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EE4223 Lec10 - Wind Technology 3
EE4223 Lec10 - Wind Technology 3
EE4223 Lec10 - Wind Technology 3
TURBULANCE
48
Shelter belts
Micro Siting
• Micro siting involves laying out the turbine and its
accessories at optimum locations at the selected
site.
• Turbines are placed in rows with the direction of
incoming wind perpendicular to it.
• When several turbines are installed in clusters,
the turbulence due to the rotation of blades of
one turbine may affect the nearby turbines.
Micro Siting
In order to minimize the effect of
rotor induced turbulence,
• a spacing of 3 DT to 4 DT is
provided within the rows,
• spacing between the rows
may be around 10 DT,
– so that the wind stream
passing through one
turbine is restored before
it interacts with the next
turbine.
• It is a usual practice to leave a
clearance of (hT + DT ) from
the roads,
Wake Loss
• U0 is the undisturbed wind speed at the up-wind turbine ("0") with rotor diameter D0,
Ct the thrust coefficient, X01 the downwind horizontal distance between the wind
turbines and k is the wake decay constant.
• The thrust coefficient Ct is related to the thrust force FT, rho being the density of the
air, as
α = low
α = medium
• The Drag Force is parallel <10 degrees
to the direction of motion.
We want to make this
force small. α = High
Stall!!
Power Capture
Power
[kW]
Pitch Control
Prated
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
Wind Speed, V
[m/s]
Vcut-in Vrated Vcut-out
Fixed speed
AC Bypass Generator
f = constant contactor switchgear
n = costant
Parking
Gearbox brake
HV
switchgear
Rotor
bearing
6 ... 33 kV, f = 50 Hz
WTG
control
ABB drawing
Passive Stall
Fixed speed
AC Bypass Generator
f = constant contactor switchgear
n = costant
Parking
brake
Gearbox
HV
switchgear
Rotor
bearing
6 ... 33 kV, f = 50 Hz
WTG
Pitch control
drive
ABB drawing
Active Stall, Pitch Control
Semi-variable speed
AC Bypass Generator
f = constant contactor switchgear
n = semi-variable
Parking
Gearbox brake
HV
switchgear
Rotor
bearing
Pitch RCC
drive control
WTG
control
ABB drawing
Variable slip, pitch control
Variable speed
AC Generator
f = constant switchgear
n = variable
Parking
Gearbox brake
HV
switchgear
Rotor
bearing
Doubly-fed Generator Grid
asynchronous side side
generator converter converter
Step-up
transformer
6 ... 33 kV, f = 50 Hz
Pitch
drive
Converter
control
WTG
control
ABB drawing
Variable speed control DFIG (doubly fed induction generator)
Variable speed
AC Generator
f = variable switchgear Converter
n = variable
Parking
Gearbox brake
HV
Converter switchgear
Rotor control
bearing
Asynchronous or
synchrounous generator
Step-up
transformer
6 ... 33 kV, f = 50 Hz/
Pitch
drive
WTG
control
ABB drawing
Variable speed control with full scale converter
Levelized Cost
• LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy):
– Constant unit cost (per kWh) of a payment stream
that has the same present value as the total cost of
building and operating a generating plant over its life.
– Annual Cost divided by annual energy delivered
– Unit: USD/kWh….
• Annual cost :
– Spread the capital cost out over the lifetime
– Add the annual O&M cost
– Unit: USD/yr…
– CRF(i,n)= Capital Recovery Factor (CRF): with interest rate i [decimal fraction]
and loan term n [yr]
Example
• 900 W small wind turbine with 2.13 m blade costs USD1600. By the time
the system is installed and operational, it costs a total of USD2500, which
is to be paid from with a 15 yrs, at 7% interest. O&M costs is $100/yr.
Average wind speed at hub height is 6.7 m/s.
Estimate the cost per kWh (LCOE) over the 15-year period.
Answer:
P= USD 2500, i=0.07, n=15
𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝒏 𝟎.𝟎𝟕 𝟏 𝟎.𝟎𝟕 𝟏𝟓
𝑪𝑹𝑭(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕, 𝟏𝟓) = = = 0.1098 /yr
𝟏 𝒊 𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎.𝟎𝟕 𝟏𝟓 𝟏
Annual Payment= P. CRF(0.07,15)= 2500x0.1098=USD 274.49 /yr
Example
A wind farm project has 40 numbers of 1500 kW turbines with
64-m blades. Capital cost of wind farm is USD60 million and the
O&M cost is USD1.8 million/yr.
What price would the electricity have to sell for to make the
project viable?