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PDF Test Bank For Abnormal Psychology and Life A Dimensional Approach 3Rd by Kearney Online Ebook Full Chapter
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Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology and Life A Dimensional Approach 3rd by Kearney
4. John believes that he is especially powerful or talented when this is not actually true. He is experiencing
a. depression.
b. psychosis.
c. grandiosity.
d. hallucinations.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Normal Mood Changes and Depression and Mania: What Are They?
OTHER: TYPE: application
5. When a person's depression or mania becomes so severe that it interferes with daily functioning, he/she could be
diagnosed with a(n)
a. anxiety disorder.
b. depressive disorder.
c. mood disorder.
7. Depression and mania can occur in the same individual. When this happens, the person would be most accurately
diagnosed as having a(n)
a. unipolar mood disorder.
b. bipolar mood disorder.
c. anxiety disorder.
d. depressive disorder.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
8. A period of time, typically at least two weeks but usually longer, during which a person experiences sad or empty
moods most of the day, nearly every day, is a defining characteristic of
a. a normal state of awareness.
b. a major depressive episode.
c. hypersomnia.
d. bipolar disorder.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
10. Because Samuel has experienced very sad moods and a feeling of emptiness for periods of two weeks or longer (along
with the inability to experience pleasure and significant sleep difficulties), he will most accurately be diagnosed with a
a. moderate depressive episode.
b. major depressive disorder.
c. chronic unit polar disorder.
d. lingering or persistent melancholy.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: conceptual
12. A key characteristic of a major depressive episode is a feeling of ____, or trouble gathering energy.
a. slowness
b. euphoria
c. paranoia
d. displacement
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
13. When mood disorders are studied on a continuum, which three main features are described?
a. interpersonal, extrapersonal, and cognition
b. emotions, cognitions, and behaviors
c. affect, intensity, and debilitation
d. physiological, psychological, and medical
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
14. Mood disorder symptoms that occur on a continuum, as illustrated in your textbook, can be
a. normal, mild, moderate, less severe, and more severe.
b. normal range, moderate range, and severe range.
15. Edward is in the midst of a major depressive episode. He has just learned that his best friend is going through a
divorce and feels responsible for it, even though he had nothing to do with it. Which symptom of depression is this?
a. hypersomnia
b. feeling worthless and guilty
c. melancholia
d. suicidal ideology
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: application
16. The most serious symptom of a major depressive episode is thoughts or ideas about ____.
a. academic failure or institutionalization
b. suicide or death, or an actual suicide attempt
c. anxiety or panic attacks
d. commitment or relationships
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: conceptual
17. People with very severe cases of depression, or ____, may be so slowed down such that they do not move any muscles
for hours.
a. chronic depressive syndrome.
b. clinical unipolar disorder.
c. severe genetic disorder.
d. melancholia.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
19. When occurring in mood disorders, bizarre ideas or hearing voices that are not real are referred to as
a. psychiatric dimensions.
b. dementia.
c. psychotic features.
d. psychoactive hypnosis.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
20. Dwelling on the negative aspects of the day, such as a couple of mistakes on a test or a cold shoulder from a coworker
is most consistent with ____.
a. mild sadness
b. moderate sadness
c. less severe depression
d. more severe depression
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
21. Depression in some people occurs more in fall or winter months, a condition called
a. fall depression disorder.
b. postpartum depression.
c. seasonal depression.
d. situational affective disorder.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
22. Depression that may occur following the birth of a child is known as
a. seasonal depression.
b. childbirth depression.
c. sensational depression.
d. postpartum depression.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
23. What disorder is similar to major depression and characterized by chronic feelings of depression for at least two
years?
a. dysthymia
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b. chronic mood disorder
c. long-term depression disorder
d. none of these
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
24. Javier has always been sort of a “down” kind of person. All his life, he has experienced fatigue, low self-esteem,
trouble concentrating or making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. Javier might be diagnosed with
a. dysthymia.
b. cyclothymia.
c. major depressive disorder.
d. bipolar I disorder.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: application
25. The presence of dysthymia and a major depressive episode at the same time is termed
a. double jeopardy.
b. depression comorbidity.
c. double depression.
d. hypersensitivity depression.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
26. A period of time during which a person feels highly euphoric or extremely irritable is known as
a. mania.
b. hyperactivity.
c. hyposomnia.
d. hyperirritability.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
27. Severe problems in functioning at school or work can result from extreme ____ that many people experience during a
manic episode.
a. distractibility
b. slowness
c. desire to socialize
d. anxiety
ANSWER: a
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
28. A highly euphoric person in a manic episode who feels as though he/she can do something impossible is best
described as experiencing
a. exaggerated cognitions
b. an irrational fantasy.
c. grandiosity.
d. unbounded belief.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
29. Elizabeth is in the midst of a manic episode. Her mind seems to be racing so quickly that she can't even express her
thoughts because her mouth cannot keep up. Elizabeth is experiencing a symptom of mania known as
a. grandiosity.
