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PDF Test Bank For American Government Institutions and Policies 13Th Edition James Q Wilson Download Online Ebook Full Chapter
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Test Bank for American Government Institutions and Policies 13th Edition James Q Wilson Down
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In the 1940s, President Roosevelt had ___________ removed from their homes and placed in
relocation centers.
a. Japanese Americans
b. convicted felons
c. illegal aliens
d. habitual criminals
e. German Americans
ANS: A REF: 130 NOT: F
4. Blacks in the United States did not receive widespread white support for civil rights until the
a. 1940s.
b. 1950s.
c. 1960s.
d. 1970s.
e. 1980s.
ANS: C REF: 133 NOT: F
5. Blacks were finally able to advance their interests during the 1950s and 1960s in part by
a. relying less on white allies, especially northern liberals.
b. downplaying their grievances.
c. shifting their struggle from Congress to the courts.
d. setting their sights lower.
e. refocusing their efforts in individual states.
ANS: C REF: 133 NOT: C
6. The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution appeared to guarantee equal rights for blacks.
a. First
b. Fourteenth
c. Twenty-first
d. Twenty-fifth
e. Twenty-sixth
ANS: B REF: 133 NOT: F
7. In 1880, the Supreme Court struck down a Virginia law requiring that _______ be composed of only
white males.
a. legislatures
b. law school faculty
c. gubernatorial staff
d. state prison authorities
e. juries
ANS: E REF: 133 NOT: F
8. In a critical 1883 decision, the Supreme Court distinguished between _____ and _____ racial
discrimination.
a. official; private
b. individual; group
c. corporate; community
d. legal; institutional
e. local; regional
ANS: A REF: 133 NOT: F
9. Adolph Plessy had a tremendous impact on the interpretation of the Constitution when he attempted to
a. ride a bus.
b. enter law school.
c. run for political office.
d. ride a train.
e. vote.
ANS: D REF: 133 NOT: F
10. One reason the NAACP’s strategy of using the courts to further black civil rights worked was that it
a. avoided focusing on the clearest abuses.
b. presented broad economic demands to whites.
c. avoided direct confrontation with a conservative Supreme Court.
d. did not require a broad legislative alliance.
e. avoided the complications that often surround appellate processes.
ANS: D REF: 134 NOT: C
11. Lloyd Gaines had a tremendous impact on the interpretation of the Constitution when he attempted to
a. ride a bus.
b. enter law school.
c. run for political office.
d. ride a train.
e. vote.
ANS: B REF: 134 NOT: F
12. The importance of the Brown v. Board of Education civil rights case was that the Supreme Court
a. declared unconstitutional laws creating schools that were separate but obviously unequal.
b. declared unconstitutional laws supporting schools that were separate but unequal in subtle
ways.
c. ruled that racially separate schools were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional.
d. ruled that schools discriminating on the basis of race could be denied access to federal
funds.
e. ruled that segregation was lawful if mandated by a state constitution.
ANS: C REF: 134 NOT: C
13. The Supreme Court delegated the power to oversee the implementation of its school integration
decision to
a. local federal district courts.
b. the president.
c. Congress.
d. the Civil Rights Commission.
e. the state legislatures.
ANS: A REF: 135 NOT: F
17. As its rationale for the decision in Brown, the Supreme Court relied primarily on
a. the intent of the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment.
b. the intent of Congress in the Fourteenth Amendment.
c. social science evidence.
d. a narrow interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.
e. the redress of grievances clause in the First Amendment.
ANS: C REF: 137 NOT: C
18. The Supreme Court probably relied on social science studies in the Brown decision because the
justices realized that
a. the Fourteenth Amendment did not address segregation.
b. the authors of the Fourteenth Amendment may not have intended to outlaw segregated
schools.
c. the Constitution did not address racial discrimination.
d. the equal protection clause was not applicable to the states.
e. most Americans accepted social science as a legitimate source of constitutional law.
ANS: B REF: 137 NOT: F
20. The principle of mandating busing plans to remedy school segregation patterns was approved in the
case of
a. Brown v. Board of Education.
b. Sipuel v. County Trustee.
c. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education.
d. Green v. County School Board of New Kent County.
e. Plessy v. Ferguson.
ANS: C REF: 138 NOT: F
21. To the federal courts, the presumption of the intent to discriminate is created by
a. the minutes of school board meetings.
b. differences in black and white achievement scores.
c. residence south of the Mason-Dixon line.
d. the existence of all-white or all-black schools with a history of segregation.
e. the statements of school officials.
