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 Endocrine Systems

A. Multiple Choice

Key/
Page No.

c 1. A tropic hormone is one whose function is to

272 a. stimulate the central nervous system.
b. trigger cellular development.
c. stimulate endocrine tissue to secrete hormones.
d. stimulate growth and development.

e 2. Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is true?

273 a. Each endocrine gland secretes a single type of hormone.
b. Each endocrine hormone is secreted by a single endocrine tissue.
c. Each endocrine hormone acts on a single target tissue.
d. Each endocrine hormone activates a single type of receptor.
e. Many endocrine tissues have other non-endocrine functions.

e 3. Steroid hormones
271 a. are lipophilic.
b. may be converted into other hormones.
c. are derived from cholesterol.
d. are synthesized in steroidogenic cells and organs.
e. all of these.

b 4. Steroid hormones differ from peptide hormones in that

271 a. the site of synthesis of steroids is distinct from their site of release.
b. the former are not stored, but instead are released upon synthesis.
c. the former are synthesized ubiquitously.
d. they don't have a specific receptor protein with which they interact.
e. none of these.

e 5. Endocrine disrupting compounds

275 a. may often mimic the effects of estrogen.
b. are human made substances
c. can be passed from one generation to the next.
d. only two of these.
e. all of these..

58
e 6. Intracellular calcium levels have an effect on
324 a. cell motility.
b. cilia action.
c. secretion by exocytosis.
d. muscle contraction.
e. all of these.

a 7. Down-regulation
277 a. refers to the expression of fewer receptors at the cell surface as part of a
negative-feedback mechanism.
b. refers to the decrease in cortisol secretion that occurs as an animal's
metabolism slows down to its basal level.
c. occurs in response to too little hormone reaching the target cells.
d. is an idiopathic response to endocrine disrupters.
e. occurs in response to the excretion of excess hormone by the kidneys.

a 8. In the context of endocrine regulation, permissiveness refers to

278 a. one hormone enhancing the responsiveness of a target cell to another
hormone.
b. the combined action of several hormones acting complementary to one
another.
c. the expression of receptors by a cell allowing it to respond to a hormone.
d. the increase in receptor number that occurs on the surface of a target cell
during hyposecretionof a hormone .
e. none of these.

e 9. Which of the following is NOT true?

324 a. Calcium can be stored in the body and sodium cannot.
b. Parathyroid hormone is the primary hormone responsible for
maintaining calcium homeostasis.
c. Calcitonin is not essential for routine maintenance of calcium
concentration in mammals.
d. Calcium is required for normal blood clotting.
e. All of these are true statements.

a 10. The pineal gland secretes the hormone

282 a. melatonin.
b. melanin.
c. melanocyte stimulating hormone.
d. estradiol.
e. melanopsin.

59
e 11. Which of the following is NOT a normal function of melanocyte stimulating
285 hormone (MSH)?
a. camouflage
b. immune suppression
c. pelage of feathers
d. appetite control
e. All of these are normal functions.

c 12. Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, is secreted from the posterior pituitary in

286 response to input from hypothalamic osmoreceptors which were activated by
a. increased levels of osmium in the blood.
b. softening of the cervical os (the outlet of the uterus).
c. increased plasma osmolarity.
d. increased blood volume.
e. increased blood pressure.

b 13. In lower vertebrates, arginine vasotocin (AVT) is involved in regulating several

286 different processes. Which of the following AVT-stimulated events does NOT
involve smooth muscle contraction?
a. vasoconstriction
b. ejection of milk from mammary glands.
c. oviposition
d. birth in viviparous snakes.
e. All of these involve smooth muscle contraction.

a 14. The anterior pituitary hormone ____________ stimulates the mammary glands to
288 produce milk.
a. prolactin
b. oxytocin
c. luteinizing hormone
d. growth hormone
e. none of these.

d 15. Which of the following have capillaries which are part of a portal system?
289 a. liver
b. pituitary
c. hypothalamus
d. liver, pituitary, and hypothalamus
e. pituitary and hypothalamus

60
d 16. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress. In addition to its
290 function in a stress response, it functions in negative feedback by
a. inhibiting the hypothalamus so that corticotropin releasing hormone
(CRH) secretion is reduced.
b. reduces the secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary.
c. suppressing its own secretion by its actions on the hypothalamus and
anterior pituitary.
d. all of these.
d. none of these.

b 17. Metabolic effects of growth hormone include

292 a. stimulating cell division.
b. elevating blood glucose levels.
c. elevating glycogen breakdown by muscles.
d. promoting glucose uptake by muscles.
e. all of these except promoting glucose uptake by muscles.

d 18. IGF-I and IGF-II are examples of

292 a. somatomedins.
b. peptide hormones.
c. endocrine hormones.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.