b. flight of ideas.
c. distractibility.
d. hypomania.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: application
31. Wayne experiences one or more full manic episodes alternating with episodes of major depression. He is most likely
to be diagnosed with
a. borderline personality.
b. bipolar I disorder.
c. bipolar II disorder.
d. continuous cycling disorder.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
33. Individuals with changes in mood toward depression or mania occurring almost daily for a certain period of time,
especially in women, have
a. rapid cycling.
b. continuous cycling.
c. bipolar cycling.
d. manic-depressive cycling.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
34. What is a major distinction between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder?
a. Hypomania occurs in bipoloar II but mania occurs in bipolar I.
b. Hypomania occurs in bipolar I but mania occurs in bipolar II.
c. Major depression occurs in bipolar I but not in bipolar II
d. Rapid cycling occurs in bipolar II but not bipolar I.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
35. An episode that comprises the same symptoms as a manic episode but may not cause severe impairment in daily
functioning is referred to as a
a. hypermanic episode.
b. hypomanic episode.
c. postpartum episode.
d. peripartum episode.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
36. Jan has episodes of hypomania that alternate with episodes of major depression. She is most likely experiencing
a. bipolar I disorder.
b. bipolar II disorder.
c. atypical bipolar disorder.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
d. manic depressive disorder.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: application
37. People with ____ do not have full-blown episodes of depression, mania, or hypomania, but the symptoms of
hypomania and depression have lasted over at least a two-year period.
a. hypomania type I
b. bipolar type I
c. cyclothymia
d. borderline type I
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
38. Sharon has been experiencing thoughts about death, killing herself, funerals, and other morbid ideas related to her
death. Her therapist indicates that she is experiencing
a. suicide syndrome.
b. parasuicidal behavior.
c. suicidal ideation.
d. suicide prodrome.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: application
39. Paul has been repeatedly cutting himself and occasionally burning himself with a lighter, but without the intent to die.
He is best described as demonstrating
a. attempted suicide.
b. parasuicidal behavior.
c. suicidal ideation.
d. attention-getting behavior.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: application
40. Thinking about suicide but not necessarily being driven toward the act is most accurately termed
a. morbid curiosity.
b. suicidal fantasy.
c. suicidal ideation.
d. death wish.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: moderate
41. When a person feels oppressed by society and believes that his or her only means of escape is through death, he or she
may be predisposed to
a. altruistic suicide.
b. fatalistic suicide.
c. egotistical suicide.
d. anomic suicide.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
42. When a soldier sacrifices their life to save his/her comrades, he/she has committed
a. altruistic suicide.
b. fatalistic suicide.
c. egoistic suicide.
d. anomic suicide.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
46. Severe depression and dysthymia are most highly comorbid with which other category of disorder?
a. anxiety
b. dissociative
c. schizophrenia
d. autism spectrum
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
47. A controversial condition that refers to depressive symptoms that occur during most menstrual cycles in the past year
is
a. post-menstrual dysphoria.
b. premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
c. post-menstrual disorder.
d. premenstrual disorder.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
48. Shortly after the birth of her daughter, Pat experienced a major depressive episode that was referred to as
a. post-menstrual depression.
b. pre-partum depression.
c. postpartum depression.
d. manic depressive disorder.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: application
49. A severe condition that affects about 13% of women after they give birth is called
a. hormonal mood syndrome.
b. after birth reality shock.
c. postpartum depression.
d. unipolar hormonal depression.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
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REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
50. European Americans are diagnosed with bipolar disorder more than African-Americans. What is the most likely
cause?
a. differences in access to care only
b. differences in symptom presentation only
c. differences in family history but not in environment
d. differences in both access to care and in symptom presentation
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
51. The rates of depression experiences by European Americans and African-Americans are ____.
a. comparable
b. disparate
c. unknown
d. inconclusive
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
54. Compared to United States, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, China, and Canada, suicide rates are highest in
a. Eastern Europe.
55. Generally speaking, women ____ suicide ____ often than men.
a. attempt; more
b. attempt; less
c. complete; more
d. complete; as
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Features and Epidemiology
OTHER: TYPE: factual
58. Which individual is NOT exhibiting a stigma against someone with major depressive disorder?
a. Linda's mom tells her she needs to "snap out of it" and thinks she just isn't trying hard enough to do so.
b. Marley's employer decides not to promote her because she is worried that moving to a position of management
will be too stressful for someone with a history of depression.
c. Jacques' doctor tells her that her sadness really is not that big of a deal, and she probably just needs to get out
more, and not seek intensive treatment.
d. Kyla's sister studies websites about depression so that she can identify symptoms of depression in Kyla and
point her to the right avenues for treatment.