ANS: D REF: 138 NOT: F
22. In the Swann case, the Supreme Court approved of which of the following remedies for past
discrimination?
a. Racial quotas in teacher assignments
b. Racial quotas in student assignments
c. Redrawing of district lines
d. Court-ordered busing
e. All of the above
ANS: E REF: 138 NOT: F
23. The text mentions presidents who declared their opposition to school busing for integration. They
included all of the following except
a. Ronald Reagan.
b. Jimmy Carter.
c. Gerald Ford.
d. Richard Nixon.
e. Both B and D.
ANS: B REF: 139 NOT: F
24. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the 1992 Supreme Court ruling
concerning school integration?
a. Busing continues to be the most effective means of achieving school integration.
b. Busing is an effective means of achieving school integration if parents are afforded some
degree of choice within school systems.
c. School integration must be fully achieved in all communities regardless of housing
patterns.
d. Efforts made in good faith to achieve integration must be taken into account before
mandating further busing between communities.
e. Busing can be ended if segregation is caused by shifting housing patterns.
ANS: E REF: 139 NOT: C
25. Rosa Parks had a tremendous impact on the civil rights movement when she attempted to
a. ride a bus.
b. enter law school.
c. run for political office.
d. ride a train.
e. vote.
ANS: A REF: 139 NOT: F
27. In 1964 and 1968, a majority of whites believed that the pace of change on racial matters
a. was too slow.
b. was about right.
c. was too fast.
d. was slowing down.
e. had come to a grinding halt.
ANS: C REF: 140 NOT: F
28. The very effectiveness of black demonstrations in putting civil rights on the public agenda conflicted
with the need to
a. avoid too much publicity too early.
b. win key cases in the Supreme Court.
c. enlist the president in the ranks of sympathizers.
d. build a broad coalition in Congress.
e. win key cases in state intermediate courts of appeal.
ANS: D REF: 140 NOT: C
29. Congressional opponents of civil rights legislation had traditionally been able to rely on all of the
following except
a. the Senate Judiciary Committee.
b. the House Rules Committee.
c. the majority whip.
d. the Senate filibuster.
e. Both A and B
ANS: C REF: 140 NOT: F
30. One factor helping to break the deadlock that developed in the civil rights movement during the early
1960s was the
a. media coverage of violence by white segregationists.
b. Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education.
c. decentralization of power in the House and Senate.
d. civil unrest that shook several northern cities.
e. election of Republican presidents.
ANS: A REF: 140 NOT: C
32. Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech was given in front of
a. the White House.
b. the Washington Monument.
c. the Capitol.
d. the Lincoln Memorial.
e. the Library of Congress.
ANS: D REF: 141 NOT: F
33. One factor helping to break the deadlock that developed in the civil rights movement during the early
1960s was the
a. Democratic landslide of 1964.
b. Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education.
c. centralization of power in the House and Senate.
d. civil unrest that shook several northern cities.
e. election of Republican presidents.
ANS: A REF: 141 NOT: C
35. A key to the passage of major civil rights laws was the breaking of the Senate filibuster with
a. a cloture motion.
b. round-the-clock sessions.
c. a quorum call.
d. a substitute motion.
e. point of personal privilege.
ANS: A REF: 142 NOT: F
36. Evidence of the growing political strength of southern blacks over the past two decades is the fact that
in 2001
a. more than 9,000 blacks held elective office.
b. four southern governors were black.
c. six southern senators and twelve southern House members were black.
d. for the first time, two blacks from the same southern state were elected to the Senate and
House.
e. three state supreme courts had black justices.
ANS: A REF: 142 NOT: F
37. In a case that reached the U.S. Supreme Court, blacks protested policies that resulted in the arrest of
crack dealers, a majority of whom were black. The Court dismissed the complaint because
a. crack arrests were already decreasing.
b. crack was not considered a dangerous drug.
c. there was no evidence that dealers of other races were not also being arrested.
d. there was no evidence that crack was in high demand.
e. most crack dealers had been arrested previously.
ANS: C REF: 143 NOT: C
38. A black person probably has the highest chance of attaining elective office as a
a. state representative.
b. governor.
c. judge.
d. member of a board of education.
e. county commissioner.
ANS: E REF: 143 NOT: C
39. In their struggle for equal treatment, women, unlike blacks, had to deal with a legal tradition that
a. claimed to be protecting them.
b. regarded them as chattel.
c. had always treated them as equal in theory.
d. had consistently ignored them.
e. had accorded them special rights and responsibilities.