a 19. Absorption of calcium and phosphate by the intestine is regulated by

327 a. parathyroid hormone.
b. thyroid hormone.
c. calcitonin.
d. phosphate concentration in the blood.
e. Vitamin C levels in the blood.

d 20. Unlike steroid hormones, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) can be stored after
299 synthesis. This is due to the fact that
a. thyroid hormones are not membrane-permeant molecules.
b. thyroid hormones are protein hormones, and are stored in vesicles until
an elevation in intracellular calcium stimulates their release.
c. thyroid hormones are sequestered in colloid, surrounded by a wall of
follicular cells, and that presents too much of a barrier for the hormones
to pass through.
d. thyroid hormones remain attached to a larger protein molecule until the
thyroid is stimulated to secrete them, at which point they are cleaved
from the protein and diffuse from the cell into the circulation.
e. None of the above is correct.

61
c 21. Which of the following has NO relationship?
270 a. peptide hormones and secretory granules
b. steroids and lipid droplets
c. Catecholamines and adrenal cortex
d. peptide hormones and rough endoplasmic reticulum
e. thyroid hormones and lipophilic molecules

e 22. Which of the following are effects of thyroid hormone?

301 a. increased basal metabolic rate
b. increased conversion of glycogen to glucose
c. increased conversion of glucose to glycogen
d. increased expression of catecholamine target-cell receptors
e. all of these.

b 23. Regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis is primarily under the control of

303 a. thyroid hormone.
b. thyroid stimulating hormone.
c. thyroid releasing hormone.
d. thyrotropin stimulating hormone.
e. thyrotropin releasing hormone.

d 24. Hypothyroidism can result from

304 a. a deficiency in thyrotropin releasing hormone.
b. a deficiency in thyroid stimulating hormone.
c. insufficient amounts of iodine in the diet.
d. all of these.

e 25. Symptoms of hyperthryoidism include

304 a. inability to tolerate heat.
b. excessive perspiration.
c. anxiety.
d. weakness.
e. all of these.

a 26. Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone are produced primarily in the ____ of the
304 adrenal gland.
a. zona glomerulosa
b. zona fasciculata
c. zona reticularis
d. adrenal medulla
e. chromaffin cells

62
e 27. Endocrine rhythm, the rise and fall in hormone level,
276 a. is a response to external clues.
b. occurs in diurnal animals.
c. is influence by endogenous oscillators.
d. two of these.
e. all of these.

b 28. The main role of glucocorticoids is to

306 a. enhance sodium reuptake from the urine.
b. elevate glucose levels in the blood.
c. enhance the elimination of sugars in the urine.
d. enhance the reuptake of sugar from tubular fluids in the kidney.
e. none of these.

c 29. Prolonged elevation of glucocorticoids due to stress is associated with ________,

306 which illustrates the folly of cramming for exams, especially during all-nighters!
a. increased growth of facial hair
b. increased water retention.
c. memory loss
d. fatigue
e. none of these.

d 30. In female mammals, the androgen produced by the adrenal cortex that is of
307 physiological significance in females is
a. testosterone (TST).
b. dihydroxytestosterone (DHT).
c. estrogen (EST).
d. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
e. thalidomide.

a 31. The adrenal medulla consists of modified, post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons

308 called chromaffin cells which store norepinephrine and epinephrine in chromaffin
granules. In this situation, when these chemical transmitters are released they act
as
a. neurohormones.
b. neurotransmitters.
c. stress inducers.
d. glucocorticoids.
e. mineralocorticoids.

a 32. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

309, a. have a generalized vasoconstrictor effect.
310 b. promote vasodilation of blood vessels supply muscles.
c. promote mobilization of stored carbohydrates.
d. dilate respiratory airways.
e. none of these.

63
c 33. In many respects, cortisol and epinephrine duplicate each other's effects in the
310 stress response. However, cortisol and NOT epinephrine
a. causes an elevation in glucose in the blood.
b. causes an increase in fatty acids in the blood.
c. causes an increase in amino acids in the blood.
d. causes a decrease in glucose in the blood.
e. causes a mobilization of carbohydrates.

a 34. Y-organs in the head of decapods

279 a. produce crustecydsone
b. produce chromatophorotropins for changing cuticle color.
c. hyperglycemic hormone to regulate glucose levels.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.

D 35. _____ are one of a few cell types that store glucose in the form of glycogen.
314 a. Glial cells
b. Liver cells
c. Muscle cells
d. All of these.
e. None of these.

A 36. Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver as regards glucose
316 homeostasis?
a. secreting ketone bodies in response to excess plasma glucose levels
b. storing glycogen when excess glucose is available
c. releasing glucose when plasma glucose levels drop
d. converting organic chemicals like amino acids into glucose via
gluconeogenesis
e. All of these are functions of the liver relating to glucose homeostasis.