59. Individuals with depressive and bipolar disorders often experience stigma that may lead them to
a. avoid starting close personal relationships.
b. not apply for employment.
c. not apply for education or training opportunities.
d. do all of these.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Stigma Associated with Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
OTHER: TYPE: application
60. Twin studies suggest that mood disorders have a ____ basis.
a. psychogenic
b. psychoactive
c. genetic
d. biogeneric
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
61. Gene studies suggest that genes work in a ____ fashion in the context of mood disorders.
a. psychogenic
b. psychoactive
c. polygenic
d. biogeneric
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
64. Given the status of genetics research on depressive and bipolar disorders, we can conclude that
a. no one gene likely leads directly to depressive or bipolar disorders.
b. no one set of genes leads directly to depressive or bipolar disorders.
c. genetics may produce brain, neurochemical, hormonal, or other changes that lead to a depressive or bipolar
disorders.
d. all of these statements are correct.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
65. Those with mood disorder often show a(n) ____ activity in the ____ brain areas.
a. increased; overall
b. average; mid
c. reduced; prefrontal and other cortical
d. intermittent; limbic system
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
66. Brain circuit functioning problems in depressive and bipolar disorders are
a. similar, except that depression involves the limbic-thalamic-cortical circuits as opposed to cortical-limbic
circuits.
b. virtually identical.
c. similar, except that bipolar disorder involves the limbic-thalamic-cortical circuits as opposed to cortical-limbic
circuits.
d. variable by individual.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
67. People with bipolar disorder and people with schizophrenia may have ____ in the brain.
a. increased white and gray matter
b. reduced white and gray matter
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c. reduced white matter and increased gray matter
d. increased white matter and reduced gray matter
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
68. People with depression have lower than normal levels of which neurotransmitter in particular?
a. dopamine
b. epinephrine
c. serotonin
d. norepinephrine
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: application
70. People with severe depression and cognitive deficits such as memory problems often have increased levels of
a. cortisone.
b. epinephrine.
c. cortisol.
d. norepinephrine.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
71. A key thyroid hormone that interacts significantly with serotonin and works well with antidepressants to relieve
depression is
a. thyroxine.
b. thyrodine.
c. triiodothyronine.
d. trithyroxine.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16
OTHER: TYPE: factual
72. People with depression move to which stage of sleep more quickly than normal?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. REM
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
75. Which approach to understanding depression focuses on whether people believe that events are stable or transient,
global (affecting all aspects of their lives) or isolated, and caused by internal or external factors?
a. the hopelessness and helplessness theory
b. the “you're okay, but I'm not” theory
c. the attribution theory
d. the negative cognitive triad theory
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
77. An environmental risk factor closely related to mood disorders is negative thought patterns, or
a. automatic thoughts.
b. hopefulness constructs.
c. cognitive distortions.
d. delusions.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
78. Nicole feels like she is completely without talent and has nothing to offer the world. She is sure other people see her as
a failure and a waste. Because of this, she doesn't see any future for herself. These three beliefs about herself, her world
view, and her future illustrate that Nicole has a risk factor for depression known as the
a. negative cognitive triad.
b. distorted cognitive triad.
c. automatic cognition triad.
d. cognitive delusion triad.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: application
79. A cognitive theory of depression that is referred to as ____ focuses on negative attributions people make about an
event.
a. cognitive theory
b. cognitive factor theory
c. hope for the future theory
d. hopelessness theory
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
80. Anissa has just lost her job. Which attributional pattern would most strongly suggest that Anissa is at risk for
depression?
a. I lost my job because I am not smart enough to compete in the workforce, and everywhere I go everyone can
see this about me.
b. I lost my job because the economy has been so bad, and everywhere I go this seems to be true.
c. I lost my job because I have had a hard time managing everything while I had to take care of my aging mother
who died in the last month.
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d. I lost my job because my boss is a real jerk who has never liked me from the start.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: application
81. Angela has never been a great student, but once she gets into college, it is even harder. She tries reading the book, and
does poorly. Her instructor encourages her to outline the text as she reads, but she still does poorly. She goes to tutoring,
but still is failing. No matter what she does, it does not seem to help her do better in class. Based on this experience,
Angela may develop the cognitive risk factor for depression known as
a. an unstable attributional pattern.
b. learned helplessness.
c. the negative cognitive triad.
d. cognitive distortion.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: application
82. Cognitive theories of depression generally relate to what is sometimes called nonbiological, environmentally based, or
____ depression.
a. exothermic
b. exogenous
c. interpersonal
d. internal
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
83. Fernando's depression has largely been triggered by the attributional patterns he uses to explain negative life events.
The fact that Fernando's depression is mainly explained by cognitive processes rather than genetic ones makes his
depression more _____ in nature.
a. automatic
b. lethargic
c. exogenous
d. endogenic
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: application
84. Jake is a 37-year-old male with two daughters, a wife, a mortgage, and a car payment. Which interpersonal issue is
more likely to depress him?
a. His oldest daughter is having trouble in school.
b. His mortgage statement just came, and the increase is going to make the payment a lot higher than what he can
manage.