ANS: A REF: 145 NOT: C
40. The origins of the movement to give women the right to vote date back to
a. the 1890s.
b. the 1860s.
c. the 1840s.
d. the 1790s.
e. the 1770s.
ANS: C REF: 145 NOT: F
41. Women were first give the right to vote in states that were
a. more highly populated and economically advanced.
b. part of the original thirteen colonies.
c. in the South.
d. in the Midwest.
e. in the West.
ANS: E REF: 145 NOT: F
42. The _____ Amendment made clear that no state may deny the right to vote on the basis of sex.
a. Fifteenth
b. Nineteenth
c. Twentieth
d. Twenty-first
e. Twenty-second
ANS: B REF: 145 NOT: F
45. In order for a law to discriminate between men and women constitutionally, it must
a. rest on some ground of difference between males and females.
b. be substantially related to a legitimate legislative goal.
c. treat similar persons similarly.
d. be reasonable and not arbitrary.
e. do all of the above.
ANS: E REF: 145 NOT: C
46. Under the reasonableness standard, an example of a decision that barred gender-based differences is
that
a. all women are eligible for the draft.
b. the navy may not allow women to remain officers longer than men without being
promoted.
c. states cannot give widows a property-tax exemption not given to widowers.
d. girls cannot be barred from Little League baseball teams.
e. California cannot define rape in such a way that only males can commit the offense.
ANS: D REF: 145 NOT: F
48. In the Virginia Military Institute case, the Supreme Court required __________ for single-sex schools.
a. a notable basis
b. a compelling reason
c. a compelling justification
d. a rational basis
e. an exceedingly persuasive justification
ANS: E REF: 147 NOT: F
49. In the case of Rostker v. Goldberg, the Supreme Court held that
a. drafting only men was a denial of equal treatment.
b. drafting only women was a denial of equal treatment.
c. women could not be drafted unless war had been officially declared.
d. women in the military must be treated the same as men.
e. Congress may choose to draft men but not women.
ANS: E REF: 147 NOT: F
50. Drawing on rulings by the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission, the Supreme Court
has held that
a. it is illegal for someone to request sexual favors as a condition of employment or
promotion.
b. an employer is not liable if he or she does not know that a subordinate has requested sex in
exchange for hiring or promotion.
c. a work environment is not deemed hostile or intimidating by a steady pattern of offensive
sexual teasing, jokes, or obscenity.
d. employers are “strictly liable” for a hostile or intimidating work environment even if they
did not know about the situation and did nothing about it.
e. sexual harassment claims cannot be made in the absence of at least three witnesses.
ANS: A REF: 147 NOT: F
51. In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled that a school system was not liable for the conduct of a teacher who
seduced a female student because
a. the student lied to school officials in another proceeding.
b. the student never reported the actions.
c. the teacher left the school just hours after a complaint was filed.
d. school codes regarding teacher-student relations were vague.
e. school codes required several witnesses for harassment complaints.
ANS: B REF: 147 NOT: F
52. In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled that a city was liable for the sexually hostile environment that
confronted a female lifeguard even though
a. she lied to city officials in another proceeding.
b. she never reported the problem to her superiors.
c. the persons responsible quitted their jobs as soon as a complaint was filed.
d. the city had clear guidelines for harassment claims that were not followed.
e. there were no witnesses to the alleged behavior.
ANS: B REF: 147 NOT: F
53. Laws that address public order and the safety and morals of citizens have traditionally been considered
the focus of
a. Congress.
b. state judiciaries.
c. state bar associations.
d. police powers.
e. all of the above.
ANS: D REF: 148 NOT: F
54. The Supreme Court first found a “right to privacy” in the ________ case.
a. Griswold
b. Roe
c. Webster
d. Casey
e. Gonzales
ANS: A REF: 148 NOT: F
55. Which of the following statements concerning the “right to privacy” is correct?
a. It is said to emanate from provisions in the Fourteenth Amendment.
b. It is nowhere mentioned in the Constitution.
c. It is explicitly mentioned in the First and Fifth Amendments.
d. It is explicitly mentioned in the First, Second, and Fifth Amendments.
e. It is explicitly mentioned in the Preamble of the Constitution.
ANS: B REF: 148 NOT: F
56. In 1965, the Supreme Court found an invasion of a “zone of privacy” when a state attempted to
prevent the sale of
a. personal diaries.
b. films on marriage.
c. wedding guides.
d. sexually explicit magazines and novels.
e. contraceptives.
