N. R. Reddy;

Hyderabad, India Dr. A. N. R. Reddy

1 Metallographic Analysis of the Percentage of Carbon in the Test

8 Design and Analysis of Vehicle Tyres with Phase Change

19 Smart and Sustainable Shopping Cart for the Physically

30 Assessment of Forensics Investigation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

43 Implementation of Energy Detection Technique for Spread

54 Field Performance Monitoring of Roof-Mounted SPV Systems:

66 Modelling and Analysis of Flat Disc Brake for Dynamic

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

Dr. A. N. R. Reddy Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the

Dr. Deepak Marla is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Department

Dr. Margarita N. Favorskaya is Professor and Head of Department of Infor-

Suresh Chandra Satapathy is currently working as Professor, KIIT Deemed to be

Luigi O. Freire, Luis M. Navarrete, Byron P. Corrales,

Metallographic testing laboratories need to prove competent to guarantee a level of

L. O. Freire (B) · L. M. Navarrete · B. P. Corrales · J. A. Porras

of normative requirements of the INEN ISO/IEC 17025 standard, which provides

1.3.1 Selection and Cutting of the Material to Be Analyzed

1.3.2 Test Tube Mounting

1.3.3 Test Tube Roughing

1.3.4 Gross Roughing

a.100X b.200X c.500X

Fig. 1.1 Magnification

1.3.5 Fine Roughing

1.3.6 Chemical Attack

1.3.7 Method of Interception (or Heyn)

G = (6.643856 log 10 × NL) − 30288 (1.1)

1.3.8 Procedure Analysis with Privative Software

Fig. 1.2 Magnification 200× and image segmentation

The percentage of pearlite is 32.654%

1.3.9 Grain Size Determination

Fig. 1.3 Measuring grain

Table 1.1 No. of grains

Grains numbers(average) = 71 + 70 + 72 + 70 + 71 = 70.8 grains

Fig. 1.4 Comparison with

of metallographic structures. This process generates as a result of the percentage

1.4 Results Analysis

Fig. 1.5 Filtering of images

Fig. 1.6 Pixel count

The developed process allowed to determine percentages close to those of an expe-