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PDF Solution Manual For Motivation Theory Research and Application 6Th Edition Online Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Solution Manual For Motivation Theory Research and Application 6Th Edition Online Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Solution Manual For Motivation Theory Research and Application 6Th Edition Online Ebook Full Chapter
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Solution Manual for Motivation Theory, Research, and Application, 6th Edition
3. How have the concepts of expectancy and meaningfulness been incorporated into the
incentive concept?
Chapter Outline
Incentives as Energizers
Incentive Motivation (K)
Hull-Spence and rg-sg
The Persistence of Behavior
Amsel and rf-sf
Incentives as Generators of Emotion
Mowrer: Fear, Hope, Relief and Disappointment
Incentives as Carriers of Information
Tolman: Cognitive Formulations
Expectancy
Predictability
The Overmier and Lowry Model
The Bindra Model
Klinger: Meaningfulness
Incentives and Goals
Disengagement Phases
1. Invigoration
2. Primitivization
3. Aggression
4. Depression
5. Recovery
Grief as Disengagement
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Incentive Aspects of Sexual Motivation
Pheromones
Menstrual Cycle Modulators
Opposite Sex Attraction Signals
Learned Sexual Stimuli
Female Attractiveness
Male Attractiveness
Incentive Motivation and Physical Addiction
Behavioral Addictions
2. Reinforcement Schedules
The chapter discusses partial reinforcement schedule and its role in motivation. A
good lecture is to expand the topic to schedules of reinforcement, as stated by Ferster and
Skinner (1957). Include continuous reinforcement schedule, and the partial (intermittent)
reinforcement schedules: fixed ratio variable ratio, fixed interval and variable interval.
Include information on consequences of each schedule, and provide examples for
students.
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6. Klinger's Approach to Motivation
It is useful to provide additional details of Klinger's theoretical approach. Discuss
his concepts of meaningfulness, and his five phases of disengagement (invigoration,
primitivization, aggression, depression, and recovery).
7. Pheromones
There is a lot of information on pheromones that you might incorporate into a
lecture. Pheromones indicate sexual readiness in a number of animal species.
Pheromones have also been implicated in people, a topic that students are particularly
interested in. You might want to review the early work of Martha McClintock, who
found menstrual synchronization in college roommates. And the pheromonal recognition
between mothers and infants is interesting.
8. Sexual Attractiveness
A review of sexual attractiveness is appropriate. Carefully present research on
what contributes to female attractiveness and male attractiveness.
Class Activities
1. Develop a List of Incentives
The text states that the term incentive "usually describes some goal object that
motivates us". What are some of the most important incentives in the lives of students?
Have students develop a list of common incentives. One way is to ask students to take a
sheet of paper and write as many incentives as they can think of. Then have them rank
order their incentives. Then ask students to get into small groups and combine their top
incentives. And finally, have each small group present their list to the class. Ultimately,
try to develop a "class list" of common incentives.
2. Survey on Attractiveness
What determines the attractiveness of males and females? An interesting and fun
class activity is to develop and administer a short survey on physical attractiveness.
Perhaps easiest is open-ended questions. For example, "What are the most important
contributors to female attractiveness?" Do same for male attractiveness. Think about
demographic questions: sex, age, relationship status. Have students distribute the
surveys and compile responses. Then share results with class. You might have students
discuss any differences in participants' sex, age, and relationship status.
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3. Debate on Attractiveness
An interesting class activity is to have students debate the contributors to male
and female attractiveness. You might use the results of the class survey on attractiveness,
or you could use the information from the textbook. One suggestion is to have males and
females on opposite sides of the debate. You will probably find considerable variability,
and you might need to be sensitive to some students feeling uncomfortable discussing
this topic.
2. What happens when reinforcement that you are used to receiving stops coming? How
do you respond?
3. Why do you think intermittently reinforced responses are more persistent than
continuously reinforced responses?
4. Provide examples of latent learning. How common is latent learning in your life?
8. What influence might perfume/cologne have on our inability to smell each other?
12. How important is learning in one's individual preferences of sexual attractiveness (as
opposed to heredity)?
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Short Answer Questions
1. Define the concept of incentive.
2. Why did Crespi's rats change behavior when amount of reward changed?
3. What was the main idea of the Hull-Spence theory of incentive motivation?
11. According to Klinger's theory, what is the difference between a goal and an
incentive?
Essay Questions
1. Define incentive and discuss concept of incentives as motivators.
2. Review the research of Hull and Spence on incentive motivation, and discuss
importance of incentive motivation in daily life.
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3. Describe how Amsel explains persistence of behavior, including his research findings.
Discuss applications in everyday life.
4. Evaluate Mowrer's theory of incentive motivation and his four primary emotions.
Give examples.
9. Explain how incentive motivation may be related to sexual behavior in animals and in
people.
10. Review the major attributes of female attractiveness and evaluate the role they play in
sexual attraction.
11. Evaluate the attributes of male attractiveness, and discuss why they are distinct from
those contributing to female attractiveness.
12. Discuss the implications of the role of incentive motivation in physical addiction.
Ferster, C., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. East Norwalk, CT:
Appleton Century Crofts.
Hull, C. (1943). Principles of behavior. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton Century Crofts.
Tolman, E. (1932). Purposive behavior in animals and men. New Your: Appleton
Century Crofts.
IM06 - 6
Solution Manual for Motivation Theory, Research, and Application, 6th Edition
Annotated Websites
Hull's theory
http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/drive-reduction.html
Drive reduction theory of Hull
Article by Hull
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Hull/Hierarchy/part1.htm
Classic 1934 article by Clark Hull
Tolman article
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm
Cognitive Maps in Man and Animal, 1948 article by Edward Tolman
Tolman theory
http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/sign-theory.html
Tolman's theory website
Pheromones
http://www.athenainstitute.com/pherodef.html
Website from Athena Institute on pheromones
IM06 - 7