ANS: E REF: 148 NOT: F
57. The Supreme Court has argued that the right to privacy can be found in ______ of the provisions in the
Bill of Rights.
a. all
b. legislative interpretations
c. penumbras
d. the Founders’ explanations
e. Thomas Jefferson’s view
ANS: C REF: 148 NOT: F
58. Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe, a woman has an unfettered right to an abortion
a. in the first trimester.
b. in the first and second trimesters.
c. in the second trimester.
d. in the second and third trimesters.
e. in the third trimester.
ANS: A REF: 148 NOT: F
59. Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe, states may ban abortions
a. in the first trimester.
b. in the first and second trimesters.
c. in the second trimester.
d. in the second and third trimesters.
e. in the third trimester.
ANS: E REF: 148 NOT: F
60. The Hyde Amendment barred the use of federal funds for abortions
a. for those persons under twenty-one years of age.
b. except when the life of the mother was in danger.
c. except in cases of rape.
d. without parental consent.
e. in the second trimester.
ANS: B REF: 148 NOT: F
61. The text suggests that the Supreme Court began to uphold state restrictions on abortion in the late
1980s under the influence of justices appointed by
a. Nixon.
b. Ford.
c. Carter.
d. Reagan.
e. Bush.
ANS: D REF: 149 NOT: C
63. In the aftermath of Roe, the Supreme Court has allowed which of the following regulations on
abortion?
a. Mandatory 24-hour waiting periods.
b. The requirement of parental consent for teenagers
c. The required provision of pamphlets with information about alternatives to abortion
d. Mandatory consent of husbands
e. A, B and C.
ANS: A REF: 149 NOT: F
64. A supporter of equality of opportunity as a way of redressing past civil rights inequities would be most
likely to advocate
a. color-blind administration of the laws.
b. preferential treatment for blacks.
c. comparable-worth pay scales.
d. busing for racial integration of schools.
e. affirmative action.
ANS: A REF: 149 NOT: C
66. Today, about ____ percent of aliens who seek citizenship are successful in meeting the statutory
requirements to become naturalized citizens.
a. 1
b. 5
c. 12
d. 50
e. 97
ANS: E REF: 150 NOT: F
68. Looking over the Supreme Court’s affirmative action cases, one sees that the Court
a. just about always upholds affirmative action plans.
b. very rarely upholds affirmative action plans.
c. has allowed affirmative action programs in about half of the cases that it has decided.
d. usually sees cases with very similar fact patterns.
e. has not been influenced by the views of Reagan’s appointees.
ANS: C REF: 150 NOT: F
69. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act granted amnesty and citizenship to illegal aliens who
a. received college diplomas.
b. remained employed for more than 1 year.
c. voted in all state and local elections.
d. resided continuously in this country since January 1, 1982.
e. Both A and C
ANS: D REF: 151 NOT: F
72. Unlike the Civil Rights Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) considers
a. the impact on local communities.
b. qualifications and standards.
c. quotas.
d. reverse discrimination.
e. excessive costs and undue hardships.
ANS: E REF: 152 NOT: F
73. The Supreme Court’s position on quotas for minorities can best be described as
a. strongly supportive.
b. strongly opposed.
c. extreme.
d. largely unconcerned.
e. deeply divided.
ANS: E REF: 152 NOT: F
74. Among the general standards for quota and preference systems that seem to be emerging from recent
Supreme Court rulings is that
a. explicit numerical quotas are permissible in most cases.
b. preferential treatment is more likely to be looked on favorably than compensatory action.
c. involuntary preference systems will be easier to justify.
d. such systems must correct an actual pattern of discrimination.
e. flexible systems are looked on with suspicion.
ANS: D REF: 152 NOT: C
75. The Supreme Court is more likely to favor (allow) quotas or preference systems if they are
a. voluntary.
b. required by law.
c. inflexible.
d. federal.
e. Both A and D.
ANS: E REF: 153 NOT: C
76. George H.W. Bush signed legislation in 1991 that had the effect of
a. removing incentives for employers to hire minorities.
b. giving special preference to quota systems that lay off workers.
c. shifting the burden of proof in discrimination claims to employers.
d. granting special status to state quota programs that are required by law.
e. discouraging the use of voluntary preference systems.
ANS: C REF: 153 NOT: F
77. Regarding preferential treatment of minorities in the areas of hiring and university admissions, the
majority of those polled
a. oppose it in both areas.
b. oppose it in hiring but favor it for university admissions.
c. oppose it for university admissions but favor it in hiring.
d. favor it in both areas.
e. have no opinion on the matter.