85. Children of parents with a mood disorder have ____ as compared to the general population.
a. more mood disorders
b. less mood disorders
c. the same percentage of mood disorders
d. more mood disorders if male but less if female
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
86. Which characteristic is most associated with increased risk of depression later in life?
a. protective parenting
b. impaired attachment
c. extended family interactions
d. many siblings
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
87. Amy has a son who is depressed. Amy does have very high standards for both academic and behavioral success, and
she is constantly after her son about every little thing he does wrong. She frequently puts him down, shames him, and can
even be hostile when she tries to correct him. Her son feels like he can never catch a break from her. This pattern of
interaction in a family is an example of a risk factor for childhood depression known as
a. child neglect.
b. the negative cognitive triad.
c. external attributions.
d. expressed emotion.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: application
90. Immigrants who are more acculturated to mainstream culture demonstrate ____ rates of depression compared to those
who are less acculturated.
a. higher
b. lower
c. comparable
d. variable (depending on ancestry)
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
92. Evolutionary theories of _____ are less available than of other mood disorders.
a. mania
b. depression
c. postpartum depression
d. dysthymia
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: conceptual
94. Adam’s therapist thoroughly examined his genetic predisposition toward depression and the stressful, life-changing
events he has experienced. These two main areas of assessment can be called
a. biological vulnerability and psychological vulnerability.
b. genetic push and environmental goal.
c. objective vs. subjective analysis.
d. scientific speculation and trauma induction.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: application
95. Internal or biologically-based depression is called ____, and external or environmentally-based depression is called
____.
a. exogenous; endogenous
b. genotypical; psychosocial
c. psychosocial; genotypical
d. endogenous; exogenous
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Causes and Prevention
OTHER: TYPE: factual
97. Consider all of the following individuals who have risk factors for bipolar disorder. Which person is most likely to
have been included in a prevention program, based on currently existing programs?
a. Sarah, who is 6 years old and has a dad with bipolar disorder.
b. Abby, who is 14 years old and has just started to show symptoms of bipolar disorder.
c. Aleese, whose parents do not have good parenting skills.
98. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression will both help determine
a. how severe a person's symptoms are or how a person is responding to treatment.
b. the type of treatment to proceed with.
c. the diagnosis of a disorder.
d. the relative importance of family factors.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
99. Topics covered in ____ are often related to past and present mood symptoms, relevant risk factors such as
interpersonal and cognitive factors, medical and treatment history, ongoing problems and comorbid diagnoses, motivation
for change, social support, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
a. brief screening interviews
b. unstructured interviews
c. projective tests
d. personality tests
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: conceptual
100. Interview assessment techniques for mood disorders and suicide can be an important observational tool beyond the
questions and answers themselves, allowing the assessor to consider
a. the symbolic content of answers.
b. nonverbal behaviors indicative of problems.
c. a psychosocial index of confidence.
d. a demonstration of the respondent's self-esteem level.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: conceptual
101. A common self-report measure that addresses negative attitudes toward oneself, level of impairment due to
depression, and physical symptoms is the
a. Beck Depression Inventory – II.
b. DSM Depression Inventory.
c. Maslow's Hierarchy Inventory.
d. Depression Impairment Inventory.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: moderate
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REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
102. People with mood disorders are often asked to monitor and log their own symptoms
a. on a monthly basis.
b. on an as needed basis.
c. on an as they occur basis.
d. on a daily basis.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
103. Because individuals with mood disorders may be unaware of the extent of abnormality, mental health professionals
should be interested in
a. observations from others.
b. the accuracy of the weekly log.
c. ongoing daily neurotransmitter variations.
d. confronting them with the severity of their problems.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
104. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) involves injecting a person with the _______________ known as
dexamethasone.
a. coagulant
b. hormone
c. corticosteroid
d. beta blocker
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
106. Medication treatment for depression has largely shifted from ____ to ____.
a. tricyclic antidepressants; SSRIs
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b. MAOIs; tricyclic antidepressants
c. SSRIs; tricyclic antidepressants
d. SSRIs; MAOIs
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: conceptual
107. Nausea, headache, agitation, sweating, gastrointestinal problems, sexual dysfunction, and insomnia are all common
side effects of
a. SSRIs.
b. MAOs.
c. TCAs.
d. antipsychotics.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
108. If SSRIs or tricyclics are not effective, ___ may be prescribed to enhance tyramine to increase norepinephrine and
serotonin.
a. MAOIs
b. CBDKs
c. SSIRs
d. antipsychotics
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
110. Gerianna has been recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Which drug is her psychiatrist most likely to try first in
her treatment?
a. citalopram
b. fluvoxamine
c. clomipramine
d. divalproex
111. If lithium is not effective alone, then ____ may also be prescribed.
a. paroxetine
b. lithium II
c. sertraline
d. divalproex
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
112. An unusual, but often effective, treatment for people with very severe or melancholic depression that involves the use
of electrodes on a person's head is
a. convulsion distortion therapy.
b. electrical therapy.
c. electroconvulsive therapy.