D 37. Glucose sparing refers to a phenomenon occurring during the

315 a. absorptive phase of metabolism in which recently ingested glucose is
saved in the form of glycogen for future use.
b. postabsorptive phase of metabolism in which glucose ingested earlier is
saved in the form of glycogen for use during prolonged fasting.
c. postabsorptive phase of metabolism in which numerous body tissues
release glucose for immediate use by the brain.
d. postabsorptive phase of metabolism in which numerous body tissues
switch to metabolizing alternative, non-glucose energy sources, so that
glucose remains available for the brain.

64
B 38. Somatostatin functions in glucose homeostasis by
317 a. promoting reduced growth of the body, decreasing the need of individual
cells for glucose, and thereby promoting glucose sparing.
b. inhibiting digestion and absorption of nutrients, preventing
hyperglycemia.
c. inhibiting secretion of prolactin, reducing production of lactose for milk,
and preventing hypoglycemia.
d. doing all of these.
e. doing none of these.

C 39. In most cells, insulin stimulates uptake of glucose by

318 a. penetrating the cellular membranes itself, and thereby providing a
pathway for glucose to enter the cells.
b. activating insulin receptors, which are themselves glucose transporters.
c. stimulating the recruitment of glucose transporters to the membrane,
which in turn facilitate the import of glucose.
d. activating the transcription and translation of glucose transporter-genes,
increasing their expression.
e. altering the ratio of intracellular sodium concentrations to extracellular
sodium concentrations in a way that favors co-transport of glucose and
sodium.

c 40. Glucagon secretion occurs in response to

320 a. parasympathetic stimulation.
b. sympathetic stimulation.
c. low levels of plasma glucose.
d. low levels of plasma amino acids.
e. all of these.

B. True and Flase

True 1. Insulin is the only hormone capable of lowering blood glucose levels.
318

False 2. Calcitonin is produced by the C cells of the parathyroid gland.

327

True 3. If the demand for calcium needed to produce egg shells regularly exceeds the
332 level of calcium intake, egg-laying birds may replace all of their medullary bone
to meet that demand.

True 4. Steroids are neutral lipids.

269

False 5 Steroid hormones differ from peptide hormones in that all steroid hormones are
275 known to bind nuclear receptors.

65
True 6. Annetocin is an annelid hormone that is similar to vertebrate oxytocin.
279

False 7. The pineal gland connects to the hyothalamus via a portal system.
283

True 8. All eukaryotes have clock genes which interact in a cyclic fashion that lasts about
283 24 hours.

False 9. Melanopsin is a gene involved in skin pigmentation.

284

True 10. Lactotrophs secrete prolactin.

288

C. Matching (correct answers are aligned with each number; e.g., #1 matches with letter a)

1. Pineal gland a. Melatonin

2. Hypothalamus b. Multifaceted stress response
3. Anterior pituitary c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
4. Posterior pituitary d. Oxytocin
5. Parathyroid e. Vitamin D activation
6. Thyroid f. Calcitonin
7. Adrenal cortex g. Cortisol
8. Adrenal medulla h. Catecholamines
9. Pancreatic α-cells i. Glucagon
10. Pancreatic β-cells j. Insulin

D. Essay

Page No.

314 1. A healthy person has about two month's worth of energy stored in fat. Oxidation
of fats yields about 9 kcal/gram. Assuming a healthy adult requires 1500 kcal/day
to function, how many grams of fat does a typical, healthy adult have? How
much glycogen would a person have to store to have a comparable energy
supply, assuming a caloric yield of 4 kcal/gram?

* 2. In systems geared toward maintaining homeostasis, there is generally some

parameter that is monitored by a sensor which responds to deviations from a set
point by stimulating a response from an effector system that in turn causes an
adjustment to the parameter. Give an example from the endocrine system of
homeostatic control. Be sure to identify the sensor(s), parameter(s) and effector(s)
and how they interact to maintain homeostasis. If negative feedback is involved,
describe that aspect as well.

66
Test Bank for Animal Physiology, 2nd Edition : Sherwood

* The answer to this question could be drawn from multiple points in the chapter.

321-323 3. Distinguish between diabetes mellitus type I and type II. Which is more
pharmacologically tractable? Why?

330 4. Compare and contrast the interactions between parathyroid hormone and
vitamin D in controlling plasma calcium levels. Be sure to include the directional
change in calcium levels, the organs involved, and where the hormone and
vitamin D are having their effects.

331 5. Discuss the homeostatic control of plasma phosphate levels in situations where
phosphate levels are too high and where they are too low. Be sure to include
such things as the hormones involved, organs involved, and the direction of
change in phosphate levels

67

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