ANS: A REF: 153 NOT: F
78. In the Adarand case, the Supreme Court struck down a government affirmative action program
related to
a. college admissions.
b. construction contracts.
c. ownership of businesses.
d. congressional districts.
e. None of the above.
ANS: B REF: 153 NOT: F
79. In a 2003 case involving admissions practices at the University of Michigan, the Supreme Court
reaffirmed its decision in Bakke by rejecting the use of a(n)
a. numerical goal.
b. exact numerical advantage.
c. plus factor.
d. racial measure.
e. ethnic policy mark.
ANS: B REF: 154 NOT: F
80. In a 2003 case involving admissions practices at the University of Michigan law school, the Supreme
Court upheld a policy that used race as a
a. numerical goal.
b. fixed quota.
c. plus factor.
d. substitute measure.
e. policy marker.
ANS: C REF: 154 NOT: F
81. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Bowers v. Hardwick suggested that the right to privacy protects
a. the family.
b. marriage.
c. procreation.
d. homosexual relations.
e. Choices A, B, and C.
ANS: E REF: 154 NOT: F
82. The Supreme Court specifically overturned its decision in Bowers when
a. the original statute in Georgia was applied to heterosexuals.
b. Colorado adopted a state constitutional amendment.
c. the petitioners were arrested.
d. a Texas law banned sexual conduct between persons of the same sex.
e. Congress began to consider a constitutional amendment.
ANS: D REF: 155 NOT: F
86. In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court upheld the right of the _____________ to exclude gay
men and boys from membership.
a. Lions Club
b. Red Cross
c. Chamber of Commerce
d. AFLCIO
e. Boy Scouts of America
ANS: E REF: 155 NOT: F
TRUE/FALSE
2. Black-white relations have in large measure defined the problem of civil rights in this country.
3. Whether the Fourteenth Amendment was intended to outlaw racial segregation in schools depends on
how it is interpreted.
ANS: T REF: 133
4. In the late 1800s, the Supreme Court struck down a law that required that juries consist only of white
males.
5. In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that racial discrimination in public accommodations (such as hotels)
was unconstitutional.
6. In its initial rulings on racial discrimination and the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court
seemed to differentiate between private and official (state-sponsored) discrimination.
8. By the early 1950s, majority white sentiment in both the North and the South favored racial integration
in the schools.
9. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment guaranteed social and political but not legal equality.
10. The “separate but equal” doctrine began with the Supreme Court’s ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.
11. The NAACP was formed by a group consisting of both whites and blacks.
12. One of the earliest cases aiming at the separate-but-equal doctrine in the field of public education was
decided in 1938.
13. Lloyd Gaines, Ada Spiuel and Heman Sweatt all applied for admission to law school.
14. George McLaurin was admitted to the graduate program at the University of Oklahoma, but was still
separated from White students.
16. The Brown decision originated from the State of New York.
18. In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that racially separate schools were
inherently unequal.
20. In 1955, the Supreme Court decided that it would let state courts oversee the implementation of Brown
v. Board of Education.
21. In the immediate aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education, southern resistance to school integration
quickly collapsed.
23. By the 1970s, the federal government began withholding financial aid from schools that were
segregated.
24. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown was based on a broad reading of the Fourteenth Amendment.
25. The rationale for the Supreme Court’s Brown ruling came from social science studies of the impact of
segregation on black children.
26. The authors of the Fourteenth Amendment may not have intended to desegregate schools.
28. De jure segregation refers to segregation that is the result of residential patterns as opposed to
deliberate government policy.
29. When New Kent County put a “freedom-of-choice” plan in place, 85 percent of blacks transferred to
largely white schools.
30. The Supreme Court rejected New Kent County’s “freedom-of-choice” plan as an answer to school
assignments.
31. In 1971, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg established the precedent for court-ordered school busing
for racial integration.
32. In recent years, the Supreme Court has consistently upheld city-suburb busing plans.
33. The majority of Americans support mandatory busing to achieve school desegregation.
35. Congress has had a tendency to take both sides on the issue of “busing.”
36. A 1992 Supreme Court decision reaffirmed the necessity of busing to achieve full school integration
regardless of housing patterns.
37. The civil rights movement became increasingly violent during the 1960s.
38. Before the 1960s, the Senate Judiciary Committee was a major hurdle to civil rights legislation.
39. The Kennedy assassination provided a major boost to civil rights legislation.
ANS: T REF: 141
40. The 1964 election proved a setback for civil rights forces.
41. The text suggests that labeling a bill a “civil rights” bill today almost guarantees its passage.
42. By 1984, more than two-thirds of all blacks in the South were registered to vote.
43. Laws treating men and women differently have traditionally been perceived as protective of, rather
than harmful to, women.