d. bioelectrical therapy.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
114. Connor has been hospitalized following a suicide attempt. He has struggled with major depressive disorder for years,
and it is much worse this time around. He seems almost out of his head and unable to communicate with his doctors. One
doctor would like to use ECT as a treatment, but what ethical principle may suggest he should not, given that Connor
cannot agree to or refuse the treatment in his present state of mind?
a. nonmalficence
b. beneficence
c. respect for autonomy
d. justice
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 26
OTHER: TYPE: application
115. ECT is generally effective for people with very severe depression especially if ____ is/are used.
a. two electrodes and higher dosage
b. two electrodes and lower dosage
c. one electrode and higher dosage
d. one electrode and lower dosage
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
116. An alternative to ECT is ____, which is a relatively new treatment that involves an electromagnetic coil being placed
on a person's scalp.
a. TMD
b. rTMS
c. TMDS
d. MEDS
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
117. Although both are considered controversial, the two main non-medication biological interventions for mood disorder
and suicidality are
a. psychosurgery and gene splicing.
b. ECT and rTMS.
c. shock therapy and psychosurgery.
d. magnetic induction and acupuncture.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: conceptual
118. Which person would be the best candidate for light therapy?
a. Jack, who has bipolar I disorder.
b. Mindy, who has persistent depressive disorder.
c. Nina, who has postpartum depression.
d. Brent, who has seasonal depression.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
119. Among the psychological treatments for mood disorders and suicidality, ____ focuses on education, increasing
activities and exercise, and progress rewarding.
a. behavior modification
b. behavior activation
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 27
c. energizing reinforcement
d. token and major rewards
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
120. Ian has major depressive disorder. As part of his treatment, his therapist works with Ian and his social support
network to ensure that Ian is getting out and about more often--going shopping, attending church, joining a choir.
Although Ian does not really want to engage in these activities, he does so and finds that his depression actually lessens.
Ian has benefited from a therapy known as
a. behavioral modification.
b. behavioral analysis.
c. behavioral activation.
d. behavioral education.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: application
121. The process of training significant others not to reinforce depressive behavior and instead reinforce active, prosocial
behavior is called
a. contingency management.
b. self-control therapy.
c. social skills training.
d. coping or problem-solving skills training.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
122. Having a person reinforce him-/herself for active, non-depressed behaviors is part of
a. contingency management.
b. self-control therapy.
c. social skills training.
d. coping or problem-solving skills training.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
123. Michael is an adolescent with depression. He is undergoing ____ to help with his depression and to improve methods
of social interaction.
a. contingency management
b. self-control therapy
c. social skills training
d. coping or problem-solving skills training
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ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: application
124. Examining evidence for and against a certain thought, hypothesis testing to see the actual chances something bad will
happen, and catastrophizing worst-case scenarios are all part of
a. behavioral therapy.
b. cognitive therapy.
c. humanistic therapy.
d. psychosomatic therapy.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: conceptual
125. Trisha is depressed. In one of her therapy sessions, she tells her therapist that part of what makes her depressed is that
she is sure the government will shut down and the nation will collapse into anarchy. Her therapist pushes her to pin down
how likely this is, and Trisha eventually acknowledges that it is probably pretty unlikely. The therapist then asks her to
think through what would happen even if this "worst-case scenario" did come about, and Trisha eventually realizes that
although stressful and a challenge, it might not be quite has horrific as she had imagined. Trisha's therapist is probably
using which therapeutic approach?
a. Behavioral activation
b. Mindfulness
c. Cognitive therapy
d. Interpersonal therapy
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: difficult
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: application
126. When therapists help people focus to experience the present rather than dwell on past failures or negative
expectations about the future, they are applying
a. psychoanalysis.
b. behavioral activation.
c. mindfulness.
d. interpersonal therapy.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
127. A therapist engaging in ____ encourages a client to view a sad mood, thoughts, and physical feelings as events that
passed through the consciousness and not as indicators of reality.
a. psychoanalysis
b. behavior modification
c. mindfulness
128. The psychological approach to treating mood disorders that concentrates on four main categories of relationship
difficulty that include grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits is referred to as
a. behavior therapy.
b. cognitive therapy.
c. interpersonal therapy.
d. personal therapy.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
129. Interpersonal therapy is referred to as a(n) ____ approach because it uses techniques from different theoretical
orientations.
a. multidimensional
b. eclectic
c. behavioral
d. cognitive
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: moderate
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: conceptual
131. Getting other people involved in the support system of an individual to help in the treatment of a mood disorder can
be achieved with
a. family and marital therapy.
b. support groups and self-help books.
c. pleading for help from strangers.
d. considering the therapist and family as human beings.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: difficult
132. While a ‘no suicide contract’ may be helpful, a client's ____ has been shown to be more effective.
a. consent for treatment
b. informed consent
c. commitment to a treatment statement
d. previous behavior
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: easy
REFERENCES: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders and Suicide: Assessment and Treatment
OTHER: TYPE: factual
133. Describe the features of the six main mood disorders discussed in this chapter. Discuss the frequency of mood
disorders in the general population and what disorders tend to be comorbid with them.
ANSWER:
Student answers should include:
134. Outline the biological risk factors for mood disorders, and describe how these may result in the occurrence of a mood
disorder.
ANSWER: Student answers should include:
• Biological risk factors for mood disorders include genetics, neurochemical and hormonal differences,
sleep deficiencies, and brain changes.
• Biological and environmental risk factors can make a person vulnerable to a mood disorder.
• Evidence indicating that mood disorders result from the combination of early biological factors and
environmental factors related to the ability to cope, think rationally, and develop competent social and
academic skills.
135. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the different methods to assess mood disorders.
ANSWER: Student answers should include:
• Assessing people with mood disorders often includes structured and unstructured interviews
• Structured interviews have diagnostic criteria in them and unstructured interviews provide the assessor
an opportunity to examine nonverbal behaviors for symptoms of a mood disorder, but do take
significant time
• Self-report questionnaires are also available for assessing mood disorders, and are somewhat quicker
to administer than an interview
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 31
• Observations and information from therapist, spouses, partners, children, parents, and others are
important for assessing mood disorders, particularly for symptoms involving delusions such as
grandiosity
• Laboratory assessments for mood disorders include the dexamethasone test, which may provide some
insight into what biological treatments would be appropriate, but are costly and time-consuming to
administer
136. Discuss the epidemiology of suicide, noting particularly the demographics that are most closely associated with it.
ANSWER: Student answers should include:
• Suicide is commonly seen in people with mood disorders, especially among men, European
Americans, nonmarried people, and the elderly.
137. Describe the strategies involved in assessing someone's risk for suicide, and what responses are appropriate if a
person is deemed as being at imminent risk for suicide.
ANSWER: Student answers should include:
• Assessing risk of suicide is critical in mood disorders and often focuses on details of a suicide plan,
access to weapons, and support from others.
• Addressing suicidal behavior, sometimes via hospitalization, is a critical aspect of treating people with
mood disorders.
• In addition to hospitalization, therapists may also use a no-suicide contract, although some would
argue that a commitment to a treatment statement would be more effective.
138. Summarize the environmental risk factors for mood disorders, and describe how they might result in the occurrence
of a mood disorder.
ANSWER: Student answers should include:
• Environmental risk factors for mood disorders include stressful and uncontrollable life events,
negative thought processes, and misattributions.
• Environmental factors can influence one’s ability to cope, think rationally, and develop competent
social and academic skills.
• The overall goal is to get a personal more involved with daily social activities that will help produce
positive feelings of self-esteem.
• This is accomplished by a combination of approaches including: contingency management, self-
control therapy, social skills training, and coping/problem-solving skills.
140. Discuss the ethical concerns and implications involved with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
ANSWER: Student answers should include:
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective, but controversial, treatment for people with
severe depression.
• Ethical principles include beneficence (does the procedure help the person?), nonmaleficence
(does the procedure harm the person in any way?), respect for autonomy (is the person fully
informed of the benefits and risks of the procedure?), and justice (does the procedure preserve
the person’s dignity?).
141. What is a negative cognitive triad? How does it affect an individual’s view of themselves and events around them?
ANSWER: Student answers should include:
• The negative cognitive triad includes negative beliefs about one’s self, the world, and the future.
• Some people view a certain event in a negative way and have catastrophic thoughts about the
event. These thoughts tend to be automatic thoughts, meaning they constantly repeat over the course
of a day
98. Tobacco
The speed with which inventions sometimes diffuse over large
areas is in marked contrast to the slowness with which they travel on
other occasions. The art or habit of smoking originated in tropical
America where the tobacco plant is indigenous. From this middle
region the custom spread, like agriculture, pottery, and weaving, in
both directions over most of north and south America. Originally, it
would seem, a tobacco leaf was either rolled on itself to form a rude
cigar, or was stuffed, cigarette fashion, into a reed or piece of cane.
Columbus found the West Indians puffing at cigars. In the
Southwestern United States, the natives smoked from hollow reeds.
Farther into the United States, both to the east and west, the reed
had become a manufactured tube of wood or stone or pottery. This
tubular pipe, something like a magnified cigarette holder, has the
bowl enlarged at one end to receive the tobacco. It has to be held
more or less vertically. This form has survived to the present day
among the California Indians. As the tubular pipe spread into the
central and eastern United States, it was elaborated. The bowl was
made to rise from the top of the pipe, instead of merely forming its
end. This proved a convenience, for the pipe had now no longer to
be pointed skyward to be smoked. Here then was a pipe with a
definite bowl; but its derivation from the straight tubular pipe is
shown by the fact that the bowl was most frequently set not at the
end of the stem, as we “automatically” think a pipe should be, but
near its middle. The bowl evidently represented a secondary addition
which there seemed no more reason to place at the end than in the
middle of the pipe; and the latter happened to become the fashion.