44. The origin of the movement to give women more rights was probably the Seneca Falls Convention of
1848.
45. The courts have so far declined to submit laws that treat men and women differently to the strict
scrutiny test.
46. A state cannot set different ages at which men and women are allowed to buy beer.
48. Business and service clubs can exclude women from membership.
49. High schools do not have to provide the same salaries for male and female coaches.
50. Laws cannot be passed that punish men but not women for statutory rape.
51. States must give property-tax exemptions to both widows and widowers.
53. The text suggests that the Supreme Court has recently come close to applying the strict scrutiny
standard to gender discrimination.
54. In 1993 the secretary of defense opened air and sea combat to all persons regardless of gender.
56. Under the “strictly liable” rule regarding sexual harassment, an employer can be found at fault even if
he or she did not know that an employee was requesting sex in exchange for hiring or promotion.
57. It is illegal for an employee to experience a work environment that has been made hostile or
intimidating by a steady pattern of offensive sexual teasing, jokes, or obscenity.
58. As almost no federal laws have been passed governing sexual harassment, somewhat vague and often
inconsistent court and bureaucratic rules are the only basis for knowing what to do about it.
59. State police powers include the power to secure the safety and morals of the citizens.
61. A state can regulate abortions to protect the mother’s health in the second trimester.
62. Congressional allies of pro-life groups have introduced constitutional amendments to overturn Roe.
63. The Hyde Amendment banned the use of federal funds for abortion in any circumstance.
65. In 1989, the Webster case upheld some state restrictions on abortion.
66. In recent decisions, the Supreme Court has upheld Roe but has also allowed restrictions on the right to
an abortion.
67. The Supreme Court has rejected the use of “waiting periods” in state abortion laws.
68. The Supreme Court upheld a law that required married women to obtain the consent of their husbands
before having an abortion.
69. In 2007, the Supreme Court ruled to allow states to ban partial-birth abortions.
70. The woman who started the suit that led to Roe v. Wade never actually had an abortion.
71. Today, the woman who started the suit in Roe v. Wade remains an outspoken advocate of a woman’s
right to an abortion.
72. Equality of results suggests that the burdens of racism and sexism can be overcome only by taking race
or gender into account when designing remedies.
73. Giving preferential treatment to blacks or other minorities is known by its critics as “reverse
discrimination.”
74. From 1978 to 1990, the Supreme Court upheld affirmative action in 90 percent of the cases before it.
77. Aliens cannot vote or run for office, but if they are legally admitted, they are entitled to welfare
benefits.
79. Illegal aliens are not entitled to obtain Social Security cards.
80. The Bakke ruling put an end to certain types of explicit numerical quotas.
81. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) does not apply to employees of Congress.
82. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) enforces the rights of the disabled regardless of costs.
83. The Supreme Court applies the reasonableness standard to quota systems.
84. Recent Supreme Court rulings suggest that state and local quota systems must correct an actual past or
present pattern of discrimination.
86. Voluntary quota systems are less likely to pass scrutiny by the Supreme Court.
87. Recent Supreme Court rulings suggest that preference systems affecting who gets laid off are more
likely to be allowed than those affecting who is hired.
88. Opinions about affirmative action, quotas, and goals are highly correlated with race.
ANS: T REF: 153
89. Traditionally, the Supreme Court has allowed the states to decide how many rights homosexuals
should have.
90. In the Bowers decision, the Supreme Court held that the right to privacy did not include homosexual
relations.
91. A Colorado constitutional amendment made it illegal to practice homosexuality in that state.
92. Currently, a majority of the Supreme Court holds that homosexuality is included in the right to
privacy.
93. In Massachusetts, the courts have ruled that gays and lesbians must be allowed to marry in that state.
94. When California voters expressed their opinion on same-sex marriage in November 2008, they
supported the idea by a large margin.
ESSAY
1. Describe the facts and the ruling of the case Plessy v. Ferguson.
ANS:
a. Louisiana required blacks and whites to ride in separate rail cars
b. Plessy, who was partly white refused to obey the law and was arrested and appealed his conviction
c. The Court ruled that separate facilities for races were permissible so long as they were equal.
REF: 133
2. Outline the three part strategy that the NAACP pursued in the Supreme Court in order to have the
Separate-but-Equal Doctrine overruled in the area of schools.