All this evolution took place at least a thousand years ago,
probably much longer. Elaborate stone pipes have been discovered
in the earthworks left by the Mound Builders of the Ohio Valley, a
people whose very existence had been forgotten when the whites
first came. Californian stone pipes occur well down toward the
bottom of shell mounds estimated to have required three or four
thousand years to accumulate.
Here and there this slow diffusion suffered checks. In the Andean
region of South America tobacco came into competition with coca, a
plant whose leaf was chewed. The effect of the contained alkaloid is
to prevent fatigue and hunger. Of the two, coca triumphed over
tobacco, possibly because its action is more drug-like. In North
America, on the other hand, tribes that had not adopted maize and
bean agriculture, sometimes tilled tobacco patches. With them,
tobacco cultivation had outstripped the spread of so important an
institution as food agriculture. In the extreme parts of North America,
climatic factors checked the growth of tobacco, either wild or
cultivated. Where the supply was scarce, it was either diluted with
pulverized tree bark, as by many tribes of the central United States,
or it was eaten, as by a number of groups on the Pacific coast. To
these latter, tobacco seemed too precious to set fire to and lightly
puff away. They mixed it with lime from burnt shells and swallowed it.
Taken in this form, a small quantity produces a powerful effect. In the
farthest north of the continent, even this device had not obtained a
foothold. The development of intertribal trade was too slender and
intermittent for anything but valuables, let alone an article of daily
consumption, to be transported over long distances. The result was
that the Eskimo, when first discovered, knew nothing of tobacco or
pipes.
The use of tobacco was quickly carried to the Old World by the
Spaniards, and before long all Europe was smoking. Throughout that
continent, irrespective of language, the plant is known by
modifications of the Spanish name tabaco, which in turn seems
based on a native American name for cigar. By the Spaniards and
Portuguese, and later also by the Arabs, the habit of smoking was
carried to various points on the shores of Africa, Asia, and the East
Indies. Thence it spread inland. Native African tribes, and others in
New Guinea, who had never seen a white man, have been found not
only growing and smoking tobacco, but firmly believing that their
ancestors from time immemorial had done so. This is a characteristic
illustration of the short-livedness of group memory and the
unreliability of oral tradition.
In northeastern Siberia, where the Russians introduced tobacco, a
special form of pipe came into use. It has a narrow bowl flaring at the
top. Seen from above, this bowl looks like a disk with a rather small
hole in the center. In profile it is almost like a capital T. It is set on the
end of the pipe-stem. This stem may be straight or flattened and
curved. This form of pipe, along with tobacco as a trade article,
crossed Behring Strait and was taken up by the Alaska Eskimo. That
this pipe is not of Eskimo origin is shown by its close resemblance to
the Chukchi pipe of Siberia. The fact that it is impossible for the
Eskimo to grow tobacco corroborates the late introduction, as does
the Alaska Eskimo name: tawak. In short, smoking reached the
Eskimo only after having made the round of the globe. Originating in
Middle America, the custom spread very anciently to its farthest
native limits without being able to penetrate to the Eskimo. As soon
as the Spaniards appeared on the scene, the custom started on a
fresh career of travel and rolled rapidly eastward about the globe
until it reëntered America in the hitherto non-smoking region of
Alaska.
A second invasion of America by a non-American form of pipe
occurred in the eastern United States. The old pipe of this region, as
already stated, had its bowl set well back from the end of the stem.
The whole object thus had nearly the shape of an inverted capital T,
whereas the European pipe might be compared to an L laid on its
back. After the English settlers had become established on the
Atlantic coast, a tomahawk pipe was introduced by them for trade
purposes. This was a metal hatchet with the butt of the blade
hollowed out into a bowl which connected with a bore running
through the handle. One end of the blade served to chop, the other
to smoke. The hatchet handle was also the pipe stem. The
combination implement could be used as a weapon in war and as a
symbol of peace in council. This doubleness of purpose caused it to
appeal to the Indian. The heads of these iron tomahawk pipes were
made in England for the Indian trade. They became so popular that
those natives who were out of reach of established traders, or who
were too poor to buy the metal hatchet-pipes, began to imitate them
in the stone which their forefathers had used. In the Missouri valley,
a generation ago, among tribes like the Sioux and the Blackfeet,
imitation tomahawk pipes, which would never have withstood usage
as hatchets, were being made of red catlinite together with the
standard, native, inverted-T pipes. One of the two coexisting forms
represented a form indigenous to the region since a thousand years
or more, the other an innovation developed in Europe as the result of
the discovery of America and then reintroduced among the
aborigines. Diffusion sometimes follows unexpectedly winding
routes.
99. Migrations
It may seem strange that with all the reference to diffusion in the
foregoing pages, there has been so little mention of migration. The
reason is that migrations of peoples are a special and not the normal
means of culture spread. They form the crass instances of the
process, easily conceived by a simple mind. That a custom travels
as a people travels with it, is something that a child can understand.