ANS:
a. Persuade the Court to declare unconstitutional laws creating schools that were separate but
obviously unequal.
b. Persuade it to declare unconstitutional laws supporting schools that were separate but unequal in
not-so-obvious ways.
c. Persuade it to rule that separate schools were inherently unequal and hence unconstitutional.
REF: 134
3. Summarize the feature of the Court’s decision in Swann, which have guided subsequent integration
suits.
ANS:
a. There must be a showing of intent to discriminate.
b. The existence of segregated schools in areas with a history of segregation creates a presumption of
intent.
c. Remedies will not be limited to freedom of choice plans or “walk in” schools.
d. Quotas may be employed in the assignment of teachers, pupils, redistricting and court ordered-
busing
d. Not every school must reflect the special composition of the schools system as a whole.
REF: 138
4. What four developments made it possible to break the deadlock between the agenda-setting and
coalition-building aspect of the civil rights movement?
ANS:
a. Public opinion began to change.
b. The media portrayal of protests and violence had an impact.
c. John F. Kennedy was assassinated.
d. The Election of 1964 brought Lyndon Johnson to the presidency with large Democratic majorities.
REF: 140
5. Identify and explain the three standards that the Court uses in discrimination cases.
ANS:
a. Reasonable standard: Policy must use reasonable means to achieve a legitimate legislative goal.
b. Intermediate Scrutiny: Policy must serve an important governmental interest and be substantially
related to that interest
c. Strict Scrutiny: Policy must be narrowly tailored and use the least restrictive means to achieve a
compelling governmental interest.
REF: 145
6. Discuss the factors that are considered in gender discrimination cases specifically, as a result of a 1971
case regarding the administration of estates.
ANS:
a. Gender discriminations must be reasonable, not arbitrary;
b. must rest on some real ground of difference between men and women;
c. must be reasonably related to some legitimate legislative goal; and
d. when all is said and done, similar persons must be treated similarly.
REF: 145
Test Bank for American Government Institutions and Policies 13th Edition James Q Wilson Down
7. Summarize the two forms of sexual harassment defined in rulings by the Equal Employment
Opportunities Commission.
ANS:
a. It is illegal for someone to request sexual favors as a condition of employment or promotion.
b. It is illegal for an employee to experience a work environment that has been made hostile or
intimidating by a steady pattern of offensive sexual teasing, jokes, or obscenity.
REF: 147
ANS:
a. The “right to privacy” is broad enough to encompass a woman’s decision whether or not to
terminate a pregnancy that is unfettered in the first trimester.
b. In the second trimester, states may regulate abortions, but only to protect the health of the mother.
c. In the third trimester, states may ban abortions.
REF: 148
9. The Supreme Court’s deep division over affirmative action is evident in its opinions. What are 4–5
general standards that seem to be emerging from its decisions?
ANS:
a. Quota systems by state or local governments will be given strict scrutiny
b. Quotas cannot be used by state or local governments without a showing that such are necessary to
correct actual past or present discrimination
c. The showing of statistical disparities is not enough, specific discriminatory practices must be
identified
d. Quotas or preference systems created by federal law will be given deference
e. Voluntary preference systems are easier to justify
f. Systems which involve hiring or promotion are preferable to those that require persons to be laid off.
REF: 152-153
"Pane alle!"
2
Veturin 375 hytissä ei vallinnut oikea toverisuhde. Erkki sai kokea
nöyryytyksen toisensa jälkeen. Karhulan omituisuudet eivät
miellyttäneet häntä. Hänessä oli jotakin tavattomasti ärsyttävää, joka
kuohutti mieltä. Hänen täytyi hillitä itsessään petoa, joka kiihoitti
johonkin kamalaan tekoon, jota hän ei sen tarkemmin osannut
määritellä. Ja joka kerta, kun hänen piti tulla yhteen Karhulan
kanssa, ahdisti tuo epämääräinen tunne — matkalla, kahden ollessa
enimmän. Veturiin astuttuaan olivat he kuin vihityt juuri samallaisiin
tehtäviin, joita olivat suorittaneet viikkoja toistensa jälkeen, samoihin
asentoihin, samoihin ammattisanoihin. Heidän katseensa kiertelivät
höyrykelloon, vesilasiin, radalle. — Toiminta järjestyi niiden mukaan.
Kun siinä sitten jostakin syystä rupesi kasvamaan erimielisyys,
kääntyivät miesten seljät kuin itsestään vastakkain. Toinen katsoi
vasemman olkansa, toinen oikean olkansa yli kumpikin akkunastaan
eteensä radalle; siellä etäisyydessä näytti yhtyvän kaksi teräskiskoa,
joita myöten heidän veturinsa kolisi eteenpäin. —
Muuta ei.