The danger is in stopping thought there and invoking a national
migration for every important culture diffusion, whereas it is plain that
most culture changes have occurred through subtler and more
gradual operations. The Mongols overran vast areas of Asia and
Europe without seriously modifying the civilization of those tracts.
The accretions that most influenced them, such as writing and
Buddhism, came to them by the quieter and more pervasive process
of peaceful penetration, in which but few individuals were active. We
are all aware that printing and the steam engine, the doctrine of
evolution and the habit of riming verses, have spread through
western civilization without conquests or migrations, and that each
year’s fashions flow out from Paris in the same way. When however
it is a question of something remote, like the origin of Chinese
civilization, it is only necessary for it to be pointed out that the early
forms of Chinese culture bear certain resemblances to the early
culture of Mesopotamia, and we are sure to have some one
producing a theory that marches the Chinese out of the west with
their culture packed away in little bundles on their backs. That is far
more picturesque, of course, more appealing to the emotions, than
to conceive of a slow, gradual transfusion stretching over a thousand
years. In proportion as the known facts are few, imagination soars
unchecked. It is not because migrations of large bodies of men are
rare or wholly negligible in their influence on civilization that they
have been touched so lightly here, but because we all tend, through
the romantic and sensationalistic streak in us, to think more largely in
terms of them than the sober truth warrants. It is in culture-history as
in geology: the occasional eruptions, quakings, and other cataclysms
stir the mind, but the work of change is mainly accomplished by
quieter processes, going on unceasingly, and often almost
imperceptible until their results accumulate.
CHAPTER IX
PARALLELS
108. Bronze
A striking case of independent development is offered by the
history of bronze. Bronze is copper alloyed with five to twenty per
cent of tin. The metals form a compound with properties different
from those of the two constituents. Tin is a soft metal, yet bronze is
harder than copper, and therefore superior for tools. Also, it melts at
a lower temperature and expands in solidifying from the molten
condition, and thus is better material for castings.
In the eastern hemisphere bronze was discovered early and used
widely. For nearly two thousand years it was the metal par
excellence of the more advanced nations. A Bronze Age, beginning
about 4,000 B.C., more or less simultaneously with the first phonetic
writing, is recognized as one of the great divisions of cultural time (§
66, 225).
In the western hemisphere bronze was apparently invented later
than in the eastern and spread less extensively. It was discovered in
or near the Bolivian highland, which is rich in tin (§ 196). From there
its use diffused to the Peruvian highland, then to the coast, then
north to about Ecuador, and finally, perhaps by maritime contacts, to
Mexico, where local deposits of tin were probably made use of after
their value was realized.
Theoretically, it might be queried whether knowledge of bronze
had possibly been carried to the Andes from the eastern hemisphere
by some now forgotten migration or culture transmission. Against
such a supposition there stands out first of all the isolated and
restricted distribution of the South American bronze art. It is ten
thousand miles by land from the metal-working nations of Asia to the
middle Andes. A people or culture wave that had traveled so far
could not but have left traces of its course by the way. The utilitarian
superiority of bronze over stone tools is so great that no people that
had once learned the art would be likely to give it up. Even if here
and there a group of tribes had retrograded, it cannot be imagined
that all the nations between China and Peru could have slipped back
so decisively. Certainly peoples like the Mayas and Chibchas, expert
metallurgists, would never have abandoned bronze-making.
The theory of a Chinese junk swept out of its course and washed
on a South American shore might be invoked. But the original South
American bronze culture occupies an inland mountain area. Further,
while Asiatic ships have repeatedly been wrecked on the Pacific
coast of North America and probably at times also on that of South
America, there is everything to indicate that the civilizational effects
of such accidents were practically nil. The highest cultures of Mexico
and South America were evolved in interior mountain valleys or
plateaus. Not one of the great accomplishments of the American
race—architecture, sculpture, mathematics, metallurgy—shows any
specific localization on the shore of the Pacific.
Further, it is hard to understand how the arrival of a handful of
helpless strangers could initiate an enduring culture growth. It is
easy enough for us, looking backward through the vista of history, to
fancy the lonely Indians standing on the shore to welcome the
strangers from the west, and then going with docility to school to
learn their superior accomplishments. Actually, however, people
normally do not feel or act in this way. Nations are instinctively
imbued with a feeling of superiority. They look down upon the
foreigner. Even where they admit his skill in this matter or that, they
envy rather than admire him. Thus, there is historic record of Oriental
and European vessels being wrecked on the Pacific coast of North
America, during the last century and a half, among tribes that were
still almost wholly aboriginal. In no case did the natives make any
attempt to absorb the higher culture of the strangers. Generally
these were enslaved or killed, their property rifled; sometimes the
wreck was set on fire. The greed for immediate gain of the treasures
in sight proved stronger than any dim impulses toward self-
improvement by learning.
As one conservative author has put it, occasional visits of Asiatics
or Pacific islanders to the shores of America would be, from the point
of view of the growth of the vast mass of culture in that continent,