Mutta Erkkiä olivat alkaneet nämä juottelut kiusata. Mitä hän sitä
tyrkytteli, joisi itse. Ensin ylimielinen kohtelu, sitten kahvikuppi,
aivankuin piiskatulle lapselle piparikakku. Hän oli jo kauvan hautonut
mielessään mitä tehdä, nakatako kahvi Karhulan eteen lattialle vai
kieltäytyä siivosti ja kohteliaasti.
"Juo!"
Ja Erkki joi.
Veturi kiisi kuin riivattu rinnettä alas aivan kuin sekin olisi juonut
jonkun hulluksi tekevän pisaran. Karhula repi vuoroin viheltimiä,
vuoroin höyrynsulkijaa. Vaunut paiskautuivat kiskoilla, jarruttajat
huojuivat torneissaan, sinkoillen seinästä toiseen, kauhistuen
kamalaa vauhtia. Varaventtiilit puhalsivat pois kattilan liikaa painetta,
joka oli kohonnut huomaamatta riidan aikana. Niin kiisi juna kähisten
ja kiskojen liitekohtia hakaten halki metsän kuin saalistaan takaa
ajava ärsytetty eläin. Oli onni, ettei ketään sattunut tielle…
"Ei suinkaan sinun ole välttämätöntä mennä itse sinne, laita joku
noutamaan."
"Älä, älä!"
"Hyvä ystävä, älä juo nyt. Älä ainakaan noin paljon!" pyysi Erkki.
Hän joi sen ahmien kuin janoinen eläin, ja Erkki riensi pullon
kanssa ulos. Ensi ajatuksensa oli lyödä se rikki rakennuksen
kivijalkaan, mutta hän uskoi sentään asian selviytyvän ilman sitäkin,
vei pullon omaan kaappiinsa ja pisti avaimen taskuunsa.
"Niin juuri, vettä ynisevä vasikka sinä olet, ellet anna pulloa tänne.
Loppu Knorrimäessä."
Erkki tarttui pulloon vetääkseen sen pois, mutta Sirola piti sitä
lujasti kiinni.
Erkki ajatteli kauhulla, mihin tämä olisi päättyvä. Sirola oli juonut
huimaavan paljon. Pullo täytyi saada pois ja siten viimeiset ryypyt
siirretyksi lähemmäksi kotia. Hän laski matkaa, mikä oli
Knorrimäestä Oulankaan. Onneksi ei tarvinnut ottaa puita sillä välillä.
Ei hän oikein tiennyt, mistä syystä teki noita laskelmia. Ne vain
tulivat mieleen. Saatuaan vihdoin houkutelluksi pullon Sirolalta pani
hän sen kaappiinsa, mutta katsoi sitä tehdessä, mitä muuta sinne oli
kertynyt aikojen kuluessa: tivistelankakerä, vyyhti sormenvahvuista
männänvarren tivistettä, trasseleita, ruuveja, muttereita… pala köyttä
— mitähän lämmittäjä Nevala sillä oli tehnyt?
"Miten niin?"
Erkki oli toivonut, ettei hän sitä enää muistaisikaan, mutta huomasi
erehtyneensä. Nyt oli mentävä mukaan niin pitkälle kuin suinkin. Hän
antoi pullon, johon toinen tarttui kiihkeästi.
Kun Sirola ei vastannut, sulki hän sen. Mutta silloin Sirola kohosi
asennostaan ja hänen silmänsä leimahtivat heikossa valossa, joka
peitetyn kattolampun kupuun leikatun raon kautta lankesi hänen
kasvoilleen.
Erkki otti usein esille Irjan kortin ja katsoi sitä pitkään. Olipa siellä
tyttö riemuissaan. Ja olihan siitä räiskähtänyt pieni pisara tännekin.
Miksi oli hän siihen ollenkaan vastannut? Ensi vaikutuksesta kohta,
ja olikin se vilpitön tervetuloa. Puuttui vain, että olisi sen saanut
kädestä pitäen sanoa.
"Niinkuin näet. Missäs sinä olet ollut, kun ei ole täällä näkynyt?"
*****
"Sen arvasin."
"Tulenko heti, kun joudun?"
"Tule vain."
*****
"Neiti Lillström ei ole tullut vielä. Hänellä lienee joku este. Mutta
voinemmehan odottaa kahdenkin?"
*****